Intro to Neuro/Brain Flashcards
what does afferent mean?
ascending, sensory –> signals go towards brain
what does efferent mean?
descending, motor –> signals go away from brain
what does somatic mean? (with nerves)
exteroreceptive, proprioreceptive, vision, hearing, balance
what does visceral mean? (with nerves)
enteroreceptive, smell, taste
what are the components of a neuron?
dendrite, cell body, axon
what is the direction of electrical impulse of a neuron?
dendrite –> cell body –> axon
what is a synapse?
junction between two nerve cells
where are neurotransmitters located?
synapses
what do neurotransmitters do?
excite (depolarize) or inhibit (hyper polarize) signals
what is a multipolar neuron?
many dendrites that get signals from axons
what is a bipolar neuron?
one dendrite, one axon, cell body in the middle
what is a pseudopolar neuron?
cell body is branched off a bit, but still functions like a regular neuron
label the neuron shapes
A: multipolar
B: bipolar
C: pseudopolar
what are neurons suspended in?
neuroglia
what type of structure is a Schwann cell?
neuroglia
what is an axon wrapped in?
Schwann/neuroglia, myelin
what are cell bodies wrapped in?
nothing
what is white vs grey matter?
myelin gives a white appearance, so any tissue that has myelin is white matter and any tissue that doesn’t have myelin is grey matter
what does myelin do?
insulates neuron, allows signal to be propagated faster
what is another name for sensory neurons?
afferent neurons
what is another name for motor neurons?
efferent neurons
what is the monosynaptic reflex arc?
- stimulus on part of body
- afferent neuron brings to spinal cord/brain
- impulse transmitted to efferent neuron
- efferent neuron brings signal to muscle
what are the 3 primary brain vesicles in the developing brain?
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
what does the prosencephalon turn into? (secondary brain vesicles)
telencephalon and diencephalon
what does the mesencephalon turn into? (secondary brain vesicles)
mesencephalon
what does the rhombencephalon turn into (secondary brain vesicles)?
metencephalon and myelencephalon
what is another name for the hindbrain?
rhombencephalon
what are the adult components of the rhombencephalon?
medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellu, 4th ventricle (although this isn’t neural tissue)
label this image
A: cerebrum
B: cerebellum
C: spinal cord
D: medulla oblongata
E: pons
how are the cranial nerves organized in the medulla and pons?
medial vs lateral
what forms the 4th ventricle?
remnants of the lumen of the neural tube
label this image
what brain structure are the labels on?
cerebellum
A: hemispheres
B: vermis
what is the dotted red line?
transverse fissue (tentorum cerebelli)
what is the tentorum cerebelli and where is it?
fold of dura mater between the cerebrum and cerebellum
label the letters and structure #8
A: lateral ventricle
B: 3rd ventricle
C: 4th ventricle
D: mesencephalic aquaduct
8: central canal
what is the central canal?
major gateway for cerebrospinal fluid
where is cerebrospinal fluid made?
majority in 4th ventricle and choroid plexus
some in other ventricles
what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
autonomic nervous system, has nuclei for CNs related to breathing and cardiac function and taste
what is the function of the pons?
houses nuclei of CNs involved in hearing, facial expressions, sensation
what is the function of the cerebellum?
coordination of posture, balance, proprioception
what is the function of the 4th ventricle?
CSF production and gateway into subarachnoid space
what are the adult components of the mesencephalon?
tectum - colliculi
mesencephalic aquaduct
tegmentum
crus cerebri
label the parts of the mesencephalon
A: tectum (colliculi)
B: mesencephalic aquaduct
C: tegmentum
D: crus cerebri
what does the mesencephalic aquaduct do?
connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles
what are the 2 colliculi?
rostral colliculus and caudal colliculus
what does the rostral colliculus house?
optic pathways
what does the caudal colliculus house?
auditory pathways
label these structures
A: rostral colliculus
B: caudal colliculus
what is structure A?
crus cerebri
what is the name for the rostral brainstem?
diencephalon
what are the adult components of the diencephalon?
epiphysis, thalamus, hypophysis, mammillary bodies, 3rd ventricle
label these structures
A: hypophysis
B: mammillary bodies
C: infundibulum
label this image
A: epithalamus
B: epiphysis
C: interthalamic adhesion
D: infundibulum
E: hypophysis
F: mamillary body
what is the other name for the pineal gland?
epiphysis
what structures make up the hypothalamus?
hypohysis and mammillary bodies
what is the function of the epiphysis/epithalamus?
circadian rhythms
what is the function of the thalamus?
nuclei for relay and integration of sensory into to cortext (except olfactory)
where is the thalamus located?
around the interthalamic adhesion
what is the function of the hypophysis?
endocrine control (master gland)
what is the function of the mammillary bodies?
relay with hippocampus and amygdala (memory)
what is the function of the 3rd ventricle?
CSF production
what is another name for the cortex of the cerebrum?
pallium
what do the gyri and sulci do?
increase surface area
what are gyri and sulci?
gyri: ridges
sulci: folds
what does an enlarged cortex mean?
high-level cognitive functioning
what divides the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
the longitudinal fissure
what is the falx cerebri?
arched fold of dura mater
label the lobes of the brain
A: frontal
B: parietal
C: temporal
D: occipital
what is the function of the frontal lobe?
executive functions and motor function
what is the function of the parietal lobe?
spatial and sensory function
what is the function of the occipital lobe?
visual functions
what is the function of the temporal lobe?
association cortex, auditory functions
what is the function of the olfactory bulb?
olfactory information
what is structure A?
olfactory bulb
what is the structure that links the R and L hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
what makes up the paleopallium?
olfactory bulb and piriform lobe
what is structure A?
piriform lobe
what are the meningies in mammals?
dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater
what is the dorsal sagittal sinus
growth in dura mater in the back of skull
describe the path of CSF
made in 4th ventricle + choroid plexus
drained via villi into dorsal sagittal sinus
what is the circle of Willis?
the cerebral arterial ring that supplies blood to the brain
what is the circle of Willis made of?
L and R internal carotids, single basilar artery
label this image
which artery isn’t shown? why?
A: rostral cerebral artery
B: middle cerebral artery
C: caudal cererbral artery
D: basilar artery
E: vertebral artery
F: rostral cerebellar artery
not shown: caudal cerebellar. located more caudally
label this photo
what is it of?
A: dorsal sagittal sinus
B: straight sinus
C: transverse sinus
D: basilar sinus
E: internal jugular vein
F: cavernous sinus
venous blood supply in the brain
label this image
A: crus cerebri
B: tentorium cerebelli
label this image
D is referring to the white stuff
A: olfactory lobe
B: cerebellum
C: cerebrum
D: falx cerebri
label this image
A: medulla oblongata
B: pons
label this image
C is referening the structure looping around structure B
D is referring to the space where the arrow is pointing
A: corpus callosum
B: interthalamic adhesion
C: 3rd ventricle
D: 4th ventricle
label this image
A: hypophysis
B: hypothalamus
where is the instrument pointing to?
olfactory lobe
what structure is the instrument lifting up?
olfactory bulb
where is the instrument leaning against on the L side?
mammillary bodies
label this image
A: optic chiasm
B: mamillary bodies
C: pons
D: medulla oblongata
what is structure A?
A: epiphysis
where is the instrument pointing to?
mesencephalic aqueduct
