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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

β†’ A system for representing and communicating information about the world using symbols and rules

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2
Q

What is formal language?

A

β†’ A finite system of signs and rules for combination

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3
Q

What is articulation?

A

β†’ Movement of the tongue, lips and jaw to modify a soundwave

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4
Q

What are the 3 places of articulation?

A

β†’Labial
β†’ Alveolar
β†’ Palatal

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5
Q

What are the two manners of articulation?

A

β†’ Voiced vs. unvoiced

β†’ Fricative or plosive

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6
Q

What is phonology?

A

β†’ The sound combinations from which the syllables and words of a language are built up

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7
Q

What is meaning?

A

β†’ The representation in long term memory of concepts and the relations between them

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8
Q

What is syntax?

A

β†’ The arrangement of words and phrases to create well formed sentences

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9
Q

What does syntax rely on?

A

β†’ Grammatical markers and word order

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10
Q

What is comprehension?

A

β†’ The ability to represent the meaning of words or sentences spoken or written by another person

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11
Q

What are the 4 things required for comprehension?

A

β†’ context
β†’ pitch
β†’ Stress
β†’ prosody

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12
Q

What is the cerebral organisation of language dependent on?

A

β†’ left hemisphere

β†’ language network

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13
Q

What region of the brain is involved in meaning?

A

β†’ anterior regions of the temporal lobe

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14
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

β†’ Decoding speech signals

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15
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus do?

A

β†’ connects the anterior and posterior parts of the language network together

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16
Q

What parts of the brain does articulation and phonology depend on?

A

β†’ Inferior and opercular parts of the motor cortex

β†’ Anterior portion of Brocas area

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17
Q

Describe the temporal cortex?

A

β†’ Densely interconnected with widespread regions of association cortex

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18
Q

What area of the brain is syntax dependent on?

A

β†’ frontal areas (left inferior frontal gyrus)

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19
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in comprehension?

A 
β†’ Primary auditory cortex
β†’ temporal poles
β†’ left inferior frontal gyrus 
β†’ Arcuate fasciculus 
β†’ Left posterior superior temporal gyrus
20
Q

What are the 4 types of change in language after brain damage?

A

β†’ Broca’s aphasia
β†’ Wernicke’s aphasia
β†’ Conduction aphasia
β†’ Adynamic aphasia

21
Q

What is speech like in Broca’s aphasia?

A

β†’ halting
β†’ fragmented
β†’ distorted
β†’ agrammatic

22
Q

What is comprehension like in Broca’s aphasia?

A

β†’ Preserved for words

β†’ reduced for sentences

23
Q

What are typical pathologies that lead to Broca’s aphasia?

A

β†’ Middle cerebral artery infarction

β†’ Haemorrhagic stroke

24
Q

What is speech like in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

β†’ fluent

β†’ meaningless phonological strings

25
Q

What is damaged in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

β†’ Posterior regions of the language network

26
Q

What are the typical pathologies that lead to Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

β†’ Penetrating brain injuries

β†’ cerebral haemorrhage

27
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia also called?

A

β†’ Sensory or receptive aphasia

28
Q

What is speech like in conduction aphasia?

A

β†’ Mild fluency and comprehension difficulties

29
Q

What is the test for conduction aphasia?

A

β†’ single word and sentence repetition

30
Q

What is damaged in conduction aphasia?

A

β†’ Posterior perisylvian regions and underlying white matter

31
Q

What are the typical pathologies of conduction aphasia?

A

β†’ Lacunar stroke

32
Q

What is speech like in dynamic aphasia?

A

β†’ Reduced
β†’ fragmentary
β†’ echoic
β†’ perseverative

33
Q

What is dynamic aphasia?

A

β†’ Difficulty planning, initiating and maintaining speech

34
Q

What is the test for dynamic aphasia?

A

β†’ High vs. low constraint sentence completion

β†’ they find it difficult to complete open ended sentences

35
Q

What is damaged in dynamic aphasia?

A

β†’ anterior left inferior frontal gyrus

36
Q

What are the typical pathologies in dynamic aphasia?

A

β†’ left anterior cerebral artery infarction

37
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

β†’ Difficulty with repetition

38
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

β†’ Difficulty with articulation and phonology

39
Q

What are the 3 types of aphasia associated with neurodegeneration?

A

β†’ Non fluent progressive aphasia
β†’ Fluent progressive aphasia
β†’ Logopenic progressive aphasia

40
Q

What is speech like in nonfluent progressive aphasia?

A

β†’ Slow
β†’ distorted and agrammatic speech
β†’ phonological and grammatical errors in spontaneous speech
β†’ difficulty understanding sentences

41
Q

What is the typical pathology of nonfluent progressive aphasia?

A

β†’ Primary tauopathy

42
Q

What is speech like in fluent progressive aphasia?

A

β†’ Normal sounding speech rate
β†’ production empty of content
β†’ generic word and pronoun use
β†’ profound single word comprehension difficulties

43
Q

How does fluent progressive aphasia begin?

A

β†’ Subtle word finding changes

44
Q

Where and what is the pathology in fluent progressive aphasia?

A

β†’ Anterior temporal regions

β†’ TDP-43 proteinopathy

45
Q

What is speech like in logopenic progressive aphasia?

A

β†’ Poverty of speech output
β†’ occasional errors in syntax and phonology
β†’ poor sentence repetition

46
Q

Where and what is the pathology in logopenic progressive aphasia?

A

β†’ posterior perisylvian pathology

β†’ Alzheimers

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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