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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Neurotransmitter Systems III : Monoamines > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems III : Monoamines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the CNS systems that control behaviour?

A

β†’ Autonomic nervous system
β†’ Hypothalamic-pituitary neurohormones
β†’ Diffuse monoamine systems

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2
Q

What are examples of monoamines?

A

β†’ Noradrenaline
β†’ Serotonin
β†’ Dopamine
β†’ ACh

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3
Q

What neurons project from the central core?

A

β†’ Adrenergic
β†’ Serotonergic
β†’ Dopaminergic
β†’ Cholinergic

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4
Q

What are the four systems with common principles?

A

β†’ Small set of neurons at the core
β†’ Arise from the brain stem
β†’ One neuron influences many others
β†’ Synapses release transmitter molecules into extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What is the main source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain?

A

β†’ Locus Coeruleus

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6
Q

What is the main source of serotonergic neurons in the brain?

A

β†’ Raphe Nuclei

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7
Q

What are the main sources for the dopaminergic neurons in the brain?

A

β†’ Substantia nigra

β†’ Ventral tegmental area

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8
Q

What are the main sources for cholinergic neurons in the brain?

A

β†’ Basal forebrain and brain stem complexes

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9
Q

What 3 things are involved in fast point-to-point signalling? (type of channel and transmitter)

A

β†’ Neurotransmitters producing excitatory or inhibitory potentials
β†’ Ligand gated ion channels
β†’ Glutamate, GABA, ACh

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10
Q

What 3 things are involved in slow transmission?

A

β†’ Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
β†’ G-Protein coupled receptors
β†’ Monoamines, peptides, ACh

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11
Q

Where do noradrenergic neurons project from?

A

β†’ Central core

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12
Q

What 5 areas of the brain do noradrenergic neurons project to?

A 
β†’ Cortex
β†’ Amygdala
β†’ Hypothalamus
β†’ Spinal cord
β†’ Cerebellum
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13
Q

What is the locus coerulus involved in?

A

β†’ Making the brain more responsive

β†’ Information processing

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14
Q

What is noradrenaline involved with?

A

β†’ Gambling

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15
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms driven by?

A

β†’ Hyperexcitability from noradrenaline

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16
Q

What receptors does noradrenaline act on?

A

β†’ G coupled post-synaptic receptors

β†’ activates presynaptic alpha 2 receptors

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17
Q

What are noradrenergic alpha 2 receptors also called and why?

A

β†’autoreceptors

β†’ When noradrenaline binds it inhibits the release of noradrenaline

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18
Q

What do low levels of noradrenaline lead to?

A

β†’ Depression like behaviour

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19
Q

How is the action of noradrenaline terminated?

A

β†’ Inside the membrane there are NET transporters
β†’ Uptake excess noradrenaline inside the neuron
β†’ Once inside they get broken down by monoamine oxidase

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20
Q

How do amphetamines work?

A

β†’ They enter vesicles and displace the NA into the cytoplasm which causes NA leakage out of the neuron

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21
Q

What does cocaine do?

A

β†’ Blocks NA reuptake

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22
Q

What is the main action of noradrenaline?

A

β†’ Inhibitory ( alpha 2)

β†’ Also excitatory (alpha/beta)

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23
Q

How is noradrenaline terminated?

A

β†’ Neuronal uptake

β†’ MAO

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24
Q

What is the main cell body of noradrenaline?

A

β†’ Locus coerulus

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25
When are noradrenergic neurons active?
β†’ When awake
26
Where are high densities of noradrenergic neurons found?
β†’ Brainstem β†’ Hypothalamus β†’ Medial temporal lobe
27
What are the functions of noradrenergic neurons?
β†’ Arousal β†’wakefulness β†’ mood β†’ Blood pressure regulation
28
Describe the nigrostriatal pathway?
β†’ Dopaminergic neurons project from the substantia nigra to the striatum
29
Why does Parkinsons occur?
β†’ Dopaminergic neurons become degenerated
30
Describe the mesolimbic pathway?
β†’ Dopaminergic neurons project from the ventral TA to β†’ amygdala β†’ Hippocampus β†’ Nucleus Accumbens
31
What is the function of the nucleus Accumbens?
β†’ Rewards and pleasure
32
What is schizophrenic behaviour due to?
β†’ Hyperactivity of the mesolimbic pathway
33
Describe the mesocortical pathway?
β†’ Dopaminergic neurons projecting from the VTA to the cortex
34
Describe the tuberohypophyseal pathway?
β†’ Dopamine is released from the hypothalamus directly to the circulation
35
In what situation does dopamine act as a neurohormone?
β†’ It goes to the anterior pituitary and inhibits the release of prolactin
36
What receptors are activated during emesis?
β†’ D2 receptors
37
Describe the formation of dopamine?
β†’Tyrosine gets metabolised by tyrosine hydroxylase β†’ this forms DOPA β†’ DOPA gets metabolised by DOPA decarboxylase to form dopamine
38
What receptors does dopamine act on?
β†’ D1 and D2
39
What kind of receptors are D2 receptors and where are they found?
β†’ Pre and post synaptically | β†’ Autoreceptors
40
What is the function of D2 receptors?
β†’ WHen dopamine binds to the autoreceptors they inhibit the release of dopamine
41
What breaks down dopamine?
β†’ Monoamine oxidase
42
What do low and high levels of dopamine lead to?
β†’ High - Schizophrenia | β†’ Low - Depression
43
What is a way to treat parkinsons?
β†’ Blocking the reuptake of dopamine | β†’ Stopping monoamine oxidase
44
What is a way to treat schizophrenia?
β†’ Blocking dopamine receptors
45
What is the D1 receptor coupled with?
β†’ Gs couples receptors
46
What is the D2 receptor coupled with?
β†’ Gi coupled receptor
47
Where are D1 and D2 receptors found?
β†’Striatum β†’ Limbic system β†’ Thalamus β†’ Hypothalamus
48
Where are D3 receptors found?
β†’ Limbic system
49
Where are D4 receptors found?
β†’ cortex and limbic system
50
What are the functions of dopamine?
β†’ Movement β†’ Addiction β†’ Hormone release β†’ Vomiting
51
Where do serotonergic neurons project from?
β†’ Raphe Nuclei
52
Where do serotonergic neurons project to?
``` β†’ Cortex β†’ Cerebellum β†’ Striatum β†’ Hypothalamus β†’ Hippocampus β†’ Amygdala ```
53
What does serotonin increase in the cortex lead to?
β†’ Heightened perception
54
What does serotonin increase in the hypothalamus lead to?
β†’ Reduced appetite
55
What does serotonin increase in the amygdala lead to?
β†’ Elevated mood and emesis
56
What drugs increase serotonin?
β†’ Antidepressants | β†’ Ecstasy
57
Describe the formation of Serotonin?
β†’ Tryptophan gets metabolised by tryptophan hydroxylase β†’ this forms 5 hydroxytryptophan β†’ 5 hydroxytryptophan gets metabolised into serotonin
58
What does too much serotonin lead to?
β†’ Psychotic like effects
59
What does too little serotonin lead to?
β†’ Depression effects
60
What do antidepressants block?
β†’ SERT reuptake
61
What does activation of 5-HT 1D receptor lead to?
β†’ Inhibition of serotonin | β†’ Autoreceptor
62
What metabolizes serotonin?
β†’ MAO
63
How many serotonin receptor subtypes are there?
β†’ 14
64
What is the 5-HT1 receptor for?
β†’ mood β†’ Migraine β†’ autoreceptor
65
What are the excitatory serotonin receptors?
β†’ 5HT2 | β†’ 5HT3
66
What is the function of serotonin?
``` β†’ Mood β†’ Psychosis β†’ Sleep/wake β†’ Feeding behaviour β†’ Pain β†’ Migraine ```
67
What are the 3 cholinergic neuron pathways?
β†’ Nucleus basalis to the cortex β†’ Septum to the hippocampus β†’ Substantia nigra to the thalamus
68
Where are cholinergic interneurons found?
β†’ in the striatum
69
Why do people suffer from memory impairment?
β†’ Degeneration of cholinergic neurons
70
What are the two kinds of Ach receptors?
β†’ Nicotinic | β†’ Muscarinic
71
How is ACh formed?
β†’ Acetyl CoA and choline join
72
Where are ACh receptors found in the brain?
β†’ Basal forebrain β†’ Hippocampus β†’ Striatum
73
What is the function of Ach?
β†’ Arousal β†’ Epilepsy β†’ Learning and memory β†’ Motor control
74
What are the functions of histamine?
β†’ sleep β†’ Wake β†’ vomiting
75
What are the functions of purines?
``` β†’ Sleep β†’ pain β†’ Neuroprotection β†’ Addiction β†’ Seizures β†’ anti convulsant ```
76
What are the functions of neuropeptides?
β†’ Pain
77
What is melatonin involved in?
β†’ sleep regulation | β†’M1 and M2
78
What are the effects of amphetamine?
β†’ Alertness β†’ Euphoria β†’ Anorexia β†’ Confidence / lack of tiredness
79
What does prolonged use of amphetamines cause?
β†’ Neurotoxicity β†’ Degeneration of amine containing nerve terminals β†’ Cell death
80
What does cocaine increase?
β†’ Dopamine β†’ Noradrenaline β†’ Serotonin
81
What happens to transporters when you take cocaine?
β†’ blockades of dopamine transporters | β†’ accumulates in the cleft
82
What are the metabotropic receptors for the monoamines?
``` β†’ noradrenaline - beta - stimulates adenylyl cyclase -alpha 1 - stimulates PLC -alpha 2 - inhibits adenylyl cyclase β†’ dopamine D1- stimulates adenylyl cyclase D2 inhibits adenylyl cyclase β†’ Serotonin 5-HT1 - inhibits adenylyl cyclase 5-HT2 stimulates pLC ```
83
What is the effect of reserpine?
β†’ Depletes NA stores by inhibiting vesicular uptake
84
What are the 5-HT receptor functions? (1-7)
``` β†’ 5HT1 - inhibitory - limbic system - mood β†’ 5HT2 - excitatory - limbic β†’ 5HT3 - excitatory- medulla - vomiting β†’ 5HT4 - presynaptic faciliation β†’ 5HT 6 -7 - sleep ```
85
What are the neurotransmitter transporter?
``` β†’ dopamine - DAT β†’ 5-HT - SERT β†’ NA - NET β†’ glutamate - EAAT1 β†’ dopamine - VMAT2 (vesciles) ```
86
What are the functions of ACh receptors (M1-M3)
β†’ M1 - excitatory β†’ M2 presynaptic inhibition β†’ M3 - excitatory glandular/smooth muscle effects

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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