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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Neurotransmitter Systems III : Monoamines > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems III : Monoamines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the CNS systems that control behaviour?

A

β†’ Autonomic nervous system
β†’ Hypothalamic-pituitary neurohormones
β†’ Diffuse monoamine systems

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2
Q

What are examples of monoamines?

A

β†’ Noradrenaline
β†’ Serotonin
β†’ Dopamine
β†’ ACh

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3
Q

What neurons project from the central core?

A

β†’ Adrenergic
β†’ Serotonergic
β†’ Dopaminergic
β†’ Cholinergic

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4
Q

What are the four systems with common principles?

A

β†’ Small set of neurons at the core
β†’ Arise from the brain stem
β†’ One neuron influences many others
β†’ Synapses release transmitter molecules into extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What is the main source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain?

A

β†’ Locus Coeruleus

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6
Q

What is the main source of serotonergic neurons in the brain?

A

β†’ Raphe Nuclei

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7
Q

What are the main sources for the dopaminergic neurons in the brain?

A

β†’ Substantia nigra

β†’ Ventral tegmental area

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8
Q

What are the main sources for cholinergic neurons in the brain?

A

β†’ Basal forebrain and brain stem complexes

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9
Q

What 3 things are involved in fast point-to-point signalling? (type of channel and transmitter)

A

β†’ Neurotransmitters producing excitatory or inhibitory potentials
β†’ Ligand gated ion channels
β†’ Glutamate, GABA, ACh

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10
Q

What 3 things are involved in slow transmission?

A

β†’ Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
β†’ G-Protein coupled receptors
β†’ Monoamines, peptides, ACh

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11
Q

Where do noradrenergic neurons project from?

A

β†’ Central core

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12
Q

What 5 areas of the brain do noradrenergic neurons project to?

A 
β†’ Cortex
β†’ Amygdala
β†’ Hypothalamus
β†’ Spinal cord
β†’ Cerebellum
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13
Q

What is the locus coerulus involved in?

A

β†’ Making the brain more responsive

β†’ Information processing

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14
Q

What is noradrenaline involved with?

A

β†’ Gambling

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15
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms driven by?

A

β†’ Hyperexcitability from noradrenaline

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16
Q

What receptors does noradrenaline act on?

A

β†’ G coupled post-synaptic receptors

β†’ activates presynaptic alpha 2 receptors

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17
Q

What are noradrenergic alpha 2 receptors also called and why?

A

β†’autoreceptors

β†’ When noradrenaline binds it inhibits the release of noradrenaline

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18
Q

What do low levels of noradrenaline lead to?

A

β†’ Depression like behaviour

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19
Q

How is the action of noradrenaline terminated?

A

β†’ Inside the membrane there are NET transporters
β†’ Uptake excess noradrenaline inside the neuron
β†’ Once inside they get broken down by monoamine oxidase

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20
Q

How do amphetamines work?

A

β†’ They enter vesicles and displace the NA into the cytoplasm which causes NA leakage out of the neuron

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21
Q

What does cocaine do?

A

β†’ Blocks NA reuptake

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22
Q

What is the main action of noradrenaline?

A

β†’ Inhibitory ( alpha 2)

β†’ Also excitatory (alpha/beta)

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23
Q

How is noradrenaline terminated?

A

β†’ Neuronal uptake

β†’ MAO

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24
Q

What is the main cell body of noradrenaline?

A

β†’ Locus coerulus

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25
Q

When are noradrenergic neurons active?

A

β†’ When awake

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26
Q

Where are high densities of noradrenergic neurons found?

A

β†’ Brainstem
β†’ Hypothalamus
β†’ Medial temporal lobe

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27
Q

What are the functions of noradrenergic neurons?

A

β†’ Arousal
β†’wakefulness
β†’ mood
β†’ Blood pressure regulation

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28
Q

Describe the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

β†’ Dopaminergic neurons project from the substantia nigra to the striatum

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29
Q

Why does Parkinsons occur?

A

β†’ Dopaminergic neurons become degenerated

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30
Q

Describe the mesolimbic pathway?

A

β†’ Dopaminergic neurons project from the ventral TA to
β†’ amygdala
β†’ Hippocampus
β†’ Nucleus Accumbens

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31
Q

What is the function of the nucleus Accumbens?

A

β†’ Rewards and pleasure

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32
Q

What is schizophrenic behaviour due to?

A

β†’ Hyperactivity of the mesolimbic pathway

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33
Q

Describe the mesocortical pathway?

A

β†’ Dopaminergic neurons projecting from the VTA to the cortex

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34
Q

Describe the tuberohypophyseal pathway?

A

β†’ Dopamine is released from the hypothalamus directly to the circulation

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35
Q

In what situation does dopamine act as a neurohormone?

A

β†’ It goes to the anterior pituitary and inhibits the release of prolactin

36
Q

What receptors are activated during emesis?

A

β†’ D2 receptors

37
Q

Describe the formation of dopamine?

A

β†’Tyrosine gets metabolised by tyrosine hydroxylase
β†’ this forms DOPA
β†’ DOPA gets metabolised by DOPA decarboxylase to form dopamine

38
Q

What receptors does dopamine act on?

A

β†’ D1 and D2

39
Q

What kind of receptors are D2 receptors and where are they found?

A

β†’ Pre and post synaptically

β†’ Autoreceptors

40
Q

What is the function of D2 receptors?

A

β†’ WHen dopamine binds to the autoreceptors they inhibit the release of dopamine

41
Q

What breaks down dopamine?

A

β†’ Monoamine oxidase

42
Q

What do low and high levels of dopamine lead to?

A

β†’ High - Schizophrenia

β†’ Low - Depression

43
Q

What is a way to treat parkinsons?

A

β†’ Blocking the reuptake of dopamine

β†’ Stopping monoamine oxidase

44
Q

What is a way to treat schizophrenia?

A

β†’ Blocking dopamine receptors

45
Q

What is the D1 receptor coupled with?

A

β†’ Gs couples receptors

46
Q

What is the D2 receptor coupled with?

A

β†’ Gi coupled receptor

47
Q

Where are D1 and D2 receptors found?

A

β†’Striatum
β†’ Limbic system
β†’ Thalamus
β†’ Hypothalamus

48
Q

Where are D3 receptors found?

A

β†’ Limbic system

49
Q

Where are D4 receptors found?

A

β†’ cortex and limbic system

50
Q

What are the functions of dopamine?

A

β†’ Movement
β†’ Addiction
β†’ Hormone release
β†’ Vomiting

51
Q

Where do serotonergic neurons project from?

A

β†’ Raphe Nuclei

52
Q

Where do serotonergic neurons project to?

A 
β†’ Cortex
β†’ Cerebellum
β†’ Striatum
β†’ Hypothalamus
β†’ Hippocampus
β†’ Amygdala
53
Q

What does serotonin increase in the cortex lead to?

A

β†’ Heightened perception

54
Q

What does serotonin increase in the hypothalamus lead to?

A

β†’ Reduced appetite

55
Q

What does serotonin increase in the amygdala lead to?

A

β†’ Elevated mood and emesis

56
Q

What drugs increase serotonin?

A

β†’ Antidepressants

β†’ Ecstasy

57
Q

Describe the formation of Serotonin?

A

β†’ Tryptophan gets metabolised by tryptophan hydroxylase
β†’ this forms 5 hydroxytryptophan
β†’ 5 hydroxytryptophan gets metabolised into serotonin

58
Q

What does too much serotonin lead to?

A

β†’ Psychotic like effects

59
Q

What does too little serotonin lead to?

A

β†’ Depression effects

60
Q

What do antidepressants block?

A

β†’ SERT reuptake

61
Q

What does activation of 5-HT 1D receptor lead to?

A

β†’ Inhibition of serotonin

β†’ Autoreceptor

62
Q

What metabolizes serotonin?

A

β†’ MAO

63
Q

How many serotonin receptor subtypes are there?

A

β†’ 14

64
Q

What is the 5-HT1 receptor for?

A

β†’ mood
β†’ Migraine
β†’ autoreceptor

65
Q

What are the excitatory serotonin receptors?

A

β†’ 5HT2

β†’ 5HT3

66
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A 
β†’ Mood
β†’ Psychosis 
β†’ Sleep/wake
β†’ Feeding behaviour
β†’ Pain
β†’ Migraine
67
Q

What are the 3 cholinergic neuron pathways?

A

β†’ Nucleus basalis to the cortex
β†’ Septum to the hippocampus
β†’ Substantia nigra to the thalamus

68
Q

Where are cholinergic interneurons found?

A

β†’ in the striatum

69
Q

Why do people suffer from memory impairment?

A

β†’ Degeneration of cholinergic neurons

70
Q

What are the two kinds of Ach receptors?

A

β†’ Nicotinic

β†’ Muscarinic

71
Q

How is ACh formed?

A

β†’ Acetyl CoA and choline join

72
Q

Where are ACh receptors found in the brain?

A

β†’ Basal forebrain
β†’ Hippocampus
β†’ Striatum

73
Q

What is the function of Ach?

A

β†’ Arousal
β†’ Epilepsy
β†’ Learning and memory
β†’ Motor control

74
Q

What are the functions of histamine?

A

β†’ sleep
β†’ Wake
β†’ vomiting

75
Q

What are the functions of purines?

A 
β†’ Sleep
β†’ pain
β†’ Neuroprotection
β†’ Addiction
β†’ Seizures 
β†’ anti convulsant
76
Q

What are the functions of neuropeptides?

A

β†’ Pain

77
Q

What is melatonin involved in?

A

β†’ sleep regulation

β†’M1 and M2

78
Q

What are the effects of amphetamine?

A

β†’ Alertness
β†’ Euphoria
β†’ Anorexia
β†’ Confidence / lack of tiredness

79
Q

What does prolonged use of amphetamines cause?

A

β†’ Neurotoxicity
β†’ Degeneration of amine containing nerve terminals
β†’ Cell death

80
Q

What does cocaine increase?

A

β†’ Dopamine
β†’ Noradrenaline
β†’ Serotonin

81
Q

What happens to transporters when you take cocaine?

A

β†’ blockades of dopamine transporters

β†’ accumulates in the cleft

82
Q

What are the metabotropic receptors for the monoamines?

A 
β†’ noradrenaline 
- beta - stimulates adenylyl cyclase
-alpha 1 - stimulates PLC
-alpha 2 - inhibits adenylyl cyclase
β†’ dopamine 
D1- stimulates adenylyl cyclase
D2 inhibits adenylyl cyclase
β†’ Serotonin
5-HT1 - inhibits adenylyl cyclase
5-HT2 stimulates pLC
83
Q

What is the effect of reserpine?

A

β†’ Depletes NA stores by inhibiting vesicular uptake

84
Q

What are the 5-HT receptor functions? (1-7)

A 
β†’ 5HT1 - inhibitory - limbic system - mood
β†’ 5HT2 - excitatory - limbic
β†’ 5HT3 - excitatory- medulla - vomiting
β†’ 5HT4 - presynaptic faciliation
β†’ 5HT 6 -7 - sleep
85
Q

What are the neurotransmitter transporter?

A 
β†’ dopamine - DAT
β†’ 5-HT - SERT
β†’ NA - NET
β†’ glutamate - EAAT1 
β†’ dopamine - VMAT2 (vesciles)
86
Q

What are the functions of ACh receptors (M1-M3)

A

β†’ M1 - excitatory
β†’ M2 presynaptic inhibition
β†’ M3 - excitatory glandular/smooth muscle effects

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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