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VETM 320 > Skeleton + anatomical planes > Flashcards

Skeleton + anatomical planes Flashcards

1
Q

how many cervical vertebrae do mammals (typically) have?

A

7

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2
Q

how many cervical vertebrae do bird have?

A

8-25

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3
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae do carnivores have?

A

13

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4
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae do horses have?

A

18

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5
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae do cows have?

A

13

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6
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae do goats/sheep have?

A

13

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7
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae do pigs have?

A

14-15

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8
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae do birds have?

A

3-10

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9
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae do carnivores have?

A

7

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10
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae do horses have?

A

5-6

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11
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae do cows have?

A

6

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12
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae do goats/sheep have?

A

6

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13
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae do pigs have?

A

6

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14
Q

in birds, what happens to the lumbar and sacral vertebrae?

A

they become fused into the synsacrum

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15
Q

how many sacral vertebrae do carnivores have?

A

3

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16
Q

how many sacral vertebrae do horses have?

A

5

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17
Q

how many sacral vertebrae do cows have?

A

5

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18
Q

how many sacral vertebrae do sheep/goats have?

A

sheep: 4
goats: 5

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19
Q

how many sacral verterbrae do pigs have?

A

4

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20
Q

how many caudal vertebrae do carnivores have?

A

15-25

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21
Q

how many caudal vertebrae do horses have?

A

~20

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22
Q

how many caudal vertebrae do cows have?

A

18-20

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23
Q

how many caudal vertebrae do sheep/goats have?

A

16-18

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24
Q

how many caudal vertebrae do pigs have?

A

20-23

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25
Q

how many caudal verterbrae do birds have?

A

5-6

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26
Q

In general, what happens to the variability in limb bones as you move distally down the limb?

A

they become more variable in the presence/absense of them

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27
Q

what are the anatomical planes?

A

median (sagittal), dorsal, transverse

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28
Q

what are the anatomical axes that you use to give directions on an animal?

A

mediolateral (medial + lateral)

dorsoventral (dorsal + ventral)

transverse (proximal + distal; cranial/rostral + caudal)

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29
Q

what makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral girdle/limb + pelvic girdle/limb

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30
Q

what makes up the axial skeleton?

A

cranium, vertebral column, ribcage

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31
Q

label this diagram

A

1: body
2: pedicles
3: laminae
4: transverse processes
5: spinous process

2 + 3: neural arch

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32
Q

what is the difference between skeleton and bone?

A

skeleton is a system, bone is a tissue/individual element

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33
Q

what is the difference between bone and bones?

A

bone = tissue component

bones = actual organs

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34
Q

what are the two types of bone (material) within a single bone (structure)? where are they located?

A

cortical bone –> on the cortex (outside) of the bone

cancellous/spongy bone –> inside the bone

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35
Q

what are bones’ physioloical functions?

A

homeostasis (Ca, P, ions (pH), fats) and hematopoiesis (producing blood cells)

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36
Q

what are bones’ mechanical functions?

A

protection, passive support, motion

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37
Q

what are the two types of bone growth?

A

intramembranous and endochondral

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38
Q

what happens during intramembranous bone growth?

A

individual bones grow directly in connective tissue

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39
Q

what happens during endochondral bone growth?

A

cartilage precursor forms in future anatomical position

cartilage cells calcify and form “centers of ossification”

bones grow by establishing growth plates

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40
Q

what are the cranial and caudal articular processes?

A

on vertebrae, they are on the cranial/caudal sides of the vertebrae, they are what articulate with the vertebrae ahead/behind them

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41
Q

what is a diaphysis?

A

shaft of a bone

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42
Q

what is a sulcus?

A

groove

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43
Q

what is a tuberosity?

A

roughened, elevated bump/ridge

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44
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A

bones embedded in tendons, not directly connected to other bones

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45
Q

how does naming ribs work?

A

ribs are named for the thoracic vertebrae that is caudal to it

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46
Q

what are flexsion and extension?

A

flexion is movement resulting in a decrease in the angle of joints

extension is movement resulting in an increase in the angle of joints

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47
Q

describe the general anatomy of cervical vertebrae (not atlas and axis)

A

short spinous processes, branching transverse processes, articular processes in DV/CC plane

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48
Q

what is the atlas? describe its anatomy

A

C1

no body, short spinous process, large + flat transverse processess, condyles cranially

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49
Q

what is the axis? describe its anatomy

A

C2

long + huge + flat spinous process, transverse processes virtually nonexsistent

has dens

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50
Q

what is the dens? what is its function?

A

the dens is on the axis (C2) and fits against ventral atlas (C1) arch

permits axial rotation of the head

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51
Q

describe the general anatomy of thoracic vertebrae

A

long spinous processes, stubby transverse processes, costal facets, ribs attached

articular processes permit axial rotation, DV F/E (cranially) and ML F/E (caudally)

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52
Q

what happens to the articular processes as you move through vertebrae cranially to caudally?

A

the facets go from DV to ML

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53
Q

are ribs made of bone, cartilage, or both?

A

both

dorsal is bony, ventral is cartilage

54
Q

what is a costochondral juntion?

A

where the bone meets the cartilage on a rib

55
Q

describe the dorsal side of a rib

A

head –> has 2 facets for articulation with 2 thoracic vertebrae

tubercle –> has facet for articulation with transverse process of the vertebrae caudal to it

56
Q

label this image

A

1: tubercle
2: head
3: neck
4: angle
5: body
6: costochondral junction
7: cartilage

57
Q

what are true/sternal ribs?

A

articulate directly with the sternum

58
Q

what are false/asternal ribs?

A

articulate indirectly to sternum via cranial costal cartilage

59
Q

what are floating ribs?

A

ribs that don’t articulate directly or indirectly with the sternum

60
Q

what is the manubrium?

A

cranial end of the sternum, may be slightly larger sternebrae

61
Q

what are sternebrae?

A

little bones that make up the body of the sternum (like vertebrae)

62
Q

what is the xiphoid process?

A

caudal end of the sternum, usually the smallest portion with a cartilage end

63
Q

describe the general anatomy of lumbar vertebrae

A

longer body, short spinous process, long + flat transverse process, articular processes are mainly ML

facets permit DV and ML F/E (little axial rotation)

64
Q

what is the sacrum?

A

fused sacral vertebrae

65
Q

what is the sacroiliac joint?

A

where the sacrum articulates with the ilium

66
Q

why is the sacrum fused?

A

for stability since most propulsion comes from the hindlimb

67
Q

describe the anatomy of caudal vertebrae. what happens as you move caudally?

A

cranially, they are like mini-lumbars. cranial caudal vertebrae haev hemal arch

caudally, they are rod like

68
Q

what is the hemal arch?

A

arch where the caudal artery passes through. seen in caudal vertebrae located cranially

69
Q

what are the three bones of the pelvis?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

70
Q

what is the os coxa?

A

the fusion point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

71
Q

what is the acetabulum?

A

where the head of the femur articulates with the pelvis

72
Q

what is the pubic symphysis?

A

the point at which the two os coxae fuse

73
Q

how does the pectoral girdle articulate with the rest of the skeleton? why?

A

indirectly through muscular articulation

need greater range of motion

74
Q

what are the components of the pectoral girdle (not limb)? where is there variation?

A

scapula and clavicle

no clavicle in domestic species, although cats + dogs have it present as a small rod embedded in muscle

primates have clavicle

75
Q

what is the advantage of having a clavicle? what is the advantage of NOT having a clavicle?

A

having: greater stability for climing/arboreal locomotion

not having: greater range of motion, esp. in sagittal plane

76
Q

in the humerus and femur, what is the advantage of having a rounder proximal head?

A

greater range of motion

77
Q

what type of motion is permitted by the proximal head of the femur/humerus? what about the distal articular surfaces?

A

head: greater range of motion

distal ends: flexion/extension

78
Q

how many digits do ruminants have?

A

2

79
Q

how many digits do horses have?

A

1

80
Q

describe the anatomy of the distal limb skeleton of ruminants

A

metacarpals/metatarsals III and IV fuse, phalanges of III and IV digits still separate

metacarpal/metatarsal V present vestigially, greatly reduced

81
Q

describe the anatomy of the distal limb in horses

A

single metacarpal/metatarsal (III), reduced metacarpals/metatarsals II and IV

82
Q

what is the cannon bone?

A

the fused metacarpals/metatarsals III and IV in ruminants

metacarpal/metatarsal III in horses

83
Q

what are the splint bones?

A

the reduced metacarpals/metatarsals II and IV in horses

84
Q

what is the calcaneous?

A

the heel bone

85
Q

the calcaneus is to the hindlimb as the ___ is to the forelimb

A

accessory carpal

86
Q

what is the advantage of lengthening limbs?

A

increased stride length –> cursorial species

87
Q

why do cursorial species tend to lose/fuse bones in distal limbs?

A

to reduce the weight of the distal limb to reduce the cost of swinging leg while running

88
Q

what movements of the spine are facilitated by the lumbar vertebrae? what about the thoracic vertebrae?

A

lumbar: F/E in dorsal plane - mediolateral movement
thoracic: F/E in median plane - dorsoventral movement

89
Q

why do the thoracic vertebrae have such short transverse processes?

A

because the ribs articulate with the thoracics near/on the transverse processes

90
Q

what are the transverse foramina? what are they used for?

A

holes in the vertebral body of cervicals for passageway of arteries, veins, and nerves

91
Q

describe how a rib articulates with the vertebral skeleton

A

the tubercle articulates with the transverse process of the T verterbrae caudal to it

the head has 2 facets - one goes into the costal fovea/facet of the vertebrae cranial to it, the other goes into the costal fovea of the vertebrae caudal to it

92
Q

describe the sternum of carnivores

A

sternebrae are obvious and connected by cartilage. they are rod-like

93
Q

describe the sternum of bovines

A

sternebrae are less obvious, but still there. they are quite fat

94
Q

describe the sternum of horses

A

sternebrae have fused

95
Q

which dom. spp have an acromion? which spp don’t?

A

have: carnivores + cows

do not have: horses + pigs

96
Q

which species has the roundest humeral head? which species has the least round humeral head?

what does this mean for movement?

A

roundest: canids/carnivores

least round: horses

canines capable of some abduction at shoulder, horses cannot do this

97
Q

what is different about the tubucular grooves in a horse?

A

there is an intermediate tubercle –> splits the groove in two

98
Q

what type of motion is permitted by the joint between the trochlea and trochlear notch in the humerus/ulna?

A

flexion/extension

99
Q

what feature of the forelimb prevents hyperextension of the elbow joint?

A

olecrannon process of the ulna

100
Q

are pronation and supination possible in ungulates? why or why not?

A

no

for pro/sup, there needs to be axial rotation of the radius over the ulna. ungulates have fused the radius and the ulna

101
Q

what is the function of the accessory carpal bone?

A

increases mechanical advantage of wrist flexors, increasing their ability to generate torque in flexion

102
Q

label this picture

A

A: pubis

B: ischium

C: ilium

103
Q

what are the intervertebral foramina?

A

located in the sacrum, they are holes for nerves, arteries, veins to pass through

104
Q

how do the condyles of the equine femur differ from each other ?

A

the medial condyle is larger and has a marked ridge proximally

105
Q

what bone sits in the trochlea/patellar groove?

A

patella

106
Q

what type of bone is the patella?

A

sesamoid

107
Q

what is the stifle?

A

knee joint

108
Q

what is the hock?

A

ankle joint

109
Q

the reciprocal surfaces of the distal femur and the proximal tibia are not congruent. what does this mean for the stifle?

A

the stifle joint is not very stable

110
Q

what is the dewclaw?

A

the vestigial metatarsal I that is sometimes present in canines

111
Q

where is the subscapular fossa?

A

on the scapula, on the opposite side of the spine

112
Q

label this image

what is it and what animal is it from?

A

A: caudal angle

B: acromion

C: scapular notch

D: infraspinous fossa

E: supraspinous fossa

F: spine

G: cranial angle

H: supraglenoid tubercle

I: cranial border

J: caudal border

K: glenoid fossa

canine scapula

113
Q

what animal is this bone from?

A

horse

114
Q

what animal is this bone from?

A

cow

115
Q

label this image

what bone is this, what direction is it, and what animal is it from?

A

A: teres major/medial tuberosity

B: head

C: lesser tubercle

D: intermediate tubercle

E: greater tubercle

F: deltoid/laterla tuberosity

G: trochlea

humerus, cranial, horse

116
Q

label this image

what bone is this, what animal is it from, and what direction is it?

A

A: deltoid/lateral tuberosity

B: head

C: lateral epicondyle

D: olecranon fossa

E: medial epicondyle

humerus, horse, caudal

117
Q

what bone is this, what animal is it from, and what direction is it?

what is structure A?

A

humerus, cow, cranial

intertubercular groove

118
Q

label this image

what is this and what animal does it come from?

A

A: ischial tuber

B: obturator foramen

C: iliac crest

D: ilium

E: acetabulum

F: ischium

G: pubis

pelvis, dog

119
Q

what is the circled structure? where is it located?

A

coxal tuber

on the end of the ilium of cows and horses

120
Q

label this image

which bone is lateral and which bone is medial?

A

A: ulna

B: radius

C: olecranon/olecranon process

D: trochlear notch

E: lateral styloid process

F: head of radius

G: medial styloid process

radius = medial

ulna = lateral

121
Q

what is the circled structure?

what animal is this from?

what bone is the circled structure located?

A

lateral styloid process

cow

ulna

122
Q

label this image

what limb is it from? (fore or hind?)

A

A: distal phalanx

B: navicular

C: intermediate phalanx

D: proximal phalanx

E: proximal sesaoid bone

forelimb

123
Q

what type of bone is the navicular?

A

sesamoid

124
Q

label this diagram

what bone is this and what animal does it come from?

A

A: greater trochanter

B: femoral head

C: trochanteric fossa

D: medial condyle

E: lateral condyle

F: lesser trochanter

femur, dog

125
Q

what is the name of structure A?

A

patellar groove/trochlea

126
Q

label this image

what bone is it and from what animal?

A

A: lesser trochanter

B: greater trochanter

C: 3rd trochanter

femur of horse

127
Q

label this bone

what bone is it?

A

A: tibial plateau

B: medial malleolus

C: intercondylar eminence

tibia

128
Q

what bone is this and what is structure A?

A

tibia, tibial tuberosity

129
Q

how can you tell the difference between a horse tibia/fibula and a cow tibia/fibula?

A

cow has a bit of the proximal fibula present, horse fibula has completely fused with tibia

130
Q

label this image

what animal is it from?

A

A: fibula

B: tibia

C: intercondylar eminence

D: medial malleolus

E: lateral malleolus

cow

131
Q

label this diagram

what bone is this and what animal is it from?

A

A: tibial tuberosity

B: medial malleolus

cow tibia/fibula

132
Q

label this diagram

A

A: calcaneous

B: lateral tarsal

C: talus

D: central tarsal

E: tarsals

F: metatarsals

VETM 320 (18 decks)

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