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VETM 320 > Histology - Hard Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology - Hard Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the fuctions of bones?

A

mechanical functions, haematopoesis, calcium homeostasis

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2
Q

what is haematopoesis?

A

formation of blood components

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3
Q

what is the principle of section modulus?

A

increasing the cross section of an object but with the same amount of material (making it hollow) increases bending resistance

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4
Q

what does using composite materials do?

A

combines strengths in compression and tension resistance –> makes an overall stronger structure

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5
Q

what is strain relief?

A

when two different materials connect to each other, there is stess concentrated at the discontinuity. spreading out the material so the shift from one material to the next is gradual spreads out the stress and makes a stronger connection

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6
Q

what is the point to making bones hollow?

A

increases section modulus, reduces energy needed to make and maintain bone, reduce the amount of energy needed to hold bones up by muscle

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7
Q

what is corticol bone?

A

solid bone on the outer surface of the bone

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8
Q

what is trabecular bone?

A

the spongy bone inside of the corticol bone

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9
Q

what is the main organic material in bone?

A

collagen (type I)

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10
Q

what is the main inorganic material in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

what does collagen do in bone?

A

resists tensile forces

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12
Q

what does hydroxyapatite do in bone?

A

resists compressive forces

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13
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

cells that maintain bone tissue

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14
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

cells that create new bone

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15
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

cells that get rid of bone

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16
Q

what is Howship’s lacunus?

A

the space around an osteoclast

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17
Q

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

osteoclast

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18
Q

what is apposition?

A

bone added on top of existing bone

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19
Q

how does bone grow?

A

apposition

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20
Q

where does bone growth occur?

A

on growth plates near the ends of bone

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21
Q

what does removing calcium from bone do?

A

removes resistance to compression –> bone becomes very rubbery and soft

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22
Q

what is woven bone?

A

created when osteoblasts make bone rapidly

no real orientation to material/fibers

23
Q

what type of bone are antlers made out of? why?

A

woven bone

they grow super fast

24
Q

what type of bone is this?

A

woven bone

25
Q

what is lamellar bone?

A

created when osteoblasts make bone slowly and put materials in a proper orientation

stronger

26
Q

what type of bone is this?

A

lamellar/Haversian bone

27
Q

what is intramembranous bone?

A

bone formed directly in a membrane

28
Q

what is the advantage to intramembranous bone? what is the disadvantage?

A

quicker because it starts in multiple places and comes together

cannot load bear while bone is growing

29
Q

what is this picture showing?

A

intramembranous bone formation

30
Q

what is endochondral bone?

A

bone that forms from a cartilaginous precursor

31
Q

what type of cartilage is involved in endochondral bone?

A

hyaline cartilage

32
Q

what is this photo showing? what are the letters pointing to?

A

endochondral bone formation

A: proliferation zone (bone growth)

B: maturation and hypertrophy (normal cells)

C: calcified matrix (cell death)

D: zone of ossification (metaphysis)

33
Q

what is another name for growth plates?

A

epiphyseal cartilages

34
Q

how does primary bone modelling work?

A
  1. bone formation at the surface of bone produces ridges that paralell a blood vessel
  2. ridges enlarge and create a deep pocket
  3. the ridges meet and fuse, trapping the vessel inside the bone
35
Q

what is this photo showing? what is the black arrow pointing to? what is structure A?

A

mature lamellar bone

arrow: blood vessel in central canal

A: osteocyte

36
Q

what is the Bone Multicellular Unit (BMU)? what is the function of it?

A

unit with osteoclasts at the front and osteoblasts at the back

resorb and lay down new bone

37
Q

what is a Haversian canal?

A

hole in the middle of an osteon where the BMU passed through

38
Q

what is an osteon?

A

how bone is laid down by BMUs

concentric circles with a hole in the middle

39
Q

what is Volkmann’s canal?

A

lateral branches of the circulatory system

40
Q

what is this photo showing? what do the letters mean?

A

remodelled bone

A: osteon

B: Volkmann’s canal

C: Haversian canal

41
Q

what is periosteum?

A

connective tissue around the outside of bones

42
Q

what is endosteum?

A

connective tissue lining Haversian canals

43
Q

label this photo

A

A: endosteum

B: periosteum

44
Q

what is bone marrow?

A

gelatinous tissue that fills trabecular bone

45
Q

what are the types of bone marrow?

A

red and yellow

46
Q

what does red marrow do?

A

create RBCs, WBCs, platelets, endothelium, mesenchyme

47
Q

what does yellow marrow do?

A

create cartilage, fat, bone

48
Q

what do stromal cells do?

A

fix matrices

49
Q

what does red marrow contain?

A

hematopoeitic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial stem cells, stromal/dendridic cells, megakaryocytes

50
Q

what does yellow marrow contain?

A

stromal cells, adipocytes

51
Q

what are trabeculae?

A

projections of bone inside trabecular bone that hold things together

52
Q

what is this picture showing? label it

A

A: megakaryocyte

B: adipocyte

C: haematopoeitic and meylopoeitic cells

53
Q

what is this photo showing? label it

A

A: bone

B: tendon

C: calcified fibrocartilage

D: fibrocartilage

E: mineralization front

showing tendon insertion into bone

VETM 320 (18 decks)

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