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VETM 320 > Intro to Neuro/Brain > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro/Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what does afferent mean?

A

ascending, sensory –> signals go towards brain

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2
Q

what does efferent mean?

A

descending, motor –> signals go away from brain

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3
Q

what does somatic mean? (with nerves)

A

exteroreceptive, proprioreceptive, vision, hearing, balance

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4
Q

what does visceral mean? (with nerves)

A

enteroreceptive, smell, taste

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5
Q

what are the components of a neuron?

A

dendrite, cell body, axon

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6
Q

what is the direction of electrical impulse of a neuron?

A

dendrite –> cell body –> axon

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7
Q

what is a synapse?

A

junction between two nerve cells

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8
Q

where are neurotransmitters located?

A

synapses

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9
Q

what do neurotransmitters do?

A

excite (depolarize) or inhibit (hyper polarize) signals

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10
Q

what is a multipolar neuron?

A

many dendrites that get signals from axons

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11
Q

what is a bipolar neuron?

A

one dendrite, one axon, cell body in the middle

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12
Q

what is a pseudopolar neuron?

A

cell body is branched off a bit, but still functions like a regular neuron

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13
Q

label the neuron shapes

A

A: multipolar

B: bipolar

C: pseudopolar

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14
Q

what are neurons suspended in?

A

neuroglia

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15
Q

what type of structure is a Schwann cell?

A

neuroglia

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16
Q

what is an axon wrapped in?

A

Schwann/neuroglia, myelin

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17
Q

what are cell bodies wrapped in?

A

nothing

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18
Q

what is white vs grey matter?

A

myelin gives a white appearance, so any tissue that has myelin is white matter and any tissue that doesn’t have myelin is grey matter

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19
Q

what does myelin do?

A

insulates neuron, allows signal to be propagated faster

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20
Q

what is another name for sensory neurons?

A

afferent neurons

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21
Q

what is another name for motor neurons?

A

efferent neurons

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22
Q

what is the monosynaptic reflex arc?

A
  1. stimulus on part of body
  2. afferent neuron brings to spinal cord/brain
  3. impulse transmitted to efferent neuron
  4. efferent neuron brings signal to muscle
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23
Q

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles in the developing brain?

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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24
Q

what does the prosencephalon turn into? (secondary brain vesicles)

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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25
Q

what does the mesencephalon turn into? (secondary brain vesicles)

A

mesencephalon

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26
Q

what does the rhombencephalon turn into (secondary brain vesicles)?

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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27
Q

what is another name for the hindbrain?

A

rhombencephalon

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28
Q

what are the adult components of the rhombencephalon?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellu, 4th ventricle (although this isn’t neural tissue)

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29
Q

label this image

A

A: cerebrum

B: cerebellum

C: spinal cord

D: medulla oblongata

E: pons

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30
Q

how are the cranial nerves organized in the medulla and pons?

A

medial vs lateral

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31
Q

what forms the 4th ventricle?

A

remnants of the lumen of the neural tube

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32
Q

label this image

what brain structure are the labels on?

A

cerebellum

A: hemispheres

B: vermis

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33
Q

what is the dotted red line?

A

transverse fissue (tentorum cerebelli)

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34
Q

what is the tentorum cerebelli and where is it?

A

fold of dura mater between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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35
Q

label the letters and structure #8

A

A: lateral ventricle

B: 3rd ventricle

C: 4th ventricle

D: mesencephalic aquaduct

8: central canal

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36
Q

what is the central canal?

A

major gateway for cerebrospinal fluid

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37
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid made?

A

majority in 4th ventricle and choroid plexus

some in other ventricles

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38
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

autonomic nervous system, has nuclei for CNs related to breathing and cardiac function and taste

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39
Q

what is the function of the pons?

A

houses nuclei of CNs involved in hearing, facial expressions, sensation

40
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of posture, balance, proprioception

41
Q

what is the function of the 4th ventricle?

A

CSF production and gateway into subarachnoid space

42
Q

what are the adult components of the mesencephalon?

A

tectum - colliculi

mesencephalic aquaduct

tegmentum

crus cerebri

43
Q

label the parts of the mesencephalon

A

A: tectum (colliculi)

B: mesencephalic aquaduct

C: tegmentum

D: crus cerebri

44
Q

what does the mesencephalic aquaduct do?

A

connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles

45
Q

what are the 2 colliculi?

A

rostral colliculus and caudal colliculus

46
Q

what does the rostral colliculus house?

A

optic pathways

47
Q

what does the caudal colliculus house?

A

auditory pathways

48
Q

label these structures

A

A: rostral colliculus

B: caudal colliculus

49
Q

what is structure A?

A

crus cerebri

50
Q

what is the name for the rostral brainstem?

A

diencephalon

51
Q

what are the adult components of the diencephalon?

A

epiphysis, thalamus, hypophysis, mammillary bodies, 3rd ventricle

52
Q

label these structures

A

A: hypophysis

B: mammillary bodies

C: infundibulum

53
Q

label this image

A

A: epithalamus

B: epiphysis

C: interthalamic adhesion

D: infundibulum

E: hypophysis

F: mamillary body

54
Q

what is the other name for the pineal gland?

A

epiphysis

55
Q

what structures make up the hypothalamus?

A

hypohysis and mammillary bodies

56
Q

what is the function of the epiphysis/epithalamus?

A

circadian rhythms

57
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

nuclei for relay and integration of sensory into to cortext (except olfactory)

58
Q

where is the thalamus located?

A

around the interthalamic adhesion

59
Q

what is the function of the hypophysis?

A

endocrine control (master gland)

60
Q

what is the function of the mammillary bodies?

A

relay with hippocampus and amygdala (memory)

61
Q

what is the function of the 3rd ventricle?

A

CSF production

62
Q

what is another name for the cortex of the cerebrum?

A

pallium

63
Q

what do the gyri and sulci do?

A

increase surface area

64
Q

what are gyri and sulci?

A

gyri: ridges
sulci: folds

65
Q

what does an enlarged cortex mean?

A

high-level cognitive functioning

66
Q

what divides the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

the longitudinal fissure

67
Q

what is the falx cerebri?

A

arched fold of dura mater

68
Q

label the lobes of the brain

A

A: frontal

B: parietal

C: temporal

D: occipital

69
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

executive functions and motor function

70
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

spatial and sensory function

71
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

visual functions

72
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

association cortex, auditory functions

73
Q

what is the function of the olfactory bulb?

A

olfactory information

74
Q

what is structure A?

A

olfactory bulb

75
Q

what is the structure that links the R and L hemispheres of the brain

A

corpus callosum

76
Q

what makes up the paleopallium?

A

olfactory bulb and piriform lobe

77
Q

what is structure A?

A

piriform lobe

78
Q

what are the meningies in mammals?

A

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater

79
Q

what is the dorsal sagittal sinus

A

growth in dura mater in the back of skull

80
Q

describe the path of CSF

A

made in 4th ventricle + choroid plexus

drained via villi into dorsal sagittal sinus

81
Q

what is the circle of Willis?

A

the cerebral arterial ring that supplies blood to the brain

82
Q

what is the circle of Willis made of?

A

L and R internal carotids, single basilar artery

83
Q

label this image

which artery isn’t shown? why?

A

A: rostral cerebral artery

B: middle cerebral artery

C: caudal cererbral artery

D: basilar artery

E: vertebral artery

F: rostral cerebellar artery

not shown: caudal cerebellar. located more caudally

84
Q

label this photo

what is it of?

A

A: dorsal sagittal sinus

B: straight sinus

C: transverse sinus

D: basilar sinus

E: internal jugular vein

F: cavernous sinus

venous blood supply in the brain

85
Q

label this image

A

A: crus cerebri

B: tentorium cerebelli

86
Q

label this image

D is referring to the white stuff

A

A: olfactory lobe

B: cerebellum

C: cerebrum

D: falx cerebri

87
Q

label this image

A

A: medulla oblongata

B: pons

88
Q

label this image

C is referening the structure looping around structure B

D is referring to the space where the arrow is pointing

A

A: corpus callosum

B: interthalamic adhesion

C: 3rd ventricle

D: 4th ventricle

89
Q

label this image

A

A: hypophysis

B: hypothalamus

90
Q

where is the instrument pointing to?

A

olfactory lobe

91
Q

what structure is the instrument lifting up?

A

olfactory bulb

92
Q

where is the instrument leaning against on the L side?

A

mammillary bodies

93
Q

label this image

A

A: optic chiasm

B: mamillary bodies

C: pons

D: medulla oblongata

94
Q

what is structure A?

A

A: epiphysis

95
Q

where is the instrument pointing to?

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

VETM 320 (18 decks)

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