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VETM 320 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what is a joint?

A

articulation that links bones

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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3
Q

what type of movement do fibrous joints permit?

A

little or no movement

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4
Q

what is a suture? what type of joint is it?

A

an immovable junction between two bones where the bones fuse together

fibrous joint

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5
Q

what is a syndesmosis? what type of joint is it?

A

immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue (interosseous ligaments)

fibrous joint

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6
Q

what is a gomphosis? what type of joint is it?

A

a peg and socket joint in the mouth, the link between the tooth and the alveoli in the mandible/maxilla - rigid

fibrous joint

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7
Q

what is a synchondrosis? what type of joint is it?

A

juvenile growth plates –> link two parts of the bone together

cartilaginous joint

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8
Q

what is a symphysis? what type of joint is it?

A

fibrocartilaginous joint as seen in the pelvis, mandible, intervertebral, and manubrium-sternum

cartilaginous joint

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9
Q

what type of movement is permitted by cartilaginous joints?

A

little or no movement

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10
Q

what are the 4 defining features of synovial joints?

A
  1. fluid-filled space
  2. synovial membrane
  3. articular cartilage
  4. fibrous capsule
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11
Q

what is the fluid-filled space in synovial joints called?

A

the joint cavity

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12
Q

what does the fibrous capsule do?

A

isolates joint from surrounding environment

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13
Q

label this image

A

1 - joint cavity

2 - synovial membrane

3 - articular cartilage

4 - fibrous capsule

5 - periosteum

6 - compact bone

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14
Q

does articular cartilage have blood vessels and nerves?

A

no

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15
Q

what is the appearance of articular cartilage?

A

shiny/glassy

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16
Q

what does the articular cartilage do?

A

allows gliding of one surface against the other

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17
Q

what degrades in osteoarthritis?

A

the articular cartilage

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18
Q

does the synovial membrane have blood vessels and nerves?

A

yes

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19
Q

which part of a synovial joint contains villi?

A

synovial membrane

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20
Q

what does the synovial membrane do?

A

secrete part of the synovial fluid and hold it

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21
Q

what is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

reduces friction of articular cartilages, prevents wear

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22
Q

what is the fibrous capsule made of?

A

connective tissue

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23
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous capsule?

A

structural integrity and sensing

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24
Q

what are proprioceptive nerves and where are they housed in a synoval joint?

A

nerves that allow you to know where the joint is in space

in the fibrous capsule

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25
Q

what are ligaments formed out of?

A

individual thickenings of the fibrous capsule

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26
Q

what is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

tendons connect muscle to bone

ligaments connect bone to bone

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27
Q

what is the purpose of ligaments?

A

assist in structrual integrity and limit joint excursion

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28
Q

describe the motion of flexion and extension

what plane are they in?

A

sagittal plane

flexion lowers the angle of the two bones, extension widens the angle

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29
Q

describe the motion of adduction and abduction

what plane are they in?

A

transverse plane

abduction - widening the angle of the joint (bringing appendage away from body)

adduction - lowering of the angle of the joint (bringing appendage closer to body)

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30
Q

what is circumduction?

A

combination of F/E and Ab/Ad

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31
Q

what are the 7 types of synovial joint geometries?

A
  1. plane joint
  2. hinge joint
  3. pivot joint
  4. condyloid joit
  5. ellipsoidal joint
  6. saddle joint
  7. ball-and-socket joint
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32
Q

what joint geometry is this?

A

plane joint

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33
Q

what type of motion do plane joints permit?

A

mostly translational

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34
Q

what type of joint geometry is this?

A

hinge joint

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35
Q

what type of motion is permitted by hinge joints?

A

flexion/extension (single plane)

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36
Q

in hinge joints, what limits movement in other planes?

A

ridge or groove system

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37
Q

describe the shape of a hinge joint

A

one surface is cylindrical, the other surface is a trough

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38
Q

what joint geometry do the interphalangeal joints of horses/ruminants have?

A

hinge joint

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39
Q

what is the joint geometry of the humero-ulnar joint?

A

hinge joint

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40
Q

what joint geometry is this?

A

pivot joint

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41
Q

what type of movement does a pivot joint allow?

A

rotation about a long axis

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42
Q

describe the shape of a pivot joint

A

one surface is a round surface (peg) that sits in a ring-like structure (ring)

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43
Q

what type of joint is the radioulnar joint? what type of movement does this joint permit?

A

pivot joint

pronation and supination

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44
Q

what type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint? what type of movement does it allow?

A

pivot joint

axial rotation

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45
Q

what joint geometry is this?

A

condyloid joint

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46
Q

what type of movement does a condyloid joint permit?

A

mostly single plane movement, but some axial rotation and planar motion allowed

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47
Q

describe the shape of a condyloid joint

A

like a hinge joint, but with two concavo-convex surfaces

48
Q

what type of joint is the knee/stifle?

A

condyloid joint

49
Q

what type of joint is the ankle/hock?

A

condyloid joint

50
Q

what type of joint is the TMJ?

A

condyloid joint

51
Q

what type of joint geometry is this?

A

ellipsoidal joint

52
Q

describe the shape of an ellipsoidal joint

A

both surfaces are convex in the same direction

53
Q

what type of motion is permitted by an ellipsoidal joint?

A

two plane motion: long and short axes of the ellipse

54
Q

what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint in dogs?

A

ellipsoidal joint

55
Q

what joint geometry is this?

A

saddle joint

56
Q

describe the shape of a saddle joint

A

one surface is concave, the other convex

57
Q

which is more stable, saddle or ellipsoidal joints?

A

saddle

58
Q

what movement does a saddle joint permit?

A

two plane motion at right angles to each other

59
Q

what type of joint is the distal interphalangeal joint in carnivores?

A

saddle joint

60
Q

what type of joint is the thumb joint in humans?

A

saddle joint

61
Q

what type of joint geometry is this?

A

ball-and-socket joint

62
Q

what type of movement is permitted by a ball and socket joint?

A

nearly all rotational movements permitted

63
Q

describe the shape of a ball and socket joint

A

one surface is rounded (ball) that fits into the other surface, a fossa (socket)

64
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

ball and socket

65
Q

what type of joint is the shoulder in apes/humans?

A

ball and socket

66
Q

what type of joint are glenohumeral joints, not in apes/humans?

A

ellipsoidal

67
Q

which joints are more prone to injuries?

A

ones that are weight bearing

68
Q

what happens when you go distally down a limb, in relation to joints?

A

the joints bear more weight the more distal they become, which means they are more prone to injury

69
Q

what is the proposed function of menisci?

A

restraint in axial rotation, maintain congruence of joint

70
Q

label this image

left canine stifle, cranial view

A

A: patella

B: patellar ligament

C: femoropatellar ligament

D: medial collateral ligament

E: lateral collateral ligament

F: lateral meniscus

G: medial meniscus

H: cranial cruciate ligament

71
Q

label this image

left canine stifle, caudal view

A

A: caudal cruciate ligament

72
Q

label this image

canine stifle, lateral view

A

A: cranail cruciate ligament

B: caudal cruciate ligament

73
Q

how do you tell the difference between the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments?

A

cranial: anterior attachment is to tibia, posterior attachment is to femur
caudal: anterior attachment is to femur, posterior attachment is to tibia

74
Q

what prevents axial torsion?

A

cruciate ligaments with collateral ligaments

75
Q

what does the cranial cruciate ligament do?

A

prevents cranial tibial translation

76
Q

what ligament is at risk in stifle extension in a dog stifle?

A

cranial cruciate ligament

77
Q

what does the caudal cruciate ligament do ?

A

prevents caudal tibial translation

78
Q

which is weakest in flexion, the cranial or caudal cruciate ligament?

A

caudal

79
Q

what happens when there is a sudden change of direction with the foot fixed and the stifle extended?

A

causes torsion at stifle –> meniscal + cranial cruciate ligament tear

80
Q

what is the passive stay apparatus in horses?

A

mechanisms in stifle to lock the joint in position without using muscles –> sleep standing up

81
Q

label this image

left horse stifle, cranial view

A

A: patella

B: lateral patellar ligament

C: intermediate patellar ligament

D: medial patellar ligament

E: parapatellar ligament

F: trochlea of femur

82
Q

describe how the passive stay apparatus works in horses?

A

when the stifle is extended, the patella locks against the trochlea and the medial patellar ligament and parapatellar ligament hook over the medial trochlear ridge

83
Q

label this image

right horse stifle, caudal view

A

A: cranial cruciate ligament

B: caudal cruciate ligament

84
Q

what type of joint is the tibiofibular joint in a dog?

A

syndesmosis

85
Q

what type of joint is the talocrual joint in a dog?

A

condyloid

86
Q

what movement does the talocrual joint in a dog permit?

A

F/E

87
Q

what reinforces the talocrual joint?

A

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

88
Q

what bones make up the talocrual joint?

A

tibia, fibula, talus

89
Q

what type of joints are the intertarsal joints in a dog? what movements do they permit?

A

synovial joints, but heavily restricted in movement by ligaments

90
Q

what is the cochlea?

A

the reciprocal surface of the trochlea on the tibia

91
Q

label this image

left horse tarsus, medial view

A

A: plantar ligament

B: medial collateral ligament

C: calcaneus

D: tibia

E: splint bone

92
Q

label this image

left horse tarsus, lateral view

A

A: calcaneus

B: plantar ligament

C: tibia

D: lateral collateral ligament

E: splint bone

93
Q

what is the fetlock?

A

joint between the proximal phalanx and metacarpal/metatarsal III

94
Q

what type of joint is the fetlock?

A

hinge joint

95
Q

what does the keel do on the trochlea of MC/MT III?

A

prevents axial motion and translation side to side. only F/E allowed

96
Q

label this image

horse fetlock, palmar view

A

A: straight sesamoidean ligament

B; oblique sesamoidean ligament

C: palmar annual ligament

97
Q

where is the pastern joint?

A

between the proximal phalanx and intermediate phalanx

98
Q

where is the coffin joint?

A

between the intermediate phalanx and the distal phalanx

99
Q

what do the axial and abaxial ligaments in the pastern do?

A

make sure the joint doesn’t go into over extension

100
Q

Label this image

horse fetlock, palmar view

A

1: interosseus
2: proximal sesamoids connected with palmar ligament
3: collateral sesamoidean ligament
4: straight sesamoidean ligament
5: oblique sesamoidean ligament
6: stump of superficial digital flexor
7: axial palmar ligament

7’: abaxial palmar ligament

8: hoof cartilage
9: stump of deep digital flexor

101
Q

label this image

horse left fetlock, dorsolateral view

A

1: common digital extensor
2: lateral digital extensor
3: lateral splint bone
4: interosseus
5: deep digital flexor
6: superficial digital flexor
7: extensor branch of interosseus
8: palmar annual ligament
9: proximal digital annular ligament
10: distal digital annular ligament
11: palmar pouch of fetlock joint (don’t need to know)
12: digital sheath

102
Q

label this image

horse fetlock

A

1: large metacarpal bone
2: proximal phalanx
3: intermediate phalanx
4: distal phalanx

4’: digital cushion

5: proximal sesamoid bone
6: navicular bone
7: dorsal pouch of fetlock joint (don’t need to know)

8, 9: dorsal pouch of pastern and coffin joints (don’t need to know)

10: navicula bursa (don’t need to know)
11: interosseus
12: straight sesamoidean ligament
13: deep digital flexor
14: digital sheath
15: connective tissue bridge
16: distal navicular ligament
17: common digital extensor
18: superficial flexor

103
Q

how many carpal elements do dogs, horses, cows, and pigs have?

A

dog: 7
horse: 7, 8 if pisiform present
cow: 6
pig: 8

104
Q

what is the purpose of the accessory carpal bone?

A

assist in wrist flexion

105
Q

where are blood vessels and nerves located in the distal limb? why?

A

laterally and medially

to avoid pinching in F/E

106
Q

label this image

horse fetlock, palmar view

A

1: splint bones
2: interosseus
3: superficial digital flexor
4: deep digital flexor

107
Q

label this image

horse fetlock in palmar view

A

1: splint bones
2: interosseus
3: superficial digital flexor
4: deep digital flexor
5: palmar annular ligament
6: proximal digital annular ligament
7: distal digital annular ligament
8: digital sheath
9: palmar pouch of fetlock joint (don’t need to know)

108
Q

label this image

horse distal limb

A

A: proximal sesamoid bones

B: palmar annular ligament

109
Q

label this image

horse left fetlock, lateral view

A

A: extensor branch of interosseus

B: lateral digital extensor

C: interosseus

D: common digital extensor

110
Q

label this image

horse distal limb

A

A: deep digital flexor

B: superficial digital flexor

C: interosseus

111
Q

label this image

horse distal limb

A

A: superficial digital flexor

112
Q

label this image

horse distal limb, cranial view

what side is this leg from?

A

A: common digital extensor

B: lateral digital extensor

left side

113
Q

label this image

horse fetlock, caudal view

A

A: proximal sesamoid bones

B: straight sesamoidean ligament

C: oblique sesamoidean ligament

D: axial palmar ligaments

E: superficial flexor

F: deep flexor

114
Q

label this image

horse fetlock, caudal view

A

A: superficial digital flexor

B: palmar annular ligament

C: proximal digital annular ligament

D: deep digital flexor

E: distal digital annular ligament

115
Q

label this image

horse left fetlock, lateral view

A

A: superficial digital flexor

B: interosseus

C: common digital extensor

D: lateral digital extensor

E: palmar annular ligament

F: collateral sesamoidean ligament

G: extensor branch of the interosseus

H: oblique sesamoidean ligament

I: proximal digital annular ligament

J: deep digital flexor

K: distal digital annular ligament

116
Q

label this image

horse fetlock, cranial view

what side is it from?

A

A: common digital extensor

B: lateral digital extensor

C: digital sheath

D: extensor branch of the interosseus

left

VETM 320 (18 decks)

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