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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Neurohormones > Flashcards

Neurohormones Flashcards

1
Q

How are neurohormones released?

A

β†’ DIrectly in the blood circulation

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2
Q

What is point to point communication like?

A

β†’ Fast and restricted

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3
Q

What are the secretory hypothalamus neurons like?

A

β†’ Slow but widespread

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4
Q

What are networks of interconnected neurons of the autonomic nervous system like?

A

β†’ Fast

β†’ widespread influence

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5
Q

What are diffuse modulatory systems like?

A

β†’ Slower and widespread

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6
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

β†’ Mediators travel within blood vessels
β†’ utilises chemical mediators
β†’ slow communication
β†’ long lasting effects

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7
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the nervous system?

A

β†’ Signalling along nerve fibres
β†’ Transmission of electrical impulses
β†’ fast communication
β†’effects are short acting

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8
Q

What are neurohormones produced by?

A

β†’ specialised nerve cells called neurosecretory cells

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9
Q

What can neurohormones act like?

A

β†’ Neurotransmitters

β†’ autocrine or paracrine messengers

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones?

A

β†’ Protein and peptide
β†’ amino acid derivatives
β†’ steroid hormones

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11
Q

What are the 4 features of protein and peptide hormones?

A

β†’ Vary considerably in size
β†’ Can be synthesised as large precursors prior to secretion
β†’ post translationally modified
β†’ can have multiple subunits synthesized independently and assembled

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12
Q

What are 2 features of amino acid derivative neurohormones?

A

β†’ Mostly tyrosine derived

β†’ Neurotransmitter that can also act as a hormon

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13
Q

What are 3 examples of amino acid derivative neurohormones?

A

β†’ adrenaline
β†’ noradrenaline
β†’ dopamine

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14
Q

Where are steroid hormones derived from?

A

β†’ Class of lipids derived from cholesterol

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15
Q

What are 5 examples of steroid neurohormones?

A 
β†’ Cortisol
β†’ Aldosterone
β†’ testosterone
β†’ progesterone
β†’ estradiol
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16
Q

What is the base of the brain called?

A

β†’ Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamus connected to?

A

β†’ pituitary

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18
Q

Where do magnocellular neurons project to?

A

β†’ posterior pituitary

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19
Q

What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

β†’ Vasopressin

β†’ oxytocin

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20
Q

Where are neurohormones released in the anterior pituitary?

A

β†’ Portal system

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21
Q

What time frame are circadian rhythms?

A

β†’ 24 hour cycle

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22
Q

What time frame are pulsatile rhythms?

A

β†’ less than 24 hours

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23
Q

What time frame are infradian rhythms?

A

β†’ longer than 24 hours

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24
Q

What is an example of hormones that follow the circadian cycle?

A

β†’ Cortisol
β†’ GH
β†’ PRL

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25
What is an example of a hormone that follows pulsatile cycles?
β†’ Gonadotrophins
26
What is an example of an infradian rhythm?
β†’ Menstrual cycle
27
Where is the pituitary?
β†’ Sella turcica | β†’ in the sphenoid bone
28
Where are hypothalamic hormones secreted?
β†’ portal vein system | β†’ at the median eminence
29
Describe the pathway of gonadotrophin releasing hormone?
β†’ neurons release GnRH β†’ transported to the anterior hypothalamus and acts on receptors β†’ Induces release of FSH and LH
30
Describe the pathway of growth hormone?
β†’ Growth hormone releasing hormone is transported to the anterior pituitary β†’induces release of growth hormone
31
Describe the pathway of CRH?
β†’ Corticotropin releasing hormone is a peptide released to the capillary system β†’ it gets transported to the anterior pituitary β†’ this releases ACTH and acts on the adrenal cortex β†’ induces the release of cortisol
32
Describe the pathway of thyrotropin releasing hormone?
β†’ thyrotropin releasing hormone is delivered to the anterior pituitary β†’ causes the release of TSH β†’ TSH acts on the thyroid and induces the release of thyroxine
33
Describe the pathway of vasopressin?
β†’ Magnocellular neurons release vasopressin in the posterior pituitary β†’ Vasopressin acts on the kidney and has an anti-diuretic effect
34
Describe the pathway of oxytocin?
β†’ Magnocellular neurons release oxytocin in the posterior pituitary β†’ oxytocin acts on the uterus to induce uterine contraction β†’ oxytocin acts on mammary glands to induce milk ejection
35
Describe the ACTH axis to release cortisol?
β†’ Stress activates the HPA axis β†’ Stress activates the hypothalamus to release corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) β†’This acts on receptors in the anterior pituitary which releases ACTH β†’ ACTH is released in the blood β†’ ACTH acts on receptors in the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
36
What is the effect of ACTH?
β†’ Mobilises energy for fight or flight
37
Describe how cortisol release is terminated?
β†’ Cortisol induces a negative feedback effect | β†’ It acts on cortisol receptors in the pituitary or in the hypothalamus to inhibit CRH or ACTH
38
What happens to the HPA axis during chronic stress?
β†’ Cortisol levels are increased β†’ Hypersensitivity of the axis leads to high levels of basal cortisol β†’ Depression and anxiety related disorders
39
Describe the TSH axis?
β†’ Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH β†’ TSH acts on the thyroid to increase T4/T3 secretion β†’Thyroxine exerts negative feedback on the pituitary receptors
40
What is the most potent thyroid hormone?
β†’ T3
41
What is the effect of TSH?
β†’ Targets tissues containing a deiodinase enzyme to convert T4 to T3
42
What does hyperthyroidism lead to?
β†’ Anxiety
43
What does hypothyroidism lead to?
β†’ Cognitive impairments such as apathy
44
Where is prolactin released from?
β†’ Lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary
45
What is the relationship between dopamine and prolactin?
β†’ Dopamine is released into the bloodstream and inhibits prolactin release
46
Where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesized in?
β†’ Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus
47
What is the difference between vasopressin and oxytocin?
β†’ 2 peptides
48
What is vasopressin release stimulated by?
β†’ Changes in the activity of the osmoreceptor complex in the hypothalamus
49
What is the function of vasopressin?
β†’ Controls plasma osmolality by regulating water excretion | β†’ Stimulates vascular smooth muscle contraction in the DCT to reduce water loss and raise blood pressure
50
When is oxytocin elevated?
β†’ Parturition β†’ Lactation β†’ Mating
51
What is oxytocin released in stimulus to?
β†’ Peripheral stimuli of cervical stretch receptors and suckling at the breast
52
What is the function of oxytocin?
β†’ Regulates contraction of smooth muscle β†’ uterus during labour β†’ contraction of vas deferens during ejaculation
53
Describe the RAAS system
β†’ Kidneys release renin β†’ Renin cleaves angiotensinogen from the liver to angiotensin I β†’ Angiotensin I β†’ angiotensin II in the lungs β†’ Angiotensin II constricts vessels β†’ It acts on the subfornical organ which gives the signal to release vasopressin from the pituitary β†’ blood pressure increases
54
Describe the role of oxytocin during childbirth
β†’ During labour the baby starts pushing on the uterus which stretches β†’ There is stimulation of neurons that signal the magnocellular neurons to release oxytocin β†’ Oxytocin acts on its receptors in the uterus to cause contractions β†’ Baby moves forward which causes stretching β†’ stretching causes further oxytocin release which is +ve feedback
55
What makes voles monogamous?
β†’ High levels of oxytocin in the reward centres of the brain
56
What does oxytocin deficiency lead to?
β†’ Antisocial behaviour
57
What stimuli activate the RAAS system?
β†’ dehydration | β†’ low blood pressure due to blood loss
58
What are the 4 receptor mechanisms?
β†’ Dimerisation pathway β†’ G protein/adenylate cyclase pathway β†’ DAG/IP3 pathway β†’ Nuclear and steroid pathways
59
How does the dimerisation pathway work?
β†’ Binding of insulin and growth hormone to cell surface receptors leads to dimerisation of receptors β†’ this recruits tyrosine kinases which phosphorylates target proteins and induces biological responses
60
How does the G protein pathway work?
β†’ binding of a hormone to GPCR results in conformational changes in the receptor β†’ leading to GTP exchange for GDP and activation of adenylate cyclse β†’Stimulation of adenylate cyclase leads to an increase in cAMP β†’ cAMP activates PKA which phosphorylates target proteins to initiate gene expression
61
What 3 hormones use G proteins?
β†’ TSH and ACTH | β†’ Oxytocin is Gq coupled
62
How does the DAG/IP3 pathway work?
β†’ Oxytocin binds to GCPRS β†’ stimulates phospholipase C β†’ PIP2 β†’ IP3 and DAG β†’ IP3 stimulates Ca2+ release from intracellular stores β†’ DAG activates PKC β†’ PKC stimulates the phosphorylation of proteins and alter enzyme activities to initiate a biological response
63
How do nuclear and steroid pathways work?
β†’ Steroid hormones diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells and bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm β†’ The receptors function as hormone regulated transcription factors controlling gene expression
64
What do nuclear receptors share?
β†’ Transcriptional activation domain β†’ Zn2+ finger DNA binding domain β†’ Ligand binding domain
65
What are the 6 effects of a pituitary adenoma?
``` β†’ loss of visual field (pressure on optic nerve) β†’ too much GH (acromegaly) β†’ Hypogonadism and infertility β†’ Hypopituitarism β†’ Hyperprolactinemia β†’ Cushing syndrome (too much ACTH) ```
66
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
β†’ cold hands β†’ cold feet β†’ lack of energy

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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