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A + P 1 Before Midterm > Skeleton of the Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Skeleton of the Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vertebral column composed of?

A

vertebrae

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2
Q

What are the functions of the VC

A
  • supports the head, allows for movements and attachment of muscles of the trunk
  • point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle and upper extremities
  • partially supports the trunk and surrounds and protects the spinal cord
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3
Q

What does a typical vertebra consist of?

A

body, vertebral arch, pedicle, laminae, transverse processes, spinous processes, superior articular processes, inferior articular processes

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4
Q

What is the vertebral arch

A

attaches to the body and extends to the posterior forming a bony loop

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5
Q

How is the vertebral column formed and what is it for?

A

surrounds and protects the spinal cord, formed by union of the pedicles and laminae on both sides of the midline

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6
Q

What do vertebral foramina form?

A

vertebral canal

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7
Q

Where are the intervertebral foramina and what are they for?

A

in between vertebrae, creates spaces allowing the passage of spinal nerves

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8
Q

What purpose do the transverse and spinous processes serve?

A

as attachment points for muscles

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9
Q

what type of joints do the superior and inferior articular processes form?

A

facets joints (plannar synovial)

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10
Q

What are the regions of the VC?

A 
cervical 
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
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11
Q

In early development how many vertebrae is the VC composed of? How many in each region

A 
33
C:7
T:12
L:5
S:5
C:3-5
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12
Q

In adults how many vertebrae is the VC composed of? How many in each region?

A 
C:7
T:12
L:5
S:1
C:1
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13
Q

In the fetus and in a newborn how many curves are in the VC? What are they called?

A

only one curve called the primary curve

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14
Q

How many curves are there in an adult VC? When do they appear fully?

A

4 curves, complete after the age of 10

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15
Q

A concave curve is called what? what regions have this curve?

A

lordosis
cervical lordosis
lumbar lordosis

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16
Q

What is a convex curve called? What regions have this curve?

A

kyphosis
thoracic kyphosis a
sacro-coccygeal kyphosis

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17
Q

What curves are present in the primary curve?

A

thoracic kyphosis, sacro-coccygeal kyphosis

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18
Q

What curves are formed after birth?

A 
cervical lordosis (lifting head)
lumbar lordosis (standing/walking)
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19
Q

What is scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of spine

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20
Q

Where are intervertebral discs found

A

between adjacent vertebrae from C2-sacru

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21
Q

Structurally intervertebral discs are formed by:

A

an outer fibrous ring called annulus fibrosis

inner soft elastic substance called nucleus pulposus

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22
Q

What type of joints do intervertebral discs form? What do they do?

A

form cartilaginous joints, absorb vertebral shock

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23
Q

What happens to intervertebral discs in the day time vs the night time (sleeping)

A

lose water due to compression during the day

rehydrates while sleeping

24
Q

What is a herniated (slipped) disc? What is it caused by?

A

excessive pressure on nucleus pulposus may rupture the annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus protrudes out through ruptured area and may compress adjacent structures in VC

25
Q

Where do herniated discs most commonly occur? What other regions may they occur?

A

most common in lumbar

can happen in cervical

26
Q

What are the special features of a typical cervical vertebrae?

A

transverse foramina

bifid spinous process

27
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are atypical?

A

C1, C2, C7

28
Q

What special features does C1 have? What is its name?

A

Atlas

no body, laminae, pedicles, articular process, spinous process

had lateral mass on either side

superior articular surface for occipital condyles (AOJ)

inferior articular surface for axis (AAJ)

posterior surface of arch is articulating surface for odontoid process of axis

29
Q

What are the special features of C2? What is its name?

A

Axis

odontoid process

30
Q

What is the purpose of the odontoid process of the axis?

A

attached to superior surface of body of C2, acts as a pivot and permits rotation of the atlas on the axis bone

31
Q

What are the movements of the atlantoaxial joint?

A

rotation of the head

32
Q

What is the vertebral prominence?

A

C7, has a longer spinous process

33
Q

What is the ligamentum nuchae?

A

strong ligament in the neck that attaches to the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae for muscle attachment

34
Q

What regions of vertebrae articulate with the ribs?

A

only thoracic

35
Q

What are the special features of a typical thoracic vertebra?

A

spinous processes directed inferiorly
costal facts for ribs
bodies contain two demifacets for head of rib

36
Q

What are the joints of the thoracic region

A

costovertebral (ribs and T vert)

costotransverse (ribs and T vert trans proc)

37
Q

Do all transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae contain costal facets for the tubercle of the ribs?

A

no, T11 and T12 do not

38
Q

Do all bodies of thoracic vertebrae have two demifacets?

A

no T10, T11, and T12 have one facet for their corresponding ribs

39
Q

Functionally the movements of the thoracic spine are limited due to what?

A
  1. attachment of semi,-rigid rib case

2. shingle like position of spinous processes

40
Q

What region contains the largest and strongest vertebrae?

A

lumbar

41
Q

What is the most moveable region of the spine

A

lumbar

42
Q

Why do vertebrae get larger as you go down the VC (cervical to lumbar)?

A

bear more weight

43
Q

Describe the structure of the sacrum (what it looks like)`

A

5 fused sacral vertebrae
triangular in shape
anterior concave
posterior convex

44
Q

When does the fusion of the sacral vertebrae occur?

A

starts at 16-18 and finalizes around 30

45
Q

What is the difference between the female and male sacrum?

A

in females is shorter, wider, and more curved

46
Q

What are the special features of the sacrum

A 
4 pairs of sacral foramina (anterior and posterior)
sacral promontory
sacral hiatus
medial/lateral sacral crests
sacral tuberosity
47
Q

The broad superior portion of the sacrum is called what

A

base

48
Q

What is the sacral promontory

A

anteriorly projecting border called sacral promontory

49
Q

What is the narrow inferior portion of the sacrum called

A

apex

50
Q

The posterior aspect of the sacrum contains:

A

posterior sacral foramina
medial sacral crest
lateral sacral crests

51
Q

The lateral surfaces of the sacrum contain:

A

auricular surfaces that form the sacroilliac joint with hip bones

52
Q

posterior to the auricular surfaces of the sacrum is what?

A

sacral tuberosity for attachment of ligaments

53
Q

Where is the sacral hiatus located

A

inferior to the entrance of the sacral canal

54
Q

What shape is the coccyx?

A

triangular

55
Q

When do the coccxygeal vertebrae fuse?

A

age 20-30

56
Q

What does the coccyx articulate with

A

apex of sacrum

57
Q

What structural differences are in the coccyx between males and females

A

f points inferiorly

m points anteriorly

A + P 1 Before Midterm (25 decks)

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