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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Neurotransmitter Systems II : GABA & Glycine > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems II : GABA & Glycine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the criteria for being a neurotransmitter?

A

β†’ The molecule must be synthesized and stored in a presynaptic neuron
β†’ The molecule must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal upon stimulation
β†’ the molecule must produce a response in the post synaptic cell

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2
Q

What are the two main methods that inhibitory neurotransmitters use?

A

β†’ Influx of negative ions via chloride channels

β†’ Efflux of positive ions via potassium channels

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3
Q

Describe the conversion from Glutamate to GABA?

A

β†’ Carboxylic acid group is removed from glutamate to make GABA
β†’ vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) acts as a cofactor

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4
Q

How is GABA transported into vesicles?

A

β†’ VIAAT

β†’ vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporters

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5
Q

What is the difference in shape between glutamate, GABA and glycine vesicles?

A

β†’ Glutamate vesicles are round

β†’ GABA or glycine vesicles are more oval in shape

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6
Q

Where are GABA A receptors found?

A

β†’ Postsynaptically

β†’ They can sometimes be found presynaptically on glia

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7
Q

What are the two ways that GABA can be broken down?

A

β†’ GABA transaminase

β†’ can diffuse away from the synapse

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8
Q

Between what two receptors does GABA bind?

A

β†’ Alpha and beta receptors

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9
Q

How many molecules of GABA are needed for the GABA A channels to open?

A

β†’ 2 molecules

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10
Q

Where is the benzodiazepine binding site found?

A

β†’ At the alpha and gamma interface of the GABA A receptor

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11
Q

What are channel modulators?

A

β†’ They increase the conductance of chloride through the GABA A channels such as alcohol

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12
Q

What is an example of a GABA A channel blocker?

A

β†’ Picrotoxin

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13
Q

What type of G protein is a GABA B receptor?

A

β†’ Gi protein channel

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14
Q

What is one of the major effects of the GABA B receptors?

A

β†’it opens K+ channels so it hyperpolarizes

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15
Q

What is another effect of the GABA B receptor?

A

β†’ It blocks Ca2+ channels

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of GABA A receptor enhancers?

A

β†’ Barbiturates
β†’ Benzodiazepines
β†’ Progesterone
β†’ Ganaloxone

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17
Q

What is an example of a GABA transaminase inhibitor?

A

β†’ Vigabatrine

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18
Q

How do the majority of epileptics work?

A

β†’ Increasing inhibition

β†’ Enhance the currents through GABA A

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19
Q

What is the transporter that takes GABA to the presynaptic terminal?

A

β†’ GAT

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20
Q

Describe the steps for glycine synthesis?

A 
3-phosphoglycerate (glycolysis)
              ↓
         serine (serine hydroxy methyl transferase)
              ↓
         glycine
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21
Q

What are the subtypes of glycine receptors?

A

β†’ alpha 1 - 4

β†’ one beta subtype

22
Q

How is glycine activity terminated?

A

β†’ Reuptake by glycine transporter GlyT

23
Q

What breaks down glycine?

A

β†’ serine hydroxymethyl-transferase

β†’ or it diffuses away from the synapse

24
Q

Why is glycine difficult to target?

A

β†’ It is present on inhibitory receptors

β†’ Glycine is also needed for NMDA receptors which are excitatory

25
What gets activated if you use an agonist that has a similar shape to glycine?
β†’ Inhibitory and excitatory pathways are activated
26
What are the 4 glutamate receptors?
β†’ AMPA β†’ NMDA β†’ Kainate β†’ MGlu R1-8s
27
In what 2 ways can glutamate be terminated?
β†’ Diffusion | β†’ EAATs
28
What are the 2 GABA receptors?
β†’ GABA A | β†’ GABA B
29
In what 3 ways can GABA be terminated?
β†’ Diffusion β†’ GAT β†’ Enzyme
30
What is the glycine receptor?
β†’ Glycine R
31
In what 3 ways can glycine be terminated?
β†’ Diffusion, GlyT, enzyme
32
What is the serotonin receptor?
β†’ 5-HT 1-7
33
What are the 3 ways serotonin can be terminated?
β†’ Diffusion β†’ SERT β†’ enzyme
34
What are the dopamine receptors?
β†’ D1-D5
35
What are the 3 ways that dopamine can be terminated?
β†’ Diffusion β†’ DAT β†’ Enzyme
36
What are the 2 receptors for ACh?
β†’ nAChR | β†’ mAChR
37
What kind of a receptor is GABA A?
β†’ ligand gated Cl-
38
What are the subunits of a GABA A receptor?
β†’ Six alpha subtypes (a1-6) β†’ three beta subtypes (b1-3) β†’ three gamma subtypes ( y1-3) β†’ also delta, epsilon, pi and theta subunits
39
What is the typical configuration of a GABA A receptor?
β†’ pentameric structure | β†’ 2 alpha, 2 beta and 1 gamma
40
What are the components of the GABA B receptor?
β†’ GABAB 1 and GABA B2
41
What are the two types of GAT?
β†’ GAT1 is in neurons | β†’ GAT 3 is in glial cells
42
How is GABA degraded?
β†’ GABA β†’ succinic semialdehyde catalysed by gaba transaminase β†’ succinic semialdehyde β†’ succinic acid catalysed by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH)
43
What are the 5 types of drugs used to treat epilepsy?
``` β†’ GABA A receptor enhancers β†’ GAT blockers β†’ GABA transaminase inhibitor β†’ GAD modulator β†’ Prodrug ```
44
How is glycine transported into vesicles?
β†’ VIAAT
45
What is the most common configuration of the glycine receptor
β†’ 3a1 or 2 beta OR β†’ 4 alpha 1 and 1 beta
46
What are the two different types of Glyt and where are they found?
β†’ Glyt1 - glial cells | β†’ Glyt2 - neurons
47
Where are glycine receptors found?
β†’ Pre and post synaptically
48
What is hyperekplexia?
β†’ Disorder characterised by increased mucscle tone and a exaggerated startle response
49
How does hyperekplexia work?
β†’ no glycine protein at the postsynaptic membrane
50
What are the noradrenaline receptors?
β†’ alpha 1 and 2 | β†’ beta 1 and 2
51
What are the three ways noradrenaline is terminated?
β†’ NERT β†’ enzyme β†’ diffusion

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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