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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Auditory & Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Auditory & Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are hair bundles filled with?

A

β†’ actin and are stiff rods

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2
Q

What do hair cells synapse onto?

A

β†’ Auditory nerve fibre that projects to the brain

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3
Q

What do hair cells convert?

A

β†’ Motion of stereocilia into release of neurotransmitter

β†’ NT is converted into electrical activity

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4
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of the hair cells called?

A

β†’tectorial membrane

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5
Q

Where is the otoconial membrane?

A

β†’ In the macula of the vestibular system

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6
Q

Where is the cupula?

A

β†’ Cristae of vestibular system

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7
Q

How are stereocilia arranged?

A

β†’ In bundles

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8
Q

What are stereocilia connected by?

A

β†’ connectors

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of connectors?

A

β†’ Top connector
β†’ Shaft connector
β†’ Ankle links

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10
Q

What connectors are important to transduction?

A

β†’ tip links

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11
Q

What is the function of lateral link connectors?

A

β†’ they hold the bundle of stereocilia together to allow it to move as a unit

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12
Q

What is the function of tip links?

A

β†’ Tension in the tip links distorts the tip of the stereocilia mechanically
β†’ distortion allows channels to open and close with cilia movement
β†’ current flows proportionately

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13
Q

Describe how hair cells work

A

β†’ Tip links open ion channels
β†’ outside the stereocilia is a fluid called endolymph
β†’ when tip links deform and pull on the top of the stereocilia they allow in a lot of K+
β†’ endolymph is high in K+
β†’ K+ influx depolarises the cell
β†’ VGCC opens
β†’ Ca2+ triggers neurotransmitter release at the synapse
β†’ postsynaptic potential in nerve fibre triggers an action potential

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14
Q

When does depolarisation occur?

A

β†’ When the hair bundle is pushed towards the tallest stereocilia

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15
Q

When does hyperpolarisation occur?

A

β†’ When the hair bundle is pushed away from the tallest cilia

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16
Q

What system do fish and amphibians have?

A

β†’ Lateral line system

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17
Q

What is the function of mechanoreceptors on fish?

A

β†’ Provides information about movement through water or the direction and velocity of water flow

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18
Q

How do neuromasts function?

A

β†’ Gelatinous cupula encases the hair bundle and moves in response to water motion

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19
Q

What is the inner ear formed from?

A

β†’ Semicircular canals from the vestibular system

β†’ Cochlea

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20
Q

Where do the afferent nerves come from?

A

β†’ Vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII

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21
Q

What is linear motion?

A

β†’ Up, down
β†’ left and right
β†’ back and forwards

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22
Q

What is rotation?

A

β†’ Rolling - shoulder to shoulder
β†’ pitch - forwards and backwards
β†’ yaw - side to side

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23
Q

What senses rotation?

A

β†’ Semicircular canals

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24
Q

What is responsible for sensing roll?

A

β†’ Posterior semicircular canal

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25
What is responsible for sensing pitch?
β†’ Anterior semicircular canal
26
What is responsible for sensing yaw?
β†’ Horizontal semicircular canal
27
Where does the endolymph move?
β†’ In the opposite direction to your head
28
What does rotation cause in the semicircular canals?
β†’ Fluid motion
29
What are cilia connected to?
β†’ Gelatinous cupula
30
Describe what happens in the cupula when motion occurs
β†’ Fluid in the canals lags due to inertia pulling the cupula in the opposite direction to the rotation of the head β†’ cilia are displaced and depolarise hair cells
31
What is the ampulla?
β†’ AN opening with receptors
32
What does the cupula detect?
β†’ Flow of fluid through the semicircular canal
33
What are the otolith organs sensitive to?
β†’ Linear acceleration
34
How are the hair cells arranged in the utricular macula?
β†’ in a curving way
35
What motion can the saccular macula detect and why?
β†’ up and down motion | β†’ hair cells are arranged in that way
36
What is on top of the hair cells?
β†’ Rigid otoconia crystals
37
What happens to the crystals when motion occurs?
β†’ Under acceleration the crystal layer is displaced which deflects the cilia
38
Describe the auditory pathway
``` β†’ Cochlear nucleus β†’ Olivary complex β†’ Lateral lemniscus β†’ Inferior Colliculus β†’ Medial geniculate body β†’ Auditory cortex ```
39
What type of pressure waves are in the atmosphere?
β†’ Longitudinal
40
What determines wavelength?
β†’ Rate at which compression and rarefaction occur
41
What determines frequency?
β†’ Rate at which pressure cycles between compression and rarefaction
42
What is normal air pressure?
β†’ 100kpa
43
What is the decibel scale?
β†’ Log of ratio relative to 20 micropascals
44
What is the pinna?
β†’ Visible ear
45
What is the function of the pinna?
β†’ Gathers sound from environment and funnels it to the eardrum
46
What is the pinna made from?
β†’ Cartilage and is covered with skin
47
What is the function of the meatus and the concha?
β†’ meatus amplifies low frequency | β†’ concha amplifies high frequency
48
What is grade I microtia?
β†’ Less than complete development of external ear | β†’ identifiable structures and a small but present ear canal
49
What is grade II microtia?
β†’ Partially developed ear | β†’ closed stenotic external ear canal producing conductive hearing loss
50
What is grade III microtia?
β†’ Absence of the external ear β†’ small peanut like vestige structure β†’ absence of external ear canal and drum
51
What is grade VI microtia?
β†’ Absence of the total ear
52
What does the eardrum vibrate in response to?
β†’ Sound
53
What do the ossicles connect?
β†’ Tympanic membrane to oval window of cochlea
54
What does the malleus connect to?
β†’ Eardrum
55
What does the incus act as?
β†’ A lever | β†’ malleus pushes it at the top which gives it amplification
56
What does the incus connect to?
β†’ Stapes
57
How does the motion of the eardrum turn into motion of fluid in the cochlea?
β†’ Vibrational movement in the ear drum is transmitted through ossicles and amplified at the incus β†’ leads to motion pushing on the oval window of the cochlea
58
What is glue ear?
β†’ Middle ear fills with fluid which impedes motion of the ossicles
59
Why do you lose amplification with glue ear?
β†’ Eardrum is pushing against fluid
60
What are the three chambers in the cochlea?
β†’ Scala vestibuli β†’ Scala media β†’ Scala tympani
61
What is the basilar membrane?
β†’ between the scala tympanis and the scala media
62
What does the stapes cause?
β†’ Compression of fluid within cochlea
63
What is the cochlea?
β†’ Fluid filled spiral canal divided by a flexible membrane
64
What is the function of the basilar membrane?
β†’ It filters sound according to frequency
65
What is the basilar membrane like at the apex and at the end?
β†’ more rigid at the end closest to oval membrane | β†’ at the apex it is wide and compliant
66
How does the basilar membrane resonate at the apex and at the end?
β†’ Close to the oval window the basilar membrane resonates at higher frequencies β†’ at the other end it resonates at lower frequencies
67
Where is the organ of corti?
β†’ On top of the basilar membrane within the scala media
68
What is the extracellular matrix of the organ of corti?
β†’ Tectorial membrane
69
What does motion of the organ of corti cause?
β†’displacement of stereocilia
70
What hair cells are in contact with the tectorial membrane?
β†’ outer hair cells
71
What does the basilar membrane do to the hair cells?
β†’ Moves up and down and pushes the hair cells towards the tectorial membrane
72
Describe how the cells contract?
β†’ Influx of +ve ions makes the outer hair cells contract β†’ when there are increases in voltage the prestin contracts β†’ it is on the cell membrane so it causes the entire cell to contract
73
What is prestin?
β†’ A substance that allows the hair cell to be motile
74
Describe the cochlear amplifier?
β†’ basilar membrane moves upwards β†’ it pushes against the tectorial membrane which makes the hair cell bundle lean β†’ as it leans it opens up the channels on the hair cell β†’ this allows an influx of +ve ions β†’ the voltage inside the cell increases β†’ the cell contracts β†’ prestin will be in a short confirmation state β†’ basilar membrane is pulled towards the tectorial membrane β†’ inner hair cell leans in further which causes the influx of more +ve ions
75
How much does the cochlea amplify by?
β†’ 50 dB
76
What is the intracellular voltage of the hairs?
β†’ negative
77
What is the difference like between intra and extra cellular voltage and why?
β†’ Much larger than other neurons | β†’ changes in the voltage of haircells are much more rapid
78
What ion is in high concentration in the scala media?
β†’ K+

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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