1
Q

What lobe is the most developed in humans?

A

β†’ The frontal lobe

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2
Q

What is the dura and what does it contain?

A

β†’ the β€˜bag’ that surrounds the brain

β†’ contains CSF that surrounds the brain

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3
Q

What is the function of the dura?

A

β†’ Cushions the brain from impact

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4
Q

How much energy does the brain use?

A

β†’ 20-30% of the energy

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5
Q

What makes up grey matter?

A

β†’ astrocytes
β†’ Neurons
β†’ glia

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6
Q

What are the connections between grey matter?

A

β†’ white matter

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7
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

β†’ They receive signals from other neurons and get processed by the cell body and the signal is transmitted to other cells

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8
Q

What happens when the frontal lobe is damaged and give an example?

A

β†’ Phineas Gage
β†’ Personality changes
β†’ irreverent, impatient

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9
Q

What is Alzheimers?

A

β†’ Deposition of proteins that damage the brain

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10
Q

What do products of blood breakdown show up as on an X-Ray?

A

β†’ Bright marks

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11
Q

What creates MRI images?

A

β†’ magnets within us

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12
Q

How does NMR work?

A

β†’ Hydrogen atoms have protons
β†’ Nucleus spins and acts like a small magnet
β†’ A radiofrequency pulse is given out which interacts with all the protons
β†’ Protons spin and generate a signal

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13
Q

What is isotropic diffusion?

A

β†’ the same diffusion in all directions

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14
Q

What is anisotropic diffusion?

A

β†’ Strong lateral diffusion but perpendicularly weak

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15
Q

How can water move in white matter tracts?

A

β†’ it can diffuse easily

β†’ restricted from moving side to side

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16
Q

What is anisotropy a marker of?

A

β†’ How much damage is done

17
Q

Describe the principle that is used when measuring brain activity?

A

β†’ Deoxy Hb is paramagnetic
β†’ it causes a reduction in the MRI signal intensity
β†’ when doing something (talking) more O2 and glucose are needed
β†’ Deoxy Hb is washed out
β†’ The signal should increase

18
Q

How do PET scans work?

A

β†’ Injected radionuclides
β†’ they decay by emitting a positron
β†’ It doesn’t travel very far before bumping into an electron
β†’ the two join together and annihilate and emit a gamma ray
β†’ The gamma rays are emitted in equal and opposite directions to conserve momentum

19
Q

Give an example of how Parkinsons is detected using a PET scan?

A

β†’F18 nucleus is attached to dopamine
β†’ this is picked up by dopamine receptors
β†’ in normal controls there is a lot of dopamine receptors in the caudate and putamen
β†’ in patients with parkinsons they are reduced so the signal is less bright