Class 1: Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
Define Anatomy
the study of body structures and the physical relationships between structures
Define physiology
study of functions of structures
Embryology
first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of egg
Developmental
complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
Cell biology
cellular structure and functions
Histology
microscopic structure of tissues
Gross anatomy
structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic anatomy
structure of specific systems of body
Regional Anatomy
specific regions of the body
Surface Anatomy
surface markings to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation
Imaging anatomy
body structures that can be visulized with imaging techniques: ie x ray
Pathological anatomy
structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease
Neurophysiology
functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology
hormones and how they control body function
Cardiovascular physiology
functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
the bodys defenses against disease causing agents
Respiratory physiology
functions of air passageways and lungs
renal physiology
functions of kidneys
Exercise Physiology
changes in cell/organ functions due to muscular activity
Pathophysiology
functional changes associated with disease and aging
Chemical level
smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Cellular level
smallest living thing
tissue level
group of similarly specialized cells that perform a specific function
Organ level
recognizable shape and 2 or more types of tissue, specific function
system level
related organs with common function
organismal level
largest, all systems combined
What are the eleven body systems?
integumentary muscular lymphatic digestive urinary nervous skeletal cardiovascular respiratory reproductive endocrine
What do the body systems do together?
work together to maintain health, provide protection and allow reproduction
What are the basic life processes ?
metabolism responsiveness movement growth reproduction
What is metabolism?
sum of all physic and chemical processes
includes 2 phases: catabolism and anabolism
What is responsiveness?
bodies ability to detect and react to external/internal environmental change
What is movement?
motion of body, body parts, organs, cells, cellular structure, fluids etc.
What is growth?
increase in size keeping original shape?
What is reproduction
formation of new cells or new organism
What are the other life processes?
respiration digestion circulation assimilation absorption excretion
Define homeostasis
maintenance of bodys internal environment within certain physiological limits
What happens when homeostasis is disturbed?
illness may occur, if fluids are not brought back to homeostasis death may occur
What is stress?
anything disturbing homeostasis
continually disturbs homeostasis, from outside and inside (physiological stimuli)
What are homeostatic mechanisms regulated by?
nervous and endocrine system oppose stress
What is a feed back system?
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed and adjusted
ie. temp, blood pressure, blood glucos
What are the three basic components of a feedback system?
receptor
control centre
effector
what is a receptor in a feedback system
senses and monitors changes by stimuli and sends input in the form of nerve impulses, hormones or other chemical signals
what is the control centre in a feedback system?
sets the range of values within a controlled condition should be maintained
generates output commands as needed in the form of nerve impulses, hormones or other chemical signals
What is an effector in a feedback system?
receives output from the control centre, produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
What is a negative feedback system? Give an example.
reverses the original stimulus to bring back homeostasis
ie. skin receptors detect a cold enviroment, sends a nerve impulse to control centre which commands the muscles to contract (shivering) which produces heat, bringing body temp back to normal
What is a positive feedback system? Give an example
generated response that strengthens or reinforces the original change that occurred in the controlled condition, will continue until interrupted or stopped, if it does not stop is life threatening
ie child birth
What is a disorder?
any body abnormality of structure or function
What is a disease?
illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Is a disorder a disease?
a disorder is not always a disease, but a disease is a disorder
What is a local disease?
affects one part or region of the bodyq
What is a systemic disease?
affects the entire body or several parts of it
What is a symptom?
subjective abnormality noted by patient, not apparent to observer
What is a sign?
objective abnormality noted/measured by observer
What is epidemiology?
studies why, when, and were diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
What is pharmacology?
studies the effect and uses of drugs to treat diseases
