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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Auditory & Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Auditory & Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are hair bundles filled with?

A

β†’ actin and are stiff rods

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2
Q

What do hair cells synapse onto?

A

β†’ Auditory nerve fibre that projects to the brain

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3
Q

What do hair cells convert?

A

β†’ Motion of stereocilia into release of neurotransmitter

β†’ NT is converted into electrical activity

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4
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of the hair cells called?

A

β†’tectorial membrane

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5
Q

Where is the otoconial membrane?

A

β†’ In the macula of the vestibular system

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6
Q

Where is the cupula?

A

β†’ Cristae of vestibular system

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7
Q

How are stereocilia arranged?

A

β†’ In bundles

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8
Q

What are stereocilia connected by?

A

β†’ connectors

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of connectors?

A

β†’ Top connector
β†’ Shaft connector
β†’ Ankle links

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10
Q

What connectors are important to transduction?

A

β†’ tip links

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11
Q

What is the function of lateral link connectors?

A

β†’ they hold the bundle of stereocilia together to allow it to move as a unit

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12
Q

What is the function of tip links?

A

β†’ Tension in the tip links distorts the tip of the stereocilia mechanically
β†’ distortion allows channels to open and close with cilia movement
β†’ current flows proportionately

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13
Q

Describe how hair cells work

A

β†’ Tip links open ion channels
β†’ outside the stereocilia is a fluid called endolymph
β†’ when tip links deform and pull on the top of the stereocilia they allow in a lot of K+
β†’ endolymph is high in K+
β†’ K+ influx depolarises the cell
β†’ VGCC opens
β†’ Ca2+ triggers neurotransmitter release at the synapse
β†’ postsynaptic potential in nerve fibre triggers an action potential

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14
Q

When does depolarisation occur?

A

β†’ When the hair bundle is pushed towards the tallest stereocilia

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15
Q

When does hyperpolarisation occur?

A

β†’ When the hair bundle is pushed away from the tallest cilia

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16
Q

What system do fish and amphibians have?

A

β†’ Lateral line system

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17
Q

What is the function of mechanoreceptors on fish?

A

β†’ Provides information about movement through water or the direction and velocity of water flow

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18
Q

How do neuromasts function?

A

β†’ Gelatinous cupula encases the hair bundle and moves in response to water motion

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19
Q

What is the inner ear formed from?

A

β†’ Semicircular canals from the vestibular system

β†’ Cochlea

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20
Q

Where do the afferent nerves come from?

A

β†’ Vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII

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21
Q

What is linear motion?

A

β†’ Up, down
β†’ left and right
β†’ back and forwards

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22
Q

What is rotation?

A

β†’ Rolling - shoulder to shoulder
β†’ pitch - forwards and backwards
β†’ yaw - side to side

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23
Q

What senses rotation?

A

β†’ Semicircular canals

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24
Q

What is responsible for sensing roll?

A

β†’ Posterior semicircular canal

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25
Q

What is responsible for sensing pitch?

A

β†’ Anterior semicircular canal

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26
Q

What is responsible for sensing yaw?

A

β†’ Horizontal semicircular canal

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27
Q

Where does the endolymph move?

A

β†’ In the opposite direction to your head

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28
Q

What does rotation cause in the semicircular canals?

A

β†’ Fluid motion

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29
Q

What are cilia connected to?

A

β†’ Gelatinous cupula

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30
Q

Describe what happens in the cupula when motion occurs

A

β†’ Fluid in the canals lags due to inertia pulling the cupula in the opposite direction to the rotation of the head
β†’ cilia are displaced and depolarise hair cells

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31
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

β†’ AN opening with receptors

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32
Q

What does the cupula detect?

A

β†’ Flow of fluid through the semicircular canal

33
Q

What are the otolith organs sensitive to?

A

β†’ Linear acceleration

34
Q

How are the hair cells arranged in the utricular macula?

A

β†’ in a curving way

35
Q

What motion can the saccular macula detect and why?

A

β†’ up and down motion

β†’ hair cells are arranged in that way

36
Q

What is on top of the hair cells?

A

β†’ Rigid otoconia crystals

37
Q

What happens to the crystals when motion occurs?

A

β†’ Under acceleration the crystal layer is displaced which deflects the cilia

38
Q

Describe the auditory pathway

A 
β†’ Cochlear nucleus 
β†’ Olivary complex
β†’ Lateral lemniscus 
β†’ Inferior Colliculus 
β†’ Medial geniculate body 
β†’ Auditory cortex
39
Q

What type of pressure waves are in the atmosphere?

A

β†’ Longitudinal

40
Q

What determines wavelength?

A

β†’ Rate at which compression and rarefaction occur

41
Q

What determines frequency?

A

β†’ Rate at which pressure cycles between compression and rarefaction

42
Q

What is normal air pressure?

A

β†’ 100kpa

43
Q

What is the decibel scale?

A

β†’ Log of ratio relative to 20 micropascals

44
Q

What is the pinna?

A

β†’ Visible ear

45
Q

What is the function of the pinna?

A

β†’ Gathers sound from environment and funnels it to the eardrum

46
Q

What is the pinna made from?

A

β†’ Cartilage and is covered with skin

47
Q

What is the function of the meatus and the concha?

A

β†’ meatus amplifies low frequency

β†’ concha amplifies high frequency

48
Q

What is grade I microtia?

A

β†’ Less than complete development of external ear

β†’ identifiable structures and a small but present ear canal

49
Q

What is grade II microtia?

A

β†’ Partially developed ear

β†’ closed stenotic external ear canal producing conductive hearing loss

50
Q

What is grade III microtia?

A

β†’ Absence of the external ear
β†’ small peanut like vestige structure
β†’ absence of external ear canal and drum

51
Q

What is grade VI microtia?

A

β†’ Absence of the total ear

52
Q

What does the eardrum vibrate in response to?

A

β†’ Sound

53
Q

What do the ossicles connect?

A

β†’ Tympanic membrane to oval window of cochlea

54
Q

What does the malleus connect to?

A

β†’ Eardrum

55
Q

What does the incus act as?

A

β†’ A lever

β†’ malleus pushes it at the top which gives it amplification

56
Q

What does the incus connect to?

A

β†’ Stapes

57
Q

How does the motion of the eardrum turn into motion of fluid in the cochlea?

A

β†’ Vibrational movement in the ear drum is transmitted through ossicles and amplified at the incus
β†’ leads to motion pushing on the oval window of the cochlea

58
Q

What is glue ear?

A

β†’ Middle ear fills with fluid which impedes motion of the ossicles

59
Q

Why do you lose amplification with glue ear?

A

β†’ Eardrum is pushing against fluid

60
Q

What are the three chambers in the cochlea?

A

β†’ Scala vestibuli
β†’ Scala media
β†’ Scala tympani

61
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

β†’ between the scala tympanis and the scala media

62
Q

What does the stapes cause?

A

β†’ Compression of fluid within cochlea

63
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

β†’ Fluid filled spiral canal divided by a flexible membrane

64
Q

What is the function of the basilar membrane?

A

β†’ It filters sound according to frequency

65
Q

What is the basilar membrane like at the apex and at the end?

A

β†’ more rigid at the end closest to oval membrane

β†’ at the apex it is wide and compliant

66
Q

How does the basilar membrane resonate at the apex and at the end?

A

β†’ Close to the oval window the basilar membrane resonates at higher frequencies
β†’ at the other end it resonates at lower frequencies

67
Q

Where is the organ of corti?

A

β†’ On top of the basilar membrane within the scala media

68
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of the organ of corti?

A

β†’ Tectorial membrane

69
Q

What does motion of the organ of corti cause?

A

β†’displacement of stereocilia

70
Q

What hair cells are in contact with the tectorial membrane?

A

β†’ outer hair cells

71
Q

What does the basilar membrane do to the hair cells?

A

β†’ Moves up and down and pushes the hair cells towards the tectorial membrane

72
Q

Describe how the cells contract?

A

β†’ Influx of +ve ions makes the outer hair cells contract
β†’ when there are increases in voltage the prestin contracts
β†’ it is on the cell membrane so it causes the entire cell to contract

73
Q

What is prestin?

A

β†’ A substance that allows the hair cell to be motile

74
Q

Describe the cochlear amplifier?

A

β†’ basilar membrane moves upwards
β†’ it pushes against the tectorial membrane which makes the hair cell bundle lean
β†’ as it leans it opens up the channels on the hair cell
β†’ this allows an influx of +ve ions
β†’ the voltage inside the cell increases
β†’ the cell contracts
β†’ prestin will be in a short confirmation state
β†’ basilar membrane is pulled towards the tectorial membrane
β†’ inner hair cell leans in further which causes the influx of more +ve ions

75
Q

How much does the cochlea amplify by?

A

β†’ 50 dB

76
Q

What is the intracellular voltage of the hairs?

A

β†’ negative

77
Q

What is the difference like between intra and extra cellular voltage and why?

A

β†’ Much larger than other neurons

β†’ changes in the voltage of haircells are much more rapid

78
Q

What ion is in high concentration in the scala media?

A

β†’ K+

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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