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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

β†’ A system for representing and communicating information about the world using symbols and rules

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2
Q

What is formal language?

A

β†’ A finite system of signs and rules for combination

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3
Q

What is articulation?

A

β†’ Movement of the tongue, lips and jaw to modify a soundwave

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4
Q

What are the 3 places of articulation?

A

β†’Labial
β†’ Alveolar
β†’ Palatal

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5
Q

What are the two manners of articulation?

A

β†’ Voiced vs. unvoiced

β†’ Fricative or plosive

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6
Q

What is phonology?

A

β†’ The sound combinations from which the syllables and words of a language are built up

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7
Q

What is meaning?

A

β†’ The representation in long term memory of concepts and the relations between them

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8
Q

What is syntax?

A

β†’ The arrangement of words and phrases to create well formed sentences

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9
Q

What does syntax rely on?

A

β†’ Grammatical markers and word order

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10
Q

What is comprehension?

A

β†’ The ability to represent the meaning of words or sentences spoken or written by another person

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11
Q

What are the 4 things required for comprehension?

A

β†’ context
β†’ pitch
β†’ Stress
β†’ prosody

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12
Q

What is the cerebral organisation of language dependent on?

A

β†’ left hemisphere

β†’ language network

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13
Q

What region of the brain is involved in meaning?

A

β†’ anterior regions of the temporal lobe

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14
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

β†’ Decoding speech signals

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15
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus do?

A

β†’ connects the anterior and posterior parts of the language network together

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16
Q

What parts of the brain does articulation and phonology depend on?

A

β†’ Inferior and opercular parts of the motor cortex

β†’ Anterior portion of Brocas area

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17
Q

Describe the temporal cortex?

A

β†’ Densely interconnected with widespread regions of association cortex

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18
Q

What area of the brain is syntax dependent on?

A

β†’ frontal areas (left inferior frontal gyrus)

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19
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in comprehension?

A 
β†’ Primary auditory cortex
β†’ temporal poles
β†’ left inferior frontal gyrus 
β†’ Arcuate fasciculus 
β†’ Left posterior superior temporal gyrus
20
Q

What are the 4 types of change in language after brain damage?

A

β†’ Broca’s aphasia
β†’ Wernicke’s aphasia
β†’ Conduction aphasia
β†’ Adynamic aphasia

21
Q

What is speech like in Broca’s aphasia?

A

β†’ halting
β†’ fragmented
β†’ distorted
β†’ agrammatic

22
Q

What is comprehension like in Broca’s aphasia?

A

β†’ Preserved for words

β†’ reduced for sentences

23
Q

What are typical pathologies that lead to Broca’s aphasia?

A

β†’ Middle cerebral artery infarction

β†’ Haemorrhagic stroke

24
Q

What is speech like in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

β†’ fluent

β†’ meaningless phonological strings

25
What is damaged in Wernicke's aphasia?
β†’ Posterior regions of the language network
26
What are the typical pathologies that lead to Wernicke's aphasia?
β†’ Penetrating brain injuries | β†’ cerebral haemorrhage
27
What is Wernicke's aphasia also called?
β†’ Sensory or receptive aphasia
28
What is speech like in conduction aphasia?
β†’ Mild fluency and comprehension difficulties
29
What is the test for conduction aphasia?
β†’ single word and sentence repetition
30
What is damaged in conduction aphasia?
β†’ Posterior perisylvian regions and underlying white matter
31
What are the typical pathologies of conduction aphasia?
β†’ Lacunar stroke
32
What is speech like in dynamic aphasia?
β†’ Reduced β†’ fragmentary β†’ echoic β†’ perseverative
33
What is dynamic aphasia?
β†’ Difficulty planning, initiating and maintaining speech
34
What is the test for dynamic aphasia?
β†’ High vs. low constraint sentence completion | β†’ they find it difficult to complete open ended sentences
35
What is damaged in dynamic aphasia?
β†’ anterior left inferior frontal gyrus
36
What are the typical pathologies in dynamic aphasia?
β†’ left anterior cerebral artery infarction
37
What is conduction aphasia?
β†’ Difficulty with repetition
38
What is Broca's aphasia?
β†’ Difficulty with articulation and phonology
39
What are the 3 types of aphasia associated with neurodegeneration?
β†’ Non fluent progressive aphasia β†’ Fluent progressive aphasia β†’ Logopenic progressive aphasia
40
What is speech like in nonfluent progressive aphasia?
β†’ Slow β†’ distorted and agrammatic speech β†’ phonological and grammatical errors in spontaneous speech β†’ difficulty understanding sentences
41
What is the typical pathology of nonfluent progressive aphasia?
β†’ Primary tauopathy
42
What is speech like in fluent progressive aphasia?
β†’ Normal sounding speech rate β†’ production empty of content β†’ generic word and pronoun use β†’ profound single word comprehension difficulties
43
How does fluent progressive aphasia begin?
β†’ Subtle word finding changes
44
Where and what is the pathology in fluent progressive aphasia?
β†’ Anterior temporal regions | β†’ TDP-43 proteinopathy
45
What is speech like in logopenic progressive aphasia?
β†’ Poverty of speech output β†’ occasional errors in syntax and phonology β†’ poor sentence repetition
46
Where and what is the pathology in logopenic progressive aphasia?
β†’ posterior perisylvian pathology | β†’ Alzheimers

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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