skeleton + muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A

support, shape, protection, movement, manufacture of blood components

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2
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of

A

skull, spine, rubs and sternum

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3
Q

how many bones are in the skull

A

22

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4
Q

how many vertebrae are in the spine

A

33

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5
Q

list the 5 regions of the spine and the number of bones in each

A

cerivcal 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacrum 5, coccyx 4

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6
Q

what are all ribs attached to

A

vertebrae of the spine

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7
Q

explain the structure of a long bone

A

enclosed in a membrane called the periosteum which containes blood vessels and nerves. the long shaft of the bone is the diaphysis. the head of the bone is called the epiphysis

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8
Q

what is ossification

A

the replacement of cartilage into bone e.g in the human embryo

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9
Q

what biomolecule is a vertebral disc made from

A

protein

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10
Q

does cartilage have blood vessels/nerves

A

no

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11
Q

give another place cartilage is found other than the vertebral discs

A

pinna of the ear, nose, trachea

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12
Q

where is cartilage located on bones

A

covers the end of bones, acting as a shock absorber

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13
Q

write a short note about compact bones

A

made of bone cells called osteoblasts embedded in a matrix of 70% inorganic salts e.g calcium and phosphate and 30% collagen. the bone is supplied with blood vessels and nerves.

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14
Q

where is compact bone found

A

found in diaphysis and as a layer around the ends of the bone

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15
Q

write a note on spongey bone

A

contains numerous hollows and is composed of a network of thin boney bars separated by different sized shapes. the spaces are filled with red bone marrow which produce red blood cells.

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16
Q

where is spongey bone found

A

epiphysis

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17
Q

what is bone marrow

A

soft fatty substance found in medullary cavity and within spongey bone

18
Q

what does the medullary cavity of adults have

A

yellow inactive marrow

19
Q

what can yellow bone marrow do

A

it can convert into red bone marrow should the body need increased blood cell formation

20
Q

where is active marrow found in adults

A

epiphysis (spongey bone)

21
Q

what stage in the pregnancy is embryonic cartilage replaced

A

8th week

22
Q

what prodcues collagen

A

osteoblasts

23
Q

write a note on bone growth

A

bones grow via the growth plate which is made of cartilage. it is found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. in this plate cartilage is continuously turned to bone (ossification). this slows down as the person reaches adulthood

24
Q

write a note on bone development

A

bones are constantly being dissolved and replaced. bone digesting cells called osteoclastsdigest the bone lining in the medullary cavity and deposit calcium from bones into blood vessels. the bone would become thin and weak if this kept happening without repair, so osteoblasts form new bone to replacethe destroyed bone. the osteoblasts and osteoclasts work in conjunction to enlgarge the medullary cavity and thicken the compact bone lining it

25
Q

what’s the purpose of bone development

A

prevents the bones from becoming too heavy as they become larger

26
Q

what is continuous bone renewal dependant on

A

physical activity, hormones and diet

27
Q

how does physical activity affect bone strength

A

bones put under physical stress become thicker and stronger as osteoblasts are stimulated.

28
Q

what’s parathormone

A

removes calcium from bone as a constant level of calcium in the blood is essential for muscles and nerves to work correctly

29
Q

give a bone disorder/disease, a cause and a treatment

A

osteoporosis (loss of protein on the bone-become brittle). causes- lack of exercise, treatment, HRT, exercise

30
Q

name the three types of joints

A

immovable (e.g skull), slightly movable (e.g joints between upper vertebrae),and freely movable joints (synovial joints)

31
Q

give the two types of synovial joints

A

ball and socket + hinge joint

32
Q

draw a typical synovial joint

A

diagram of the knee with ligaments, tendons, synovial membrane,synovial fluid, cartilage and muscle labelled

33
Q

what does cartilage do in a synovial joint

A

covers the ends of bones to reduce fricyion

34
Q

what does a ligament do in a synovial joint

A

connects bone to bone

35
Q

what does a tendon do in a synovial joint

A

connects muscle to bone

36
Q

what does synovial membrane do in a synovial joint

A

encloses joint and secretes synovial fluid

37
Q

what does synovial fluid do in a synovial joint

A

lubricates the joint and reduces friction

38
Q

name the three types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

39
Q

what are skeletal muscles

A

these muscles are under voluntary control and are concerned with body movement. they tire easily

40
Q

what are smooth muscles

A

involuntary muscles, fiund in internal structures and is slow to tire e.g digestive system

41
Q

what is cardiac muscle

A

found in heart, is involuntary and contracts strongly + doesnt tire easily

42
Q

what is an antagonistic pair

A

a pair of muscles htat have opposite effects e.g bicep and tricep. bicep contact tricep relax, tricep contract, bicep relax