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A + P 1 Before Midterm > Skeletn of the Lower Extremities > Flashcards

Skeletn of the Lower Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

The lower extremities consist of what?

A

The girdle and the limb

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2
Q

What are the functions of the lower extremity?

A

-transmits the bodys weight to the ground keeping balance, allows for locomotion

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3
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

two coxal (hip) bones

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4
Q

How do the two coxal bones unite?

A

anteriorly at the pubic symphysis, and posteriorly with the sacrum at the SI joint

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5
Q

What is the bony pelvis?

A

the complete ring composed by the coxal bones, the public symphysis, the sacrum and the coccyx

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6
Q

What are the functions of the bony pelvis?

A

provides strong support for VC + pelvic organs, connects lower limb to axial skeleton

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7
Q

In a new born the coxal bones are united by what?

A

hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

When does the bones of the coxal bone fuse? Where?

A

by the age of 23 at acetabulum

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9
Q

What are the bones of the coxal bones?

A

ilium (superior), pubis (inferior and anterior), ischium (inferior and posterior)

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10
Q

What is the largest portion of the coxal bone?

A

ilium

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11
Q

What is the ilium composed by?

A

ala (superior), body (inferior)

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12
Q

True or false: the body of the ilium is not part of the acetabulum

A

False: the body IS part of the acetabulum

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13
Q

What is the ischium composed by?

A

body (superior), ramus (inferior)

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14
Q

What two bones fuse to form the obturator foramen?

A

pubis and ischium

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15
Q

What is the pubis composed by?

A

superior ramus, inferior ramus and body

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16
Q

What unites the two pubes?

A

pubic symphysis

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17
Q

What are the portions of the bony pelvis?

A

False (greater) pelvis (superior), True (lesser) pelvis (inferior)

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18
Q

What forms the pelvic brim? (order beginning posteriorly)

A

1.sacral promontory 2. arcuate line 3.pectineal line 4.pubic crest 5.public symphysis

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19
Q

What is the pelvic inlet?

A

the superior opening of the true pelvis bordered by the pelvic rim

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20
Q

What is the pelvic outlet?

A

the inferior opening of the true pelvis covered by muscles of the pelvic floor

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21
Q

What is the pelvic axis?

A

determined by the center points of both pelvic inlet and outlet, the route of the babys head as it descends through the pelvis

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22
Q

What is the difference between the general structure between the female and male pelvis?

A

Female: light and thin, Male:heavy and thick

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23
Q

What is the difference between the false pelvis between the female and male pelvis?

A

F: shallow, M:deep

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24
Q

What is the difference between the pelvic brim (inlet) between the female and male pelvis?

A

F: wide and more oval, M: narrow and heart shaped

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25
Q

What is the difference between the pubic arch between the female and male pelvis?

A

F: Greater than 90 degree, M: Less than 90 degree

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26
Q

What is the difference between the coccyx between the female and male pelvis?

A

F: more moveable and straight down, M:less moveable and angled anteriorly

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27
Q

What is the difference between the sacrum between the female and male pelvis?

A

F: shorter and wider, M: longer and narrower

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28
Q

What is the difference between the pelvic outlet between the female and male pelvis?

A

F: wider, M: narrower

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29
Q

What is the SI joint formed by?

A

auicular surface of the sacrum and ilium

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30
Q

True or False: the SI joint is not a significant load bearing joint

A

False: the SI joint IS a significant load bearing joint

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31
Q

What restricts the ROM of the SI joint?

A

very well re-enforced ligaments

32
Q

What type of joint is the SI joint?

A

inferior half is gliding synovial joint, other half is fibrous immoveable joint

33
Q

What happens to the SI joint during pregnancy?

A

inferior gliding synovial joint increases

34
Q

True or false: the synovial portion of the SI joint reduces with age

35
Q

What is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body?

36
Q

What does the femur articulate with?

A

acetabulum (prox), tibia and patella (dist)

37
Q

Why are the knees closer to the midline?

A

the shaft of the femur arches medially bringing the knees closer to the midline

38
Q

What is the patella?

A

sesamoid bone anterior to the knee

39
Q

What are the portions of the patella?

A

base is prox end that develops in tendon of quads, apex is dist end and is pointed

40
Q

What does the posterior aspect of the patella contain?

A

two articular facets for the two condyles of the femur

41
Q

What are the functions of the patella?

A

increases the leverage of the tendon of the quads and maintain its position, protects knee joint

42
Q

What type of joint is the coxal joint?

A

ball and socket

43
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the coxal joint?

A

acetabulum and head of femur

44
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments of the coxal joint

A

1.zona orbicularis, 2.iliofemoral, 3.pubofemoral, 4.ischiofemoral

45
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments of the coxal joint?

A

1.ligamentum teres of femur, 2.transverse ligament of acetabulum + acetabular labrum

46
Q

What limits the ROM of the coxal joint?

A

all the ligaments

47
Q

True or false: the tibia and fibula are weight bearing

A

false: ONLY tibia is weight bearing

48
Q

Is the fibula lateral or medial to the tibia?

49
Q

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

planar synovial joint

50
Q

What is the proximal tibiofibular joint composed of?

A

tibial facet on the lateral condyle of fibula, and fibular facet on the head of tibia

51
Q

is the PTFJ a common site of isolated injury?

52
Q

Is the PTFJ a weight bearing joint?

A

no, but may help in dissipating torsional pressure

53
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint? What is it re-enforced by?

A

sydesmosis, enforced by ligaments

54
Q

What fixes the fibula distally to the tibia?

55
Q

Is the lateral malleolus part of the ankle joint?

56
Q

What is the largest and most complex joint of the body?

A

knee joint

57
Q

What forms the knee joint?

A

femur, patella, tibia

58
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint? What movements are permitted?

A

modified hinge joint: flex/ext, slight med and lat rotation when in semiflexion

59
Q

What is a bakers cyst? What causes it

A

some conditions such as arthritis may cause knee to produce synovial fluid excessively, the fluid builds up towards the popliteal region forming cyst, may be painful or asymptomatic, may resolve itself

60
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A

tarsal, metatarsal and phalangeal

61
Q

How many tarsal bones? What are they?

A

seven: talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneform(medial, intermediate, lateral), cuboid

62
Q

Which bone is the only bone that articulates with tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint?

63
Q

What is the largest tarsal bone?

A

calcaneus, supports talus

64
Q

What metatarsal is thicker and stronger

65
Q

What does a metatarsal bone consist of?

A

base (prox), shaft, head (dist)

66
Q

True or false: each toe has three phalanges

A

false: each toe has three phalanges except hallux has two

67
Q

What is inferior to the head of metatarsal I?

A

two unnamed sesamoid bones

68
Q

All the bones of the foot are arranged into:

A

two arches to support the distribute the body weight

69
Q

When do the arches of the foot fully develop?

70
Q

What holds the arches of the foot

A

ligaments and tendons

71
Q

What are the arches of the foot?

A

longitudinal (med and lat), transverse

72
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint? What movements are permitted>

A

hinge, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

73
Q

What forms the ankle joint

A

talus, tibia, medial and lateral malleolus

74
Q

What re-enforces the ankle joint?

A

two groups of extracapsular ligaments

75
Q

What are the two groups of extra capsular ligaments?

A

medial: deltoid ligament, lateral: calcaneofibular, anterior and posterior talofibular

A + P 1 Before Midterm (25 decks)

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