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VETM 320 > Histology - Muscle > Flashcards

Histology - Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the steps to the contraction cycle?

A
  1. ATP binds to myosin (high E state)
  2. ATP hydrolyzed into ADP and P –> myosin is in “cocked” position
  3. Ca2+ binds to troponin, exposing active site on actin
  4. myosin head forms cross-bridge with actin
  5. during power strike, myosin head bends, ADP and P released
  6. new molecule of ATP attaches to myosin head –> cross-bridge detaches
  7. ATP hydrolyzed to ADP and P, returning myosin to “cocked” position
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2
Q

What causes rigor mortis?

A

no ATP –> unable to detach cross-bridge, so mucles lock up and don’t relax

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3
Q

what is the role of calcium in smooth muscle?

A

activates calmodulin/myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

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4
Q

what is the role of calmodulin/myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in smooth muscle?

A

activated by Ca2+, phosphorylation of individual myosin light chains allows binding and initiation of contraction

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5
Q

what is the role of calcium in cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin, displacing tropomyosin and exposes many actins at once for binding to myosin

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6
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells

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7
Q

what are myofilaments?

A

threadlike substructures of the sarcoplasm

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8
Q

what are myofilaments formed by?

A

actin and myosin

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9
Q

what provides a muscle cell with the ability to contract?

A

the myofilaments (actin and myosin)

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10
Q

what are muscle fibers?

A

muscle cells

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11
Q

how are muscle cells typically arranged relative to one another?

A

parallel to one another in sheets or bundles

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12
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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13
Q

is smooth muscle striated?

A

no

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14
Q

what does the cytoplasm look like in smooth muscle?

A

uniform rather than striped

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15
Q

what is the shape of smooth muscle?

A

spindle-shaped (fusiform)

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16
Q

what does/do the nucleus/nuclei look like in smooth muscle?

A

single nucleus, elongated, located midway between ends of cell

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17
Q

is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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18
Q

is skeletal muscle striated?

A

yes

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19
Q

what forms the cross-striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

precise registration of sarcometric bands

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20
Q

what is the shape of skeletal muscle?

A

cylindrical, really long

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21
Q

what is the sarcolemma?

A

cell membrane of a muscle cell

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22
Q

what do/does the nuclei/nucleus look like in skeletal muscles?

A

multinucleated, located peripherally immediately below the sarcolemma

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23
Q

what are fascicles?

A

bundles of skeletal muscle cells

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24
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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25
Q

is cardiac muscle striated?

A

yes

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26
Q

what do/does the nuclei/nucleus look like in cardiac muscle?

A

one nucleus (sometimes 2) located centrally

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27
Q

which type of muscle cell anastomoses with one another?

A

cardiac muscle cells

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28
Q

what do intercalated discs do in cardiac muscle?

A

join muscle cells and increase speed of conduction of impulses

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29
Q

what are intercalated discs made of?

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

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30
Q

which cells are modified to function as a conducting system for heartbeats?

A

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers

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31
Q

in brief, describe what happens when a smooth muscle cell contracts

A

the intermediate filaments and dense bodies come closer together

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32
Q

what type of muscle is this?

A

smooth muscle

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33
Q

what type of muscle is this?

A

smooth muscle

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34
Q

what are the contractile protiens present in smooth muscle?

A

actin, tropomyosin, myosin II

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35
Q

what are the intermediate filaments of smooth muscle made of?

A

desmin and vimentin

36
Q

what are the dense bodies of smooth muscle?

A

desmosomes

37
Q

what is the name for the gap junctions in smooth muscle?

A

connexons

38
Q

what are the high force-density muscles?

A

cardiac and skeletal muscles

39
Q

what structure is this?

A

sarcomere

40
Q

label the parts of the sarcomere

A

A: I band

B: A band

C: Z-line

D: H-zone

E: M-line

F: actin thin-filaments

G: myosin thick filaments

41
Q

what is the I band of a sarcomere?

A

section near the ends of the sarcomere where there is only actin thin filaments

42
Q

what is the A band in a sarcomere?

A

section where the actin thin filaments and the myosin thick filaments are overlapping

43
Q

what is the 3D structure of a sarcomere like?

A

quasi-crytstalline structure

44
Q

what is a syncytium?

A

single cell of cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei

45
Q

what is a myofiber?

A

single multinucleate skeletal muscle cell/syncytium

46
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

bundles of actin/myosin filaments found inside skeletal or cardiac muscle cells

47
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

found within muscle cells, stores Ca2+

48
Q

what is the result of having a sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

quicker signal to entirety of cell because of stored Ca2+

49
Q

what are the T tubules in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

extensions of the cell membrane

50
Q

what is the terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

primary site of Ca2+ release

51
Q

what is the longitudunal SR in sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

location of ion channels for Ca2+ absorption

52
Q

label this sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A: T tubule

B: terminal cisterna

C: triad

D: longitudinal SR

53
Q

what is the yellow circled structure? what type of muscle is this?

A

fascia adherens

cardiac muscle

54
Q

what type of muscle is this?

A

cardiac muscle

55
Q

what type of muscle is this?

A

cardiac muscle

56
Q

what is the structure being pointed to? what type of muscle is this?

A

intercalated disc

cardiac muscle

57
Q

true or false: the myofibers in cardiac muscle are branching

A

true

58
Q

what part of the cardiac muscle cell anchors the cytoskeleton?

A

intercalated discs

59
Q

true or false: cardiac muscle is not rich in mitochondria

A

false. it is rich in mitochondria

60
Q

what type of muscle is this?

A

skeletal muscle

61
Q

what type of muscle is this?

A

skeletal muscle

62
Q

what type of muscle is this?

A

skeletal muscle

63
Q

true or false: there are lots of mitochondria in skeletal muscle

A

true

64
Q

what is the speed of Type 1 muscle? how does it get its E?

A

slow twitch

oxidative

65
Q

what is the speed of Type 2a muscle? how does it get its E?

A

fast twitch

oxidative

66
Q

what is the speed of Type 2b muscle? how does it get its E?

A

fast twich

glycolytic (anaerobic)

67
Q

what is type 1 muscle used for?

A

long endurance

68
Q

what is type 2a/2b muscle used for?

A

brief, explosive power

69
Q

what is the diameter, capillary count, and mitochondria count of type 1 muscle?

A

d: smaller
cap: lots
mito: lots

70
Q

what is the diameter, capillary count, and mitochondria count of type 2 muscle?

A

d: larger
cap: few
mito: few

71
Q

what is dystrophin and where is it located?

A

protein located between the sarcolemma and outermost layer of myofilaments in myofiber

72
Q

what is the function of dystrophin?

A

supports muscle fiber strength, provides a scaffold

73
Q

what force does bundling provide?

A

flexibility

74
Q

what structure is being pointed to?

A

perimysium coalescing to form a tendon

75
Q

what makes up epi-, peri-, and endo-mysium? which structure is unique to endomysium?

A

vessels and nerves

satellite cells only in endomysium

76
Q

what fuses to make a tendon?

A

collagenous fiber network

77
Q

what is a golgi tendon organ stretch receptor?

A

a type of proprioreceptor in the collagenous fibre network

78
Q

label the connective tissue elements

A

A: epimysium

B: perimysium

C: endomysium

79
Q

what are intrafusal fibers?

A

modified skeletal muscle fibers that serve as sensory structures

80
Q

what do intrafusal fibers sense?

A

proprioception, sense strength, length/position, reflex arc

81
Q

what are the types of sensory and motor nerves related to intrafusal fibers?

A

sensory: type IA
motor: gamma

82
Q

what structure is being shown here?

A

intrafusal muscle fiber

83
Q

what type of structure is this?

A

intrafusal muscle fiber

84
Q

what is the function of satellite cells in skeletal muscle?

A

stem cell responsible for muscle growth, hypertrophy, and regeneration

85
Q

what structure is this?

A

satellite cell in skeletal muscle

86
Q

what is myostatin and what is its function?

A

protein secreted in muscle tissues

negatively regulates muscle (demotes muscle growth)

87
Q

what happens when you have a mutation in the myostatin gene?

A

abnormal muscle growth –> overgrowth

VETM 320 (18 decks)

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