Integument Flashcards
are antlers part of the integument? why or why not?
no
they’re made of bone
areas focused on a lot of wear tend to be ____
(thicker/thinner/same as rest of body)
thicker
what are the functions of the integument?
encloses body
protection
thermoregulation
hydration
sensory organ
communication
what is the main protein found in the epidermis?
keratin
is the epidermis stronger or weaker than the dermis?
weaker
what are the functions of the epidermis?
resistant to friction
inhibits diffusion
sustains homeostasis
what is the main protein found in the dermis?
collagen
what helps the dermis move and fold?
elastic fibers
what part of the integument is innervated and vascular?
dermis
can the dermis maintain homeostasis?
no
is the subcutis part of the integument? what are the other names for this region?
no
hypodermis or superficial fascia
what does the subcutis do?
allows dermis to move/slide over underlying tissues
what are the 3 types of hair?
tactile, guard hair, wool hair
what is tactile hair used for?
sensation
what is the difference between wool hair and guard hair?
guard hair is on top, straight, stiff, longer
wool hair is underneath guard hair, fine, wavy, short, densely packed
where are hair follicles in the integument?
products of the epidermis, but sometimes reach into dermis or subcutis
what is a follicle?
group of cells that have lined up in a column/pit
what is hair?
keratinized cells fused together to form a long, linear structure
what kind of follicles make guard hair?
primary follicles
what type of hair is associated with skin glands? what skin glands are they?
guard hair, sebaceous glands
what type of hair do the errector pili muscles attach to?
guard hair/primary hair follicles
what do errector pili muscles do?
make hair stand on end
what type of hair sheds? which type of hair doesn’t shed?
shed: guard hair
no shed: wool hair
what type of follicle produces wool hair?
secondary follicles
where do the follicles of tactile hair reside?
subcutis
what type of hair has a blood sinus at the base of it? why is it there?
tactile hair
when hair is disturbed, there’s a fluid wave that enhances the sense of motion –> stimulates nerves associated with it
how are the layers of the integument organized in foot pads?
epidermis is densely cornified
subcutis is thick
dermis is same thickness as other parts of body, but thrown up into dermal papillae
label this photo of a claw
4: nail layer
5: sole
6: bulb
what is the bulb of the distal phalanx?
fleshy part of the claw
label this image of a horse hoof
2: hoof wall
2’: heel
2”: bar
3: sole
4’: frog
4”: bulb of heel
5: white line
what layer of integument is nail/hoof wall derived from?
piece of dermis
what is the periople made of?
keratinized material
where is the periople derived from?
epidermis
where is the pigmentation found in a horse hoof?
external coronary segment
how does the dermis give rise to nail/hoof?
dermal papillae form tubular horn
between each tubular structure is intertubular space, which makes intertubular horn
what is the function of intertubular horn?
binds tubular horn structures together
label this image
A: periople
B: external coronary segment
C: middlle coronary segment
D: inner coronary segment
E: crest horn
F: terminal horn
G: white line
H: coronary band of dermis
I: dermal papillae that produce tubular horn
J: laminar dermis
K: sole papillae
L: sole horn
M: terminal horn
how does the texture of the periople change over time?
begins as a rubbery material
as it dries, forms a shiny layer on surface of hoof
what is the difference between laminar dermis and coronary dermis in a hoof?\
laminar dermis produces lamellae
coronary dermis produces papillae
does the laminar dermis produce more/less/the same amount of horn material than/as the coronary dermis?
less
what is the terminal horn of a hoof?
the area where the finger-like projections are changing from lamellae back to papillae
what is the material produced by the terminal horn like compared with other parts of the dermis?
not the same quality, softer and whiter –> produces the white line
what is coronary cushion in a hoof?
subcutis tissue
where is coronary cushion located on a hoof?
near bulb of foot, proximally on hoof
disappears as you go distally towards the coffin
what is structure A?
coronary cushion
what are the differences between a horse hoof and a ruminant hoof?
ruminant: coronary band is longer, laminar dermis is shorter, no middle coronary segment, sole much shorter, periople longer
label this image
A: coronary band
B: laminar dermis/lamellae
are horns present in both sexes? what about antlers?
horns: both sexes
antlers: only males (caribou the exception)
what is a polled animal?
born naturally without horns in a species that is supposed to have horns
ex. domestic cows
what are antlers?
projections grown out of the frontal bone
are horns shed?
no
are antlers shed?
yes
label this image of a horn
1: frontal sinus
2: cornual surface of frontal bone
3: dermis + epidermis combined
4: horn tubules separated by intertubule horn
5: tubular horn
6: dermal papillae
7: hair follicles
on domestic birds, what is the dermis and epidermis like in integument projections (like the comb)?
epidermis: thin
dermis: thick and vascular
is the beak of a bird part of the integument? why or why not?
yes, it’s a hard horny cover
produced by the tissues that cover the lower and upper jaw
what covers the legs of birds?
scales
what are the skin glands present in birds?
uropygial, aural, and vent
what is the uropygial gland?
preening gland in birds –> water proofing and oiling feathers
what is the skin of birds like?
thin, loose, tears easily, poorly supplied with nerves and blood vessels
what are pterylae?
tracks of feathers
what are apterylae?
places on birds that are naturally featherless
what is pterylosis?
placement of feathers on a bird
feathers are modified ___
scales
which side of the feather is the outer vane? what about the inner vane?
outer vane = smaller side
inner vane = bigger side
what are contour feathers?
feathers on the outside of the bird, used for flight, waterproofing, shape, etc
what are downy feathers?
on inside layer of bird, used for insulation
what are structures A and B?
A: shaft
B: vanes
what is the geometry of a downy feather like?
no shaft or vanes, whispy barbules
how to contour feathers maintain thier shape?
barbs and barbules link together to keep a coherant shape
preening brings back separated barbs/barbules
what shape are the cells in the stratum basale?
cuboidal
what occurs in the stratum basale?
mitosis
what are Merkel cells used for?
somatosensory
what are Langerhans cells used for?
immune system
what are the granules in the cells of the stratum granulosume?
keratin
what is the geometry of the dermis?
collagen fiber matrix
where are adipocytes found?
subcutis
glands and follicles are products of the ___
(dermis/epidermis)
epidermis
label this image
A: stratum corneum
B: stratum lucidum
C: statrum granulocum
D: stratum spinosum
E: stratum basale
