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VETM 320 > Skull and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Skull and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between the head skeleton and the skull?

A

skull: braincase + face, ear ossicles
head skeleton: skull + mandible + hyoid apparatus + cartilages of ear, nose, larynx

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skull?

A

housing/protecting brain and special senses
gateway for respiratory and digestive tracts
base of attachment of muscles of mastication
mediating behaviours (facial expressions, vocalizations)

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3
Q

how is the skull divided?

A

into braincase and face

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4
Q

how do skull bones develop?

A

intramembranous growth

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5
Q

how do skull bones fuse generally?

A

into sutures (syndesmoses)

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6
Q

how are skull bones separated in an immature skull?

A

by narrow strips of fibrous tissue

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7
Q

most skull bones form by intramembranous growth. what are the exceptions?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital formed by endochondral bone growth

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8
Q

what is the neurocranium?

A

cranial vault - formed by intramembranous bone growth

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9
Q

what is the chondrocranium?

A

cranial base - formed by endochondral bone growth

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10
Q

what 3 paired bones form the vault of the braincase?

A

frontals, parietals, temporals

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11
Q

what are hte 4 unpaired bones that form the midline in the braincase?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, intraparietal

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12
Q

label bones 6, 7, 9

A

6 = frontals

7 = parietals

9 = temporals

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13
Q

label bones 12+14, 8, and the arrow

A

12+14 = sphenoid

8 = occipital

arrow: intraparietal

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14
Q

label A, B, and C

A

A: rostral fossa

B: middle fossa

C: caudal fossa

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15
Q

what are the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity?

A

rostral, middle, caudal

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16
Q

what is the rostral fossa bounded by?

A

sphenoid floor, ethmoid wall, frontal roof

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17
Q

what does the rostral fossa house?

A

frontal and olfactory lobes

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18
Q

what bounds the middle fossa?

A

sphenoid floor, frontal/parietal wall and roof

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19
Q

what is housed in the middle fossa?

A

temporal and parietal lobes

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20
Q

what bounds the caudal fossa?

A

temporal and occipital floor & wall, parietal roof

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21
Q

what does the caudal fossa house?

A

hindbrain and brainstem

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22
Q

what are sinuses?

A

cavities between inner and outer layers of specific bones

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23
Q

what are the facial bones?

A

bones that support the face, teeth, nasal and oral cavities

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24
Q

label bones 10, 3, 4, 1, 2, 11, 13

A

10 = zygomatics

3 = maxillae

4 = lacrimals

1 = nasals

2 = incisives

11 = palatines

13 = pterygoids

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25
Q

label bone A (in blue)

A

vomer

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26
Q

how is the mandible linked?

A

fused at mandibular symphysis

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27
Q

what are the nasal cavities? what are their bony margins?

A

facial part of respiratory passages

margins: nasal aperture to chonanae

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28
Q

what the conchae/turbinates?

A

scroll-like paper-thin bones in nasal cavity

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29
Q

what is the function of conchae?

A

covered with mucosa, slow down, warm, and clense inspired air

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30
Q

what defines the meatuses?

A

conchae

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31
Q

what bone is the cribiform plate part of?

A

ethmoid

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32
Q

where is the synovial joint in the braincase?

A

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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33
Q

what type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

A

synovial, condylar

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34
Q

where is the synchondrosis in the skull?

A

mandibular symphysis

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35
Q

what does the foramen magnum do?

A

allows brain stem and spinal cord to exit brain

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36
Q

label bones 15 and 21

A

15 = quadrate

21 = articular

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37
Q

what do the quadrate and articular become in mammals?

A

middle ear bones

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38
Q

what is a sclerotic ring?

A

ring of bone inside the orbit in birds

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39
Q

what is the incisive called in birds?

A

premaxilla

40
Q

how many occipital condyles do birds have?

A

1

41
Q

what are the cranial nerves?

A

nerves that originate in the brain

cranial continuation of spinal nerve tracts

42
Q

what are the nerves that come out of the dorsal root?

A

somatic and visceral afferent

43
Q

what are the nerves that come out of the ventral root?

A

somatic and visceral efferent

44
Q

what do the somatic afferent nerves do?

A

exteroreceptive (pain, heat, touch), proprioception, vision, hearing, balance

45
Q

what do visceral afferent nerves do?

A

enteroreception (stretch, chemical), smell, taste

46
Q

what do visceral efferent nerves do?

A

smooth muscle (autonomic nervous sytem)

47
Q

what do somatic efferent nerves do?

A

striated muscle

48
Q

true or false: CN with more than 1 functional component arise from 1 nucleus

A

false. they arise from more than 1 nucleus

49
Q

true or false: some nuclei give rise to more than 1 cranial nerve

A

true

50
Q

what is the order of the cranial nerves?

A

I - olfactory

II - optic

III - oculomotor

IV - trochlear

V - trigeminal

VI - abducent

VII - facial

VIII - vestibulocochlear

IX - glossopharyngeal

X - vagus

XI - accessory

XII - hypoglossal

51
Q

list the functional components of the cranial nerves (sensory, motor, both)

A

I - sensory

II - sensory

III - motor

IV - motor

V - both

VI - motor

VII - both

VIII - sensory

IX - both

X - both

XI - motor

XII - motor

52
Q

list the functional compontents of the cranial nerves (visceral, somatic, both)

A

I - visceral

II - somatic

III - both

IV - somatic

V - somatic

VI - somatic

VII - both

VIII - somatic

IX - both

X - both

XI - somatic

XII - somatic

53
Q

describe the path the olfactory nerve (I) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

olfactory bulbs –> cribiform plate –> nasal epithelium in ethmoid conchae

54
Q

what is the function of the olfactory nerve (I)?

A

sense of olfaction (smell)

55
Q

describe the path the optic nerve (II) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

diencephalon –> optic chiasm –> optic canal –> retina

56
Q

what does the optic nerve (II) do?

A

sense of vision

57
Q

describe the path the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

lateral medulla –> internal acoustic meatus –> inner ear (vestibule and cochlea)

58
Q

describe the path the trochlear nerve (IV) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

midbrain –> orbital fissure/foramen orbitorotundum –> dorsal oblique muscle of eye

59
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)?

A

hearing and balance

60
Q

what is the function of the trochlear nerve (IV)?

A

movement of eye

61
Q

describe the path the abducent nerve (VI) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

medulla –> orbital fissure/foramen orbitorotundum –> lateral rectus and retractor bulbi muscles in eye

62
Q

what is the function of the abducent nerve (VI)?

A

movement of eye

63
Q

what is the difference between the orbital fissure or foramen orbitorotundum?

A

pig and cow have a fused orbital fissure and round window –> foramen orbitorotundum

dogs and horses have two separate holes

64
Q

describe the path the hypoglossal nerve (XII) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

medulla –> hypoglossal canal –> tongue muscles

65
Q

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?

A

movement of tongue

66
Q

describe the path the oculomotor nerve (III) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

crus cerebri –> orbital fissure –> dorsal rectus, medial rectus, ventral rectus, ventral oblique, levator palpebri, ciliary muscles, pupil constrictors in eye

67
Q

what is the function of the oculomotor nerve (III)?

A

movemnet of eye, control of light entering eye

68
Q

what are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (V) called?

A

opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

69
Q

describe the path the opthalmic trigeminal nerve (V) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

pons –> orbital fissure –> orbit/frontal area

70
Q

describe the path the maxillary trigeminal nerve (V) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

pons –> round window –> infraorbital, nasal, maxillary areas

71
Q

describe the path the mandibular trigeminal nerve (V) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

pons –> oval window –> mastication muscles, mandibular area

72
Q

what is the function of the trigeminal nerve (V)?

A

external eyeball, skin of skull, vibrissae and upper teeth, jaw, skin of lower face, teeth of lower jaw, mouth, tongue

73
Q

describe the path the facial nerve (VII) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

medulla –> internal autitory meatus –> stylomastoid foramen –> lacrimal glands and paranasal sinuses, rostral 2/3 taste buds, stapedius muscle, muscles of facial expression, oropharynx

74
Q

what is the function of the facial nerve (VII)?

A

jaw and face muscles, taste in rostral 2/3 of tongue

75
Q

describe the path the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

medulla –> jugular foramen –> pharynx, parotid gland, caudal 1/3 of tongue –> pharyngeal plexus

76
Q

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)?

A

sense of gustation in caudal 1/3 of tongue, sensations of throat region

77
Q

describe the path the vagus nerve (X) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

medulla –> jugular foramen –> upper body from neck down to abdomen

78
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve (V)?

A

contraction and sensation of upper body region

79
Q

describe the path the accessory nerve (XI) takes from the brain to where it innervates

A

spinal cord –> foramen magnum –> jugular foramen –> brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, dorsal trap, sternocephalicus

80
Q

what is the function of the accessory nerve (XI)?

A

movement of neck and pharynx

81
Q

label this image

A

A: frontal

B: nasal

C:incisive

D: maxilla

E: lacrimal

F: zygomatic

G: parietal

H: temporal

82
Q

what bone is this?

A

mandible

83
Q

label these structures

A

A: occipital

B: interparietal bone

84
Q

label these bones

A

A: sphenoid

B: vomer

C: pterygoid

D: palatine

85
Q

what is the blue circle? what bones make it up?

A

zygomatic process

zygomatic bone and temporal bone

86
Q

what is the structure in the blue circle?

A

sagittal crest

87
Q

label the arrows and circles

A

A: mandibular fossa

B: mastoid process

C: tympanic bulla

D: external auditory meatus

red circle: squamous part

green circle: petrous part

pink circle: tympanic part

88
Q

label these structures

A

A: foramen magnum

B: nuchal crest

C: hypoglossal canal

D: occipital condyle

E: paracondylar process

F: external occipital protuberance

89
Q

label these structures

A

A: retroarticular process

B: tympanic bulla

C: paraoccipital process

D: occipital condyle

90
Q

what are structures A and B?

A

A: jugular foramen

B: internal auditory meatus

91
Q

what is this structure?

A

infraorbital foramen

92
Q

what structure is this?

A

cribiform plate

93
Q

label these structures

A

A: optic canal

B: orbital fissure

C: rostral alar canal

94
Q

what is structure A?

A

A: caudal alar canal

95
Q

label structures A, B, and the orange pipe cleaner

A

A: oval window

B: round window

orange pipe cleaner: alar canal

VETM 320 (18 decks)

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