skeleton + muscles Flashcards
what are the functions of the skeleton
support, shape, protection, movement, manufacture of blood components
what does the axial skeleton consist of
skull, spine, rubs and sternum
how many bones are in the skull
22
how many vertebrae are in the spine
33
list the 5 regions of the spine and the number of bones in each
cerivcal 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacrum 5, coccyx 4
what are all ribs attached to
vertebrae of the spine
explain the structure of a long bone
enclosed in a membrane called the periosteum which containes blood vessels and nerves. the long shaft of the bone is the diaphysis. the head of the bone is called the epiphysis
what is ossification
the replacement of cartilage into bone e.g in the human embryo
what biomolecule is a vertebral disc made from
protein
does cartilage have blood vessels/nerves
no
give another place cartilage is found other than the vertebral discs
pinna of the ear, nose, trachea
where is cartilage located on bones
covers the end of bones, acting as a shock absorber
write a short note about compact bones
made of bone cells called osteoblasts embedded in a matrix of 70% inorganic salts e.g calcium and phosphate and 30% collagen. the bone is supplied with blood vessels and nerves.
where is compact bone found
found in diaphysis and as a layer around the ends of the bone
write a note on spongey bone
contains numerous hollows and is composed of a network of thin boney bars separated by different sized shapes. the spaces are filled with red bone marrow which produce red blood cells.
where is spongey bone found
epiphysis
what is bone marrow
soft fatty substance found in medullary cavity and within spongey bone
what does the medullary cavity of adults have
yellow inactive marrow
what can yellow bone marrow do
it can convert into red bone marrow should the body need increased blood cell formation
where is active marrow found in adults
epiphysis (spongey bone)
what stage in the pregnancy is embryonic cartilage replaced
8th week
what prodcues collagen
osteoblasts
write a note on bone growth
bones grow via the growth plate which is made of cartilage. it is found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. in this plate cartilage is continuously turned to bone (ossification). this slows down as the person reaches adulthood
write a note on bone development
bones are constantly being dissolved and replaced. bone digesting cells called osteoclastsdigest the bone lining in the medullary cavity and deposit calcium from bones into blood vessels. the bone would become thin and weak if this kept happening without repair, so osteoblasts form new bone to replacethe destroyed bone. the osteoblasts and osteoclasts work in conjunction to enlgarge the medullary cavity and thicken the compact bone lining it
what’s the purpose of bone development
prevents the bones from becoming too heavy as they become larger
what is continuous bone renewal dependant on
physical activity, hormones and diet
how does physical activity affect bone strength
bones put under physical stress become thicker and stronger as osteoblasts are stimulated.
what’s parathormone
removes calcium from bone as a constant level of calcium in the blood is essential for muscles and nerves to work correctly
give a bone disorder/disease, a cause and a treatment
osteoporosis (loss of protein on the bone-become brittle). causes- lack of exercise, treatment, HRT, exercise
name the three types of joints
immovable (e.g skull), slightly movable (e.g joints between upper vertebrae),and freely movable joints (synovial joints)
give the two types of synovial joints
ball and socket + hinge joint
draw a typical synovial joint
diagram of the knee with ligaments, tendons, synovial membrane,synovial fluid, cartilage and muscle labelled
what does cartilage do in a synovial joint
covers the ends of bones to reduce fricyion
what does a ligament do in a synovial joint
connects bone to bone
what does a tendon do in a synovial joint
connects muscle to bone
what does synovial membrane do in a synovial joint
encloses joint and secretes synovial fluid
what does synovial fluid do in a synovial joint
lubricates the joint and reduces friction
name the three types of muscle
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
what are skeletal muscles
these muscles are under voluntary control and are concerned with body movement. they tire easily
what are smooth muscles
involuntary muscles, fiund in internal structures and is slow to tire e.g digestive system
what is cardiac muscle
found in heart, is involuntary and contracts strongly + doesnt tire easily
what is an antagonistic pair
a pair of muscles htat have opposite effects e.g bicep and tricep. bicep contact tricep relax, tricep contract, bicep relax
