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human reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where are the male gametes formed

A

testes

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2
Q

where are the female gametes formed?

A

ovaries

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3
Q

what is a gonad

A

an organ that produces sex cells in animals

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4
Q

what are the male gonads

A

testes

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5
Q

what is the scrotum

A

the pouch which holds the testes outside the body

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6
Q

what temperature is needed for meiosis to occur in the testes? how is this achieved?

A

35 degrees… testes held outside the body

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7
Q

what are the tubules lined with in each testis

A

diploid sperm producing cells

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8
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

testes

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9
Q

give two roles of the placenta

A

movement of food from mother to foetus, movement of wates from foetus to mother, prevents blood mixing

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10
Q

outline a description of the birthing process including hormones

A

progesterone levels drop, mucus plug falls out, amniotic fluid released, uterus begins to contract, cervix dialates to 10cm, baby pushed out, afterbirth, umbilical cord cut

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11
Q

state two methods of birth control

A

condom, contraceptive pill, IUD, vasectomy

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12
Q

name the hormone responisble for milk production

A

prolactin

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13
Q

state two biological benefits of breastfeeding

A

balanced supply of nutrients, supplies antibodies, milk provided at the right temperature

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14
Q

draw a large diagram of the male reproductive parts and label: testis, sperm duct, prostate gland, urethra, penis, scrotum

A
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15
Q

describe the differences between the male and female gametes in relation to their size, number produced, frequency of production

A

low number of female gametes high number of male gametes, egg produced monthy and continuously in males, egg is large while sperm is much smaller

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16
Q

what is meant by secondary sexual characteristics

A

features that distinguish males from females other than the sex organs

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17
Q

name the hormone responsible for the production of male secondary sexual characteristics

A

testosterone

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18
Q

give one cause of male infertility

A

low sperm count, low sperm motility

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19
Q

what is the role of the menstrual cycle

A

to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

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20
Q

name the event involving the uterie from days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle

A

menstruation (period)

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21
Q

what hormone triggers the event in the menstrual cycle on days 1-5

A

a drop in progesterone levels

22
Q

where is oestrogen produced?

A

graafian follicle

23
Q

sketch a graph to show the changes in oestrogen

A

rise day 4-14 and drop day 14-28

24
Q

name the event that occurs day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

ovulation

25
Q

name the hormone that is responsible for ovulatin

A

luteinising hormone (LH)

26
Q

what does the follicle turn into on day 14

A

corpus luteum

27
Q

give an example of natural, chemical and physical contraception

A

natural: not having sexual intercourse at times where pregnancy is possible during the menstrual cycle. chemical: contraceptive pill, physical:condom, IUD

28
Q

draw a diagram of the female reproductive parts including the oviduct, cervix, ovary, vagina, uterus, endometrium

A
29
Q

where is the site of meiosis in the female reproductive part

A

ovary

30
Q

where is the site of fertilisation

A

oviduct (fallopian tube)

31
Q

name a possible menstrual disorder and give a cause and a solution

A

endometriosis- menstrual blood flowing into oviduct/genetic , surgery or HRT

32
Q

define implantation

A

the embedding of the fertilised egg into the endometrium

33
Q

name , in the correct order the developmental phases from the fertilised egg to implantation

A

morula, blastocyst

34
Q

what happens to the level of progesterone in the blood and the endometrium after implantation occurs

A

progesterone increases, endometrium thickens

35
Q

name the three germ layers the embryo cells are sorted into

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

36
Q

give the precise location where female gametes are produced

A

graafian follicle

37
Q

what is the next stage after zygote

A

morula

38
Q

explain the term in-vitro fertilisation

A

the fusion of male and female gametes outside the body in a sterile nutrient medium

39
Q

what germ layer in embryo cells give rise to the skin

A

ectoderm

40
Q

what tissues gives rise to the placenta

A

endometrium lining and chorionic tissue

41
Q

why is it important to separate the mother and child’s blood

A

different blood pressures, different blood groups, prevent transfer of certain infections

42
Q

state one change and when it occurs during the menstrual cycle; in the endometrium and the ovary

A

endometrium breaks down days 1-5 , ovary ovulation days 13-16

43
Q

where are FSH and LH produced

A

pituatary gland

44
Q

what’s the function of FSH

A

stimulates egg (follicle) to develop, stimulates ovary to produce oestrogen, stimulates LH production

45
Q

what’s the function of LH

A

stimulates ovulation, causes graafian follicle to develop into corpus luteum, stimulates progesterone production

46
Q

what is the function of oestrogen

A

causes endometrium to build up, inhibits FSH, stimulates LH

47
Q

what is the function of progesterone

A

maintains endometrium, inhibits LH and FSH

48
Q

draw and label a sperm cell

A
49
Q

name a structure each germ layer in the embryo cells could develop into

A

mesoderm: skeletal system, ectoderm: nervous system, endoderm: digestive system

50
Q

what is amnion and state its function

A

a membrane that surrounds embryo… secretes amniotic fluid which protects the foetus

51
Q

what is amnion and state its function

A

a membrane that surrounds embryo… secretes amniotic fluid which protects the foetus

52
Q

what is semen

A

sperm cells and seminal fluid

lc biology (25 decks)

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