human reproduction Flashcards
where are the male gametes formed
testes
where are the female gametes formed?
ovaries
what is a gonad
an organ that produces sex cells in animals
what are the male gonads
testes
what is the scrotum
the pouch which holds the testes outside the body
what temperature is needed for meiosis to occur in the testes? how is this achieved?
35 degrees… testes held outside the body
what are the tubules lined with in each testis
diploid sperm producing cells
where is testosterone produced?
testes
give two roles of the placenta
movement of food from mother to foetus, movement of wates from foetus to mother, prevents blood mixing
outline a description of the birthing process including hormones
progesterone levels drop, mucus plug falls out, amniotic fluid released, uterus begins to contract, cervix dialates to 10cm, baby pushed out, afterbirth, umbilical cord cut
state two methods of birth control
condom, contraceptive pill, IUD, vasectomy
name the hormone responisble for milk production
prolactin
state two biological benefits of breastfeeding
balanced supply of nutrients, supplies antibodies, milk provided at the right temperature
draw a large diagram of the male reproductive parts and label: testis, sperm duct, prostate gland, urethra, penis, scrotum
describe the differences between the male and female gametes in relation to their size, number produced, frequency of production
low number of female gametes high number of male gametes, egg produced monthy and continuously in males, egg is large while sperm is much smaller
what is meant by secondary sexual characteristics
features that distinguish males from females other than the sex organs
name the hormone responsible for the production of male secondary sexual characteristics
testosterone
give one cause of male infertility
low sperm count, low sperm motility
what is the role of the menstrual cycle
to prepare the uterus for pregnancy
name the event involving the uterie from days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle
menstruation (period)
what hormone triggers the event in the menstrual cycle on days 1-5
a drop in progesterone levels
where is oestrogen produced?
graafian follicle
sketch a graph to show the changes in oestrogen
rise day 4-14 and drop day 14-28
name the event that occurs day 14 of the menstrual cycle
ovulation
name the hormone that is responsible for ovulatin
luteinising hormone (LH)
what does the follicle turn into on day 14
corpus luteum
give an example of natural, chemical and physical contraception
natural: not having sexual intercourse at times where pregnancy is possible during the menstrual cycle. chemical: contraceptive pill, physical:condom, IUD
draw a diagram of the female reproductive parts including the oviduct, cervix, ovary, vagina, uterus, endometrium
where is the site of meiosis in the female reproductive part
ovary
where is the site of fertilisation
oviduct (fallopian tube)
name a possible menstrual disorder and give a cause and a solution
endometriosis- menstrual blood flowing into oviduct/genetic , surgery or HRT
define implantation
the embedding of the fertilised egg into the endometrium
name , in the correct order the developmental phases from the fertilised egg to implantation
morula, blastocyst
what happens to the level of progesterone in the blood and the endometrium after implantation occurs
progesterone increases, endometrium thickens
name the three germ layers the embryo cells are sorted into
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
give the precise location where female gametes are produced
graafian follicle
what is the next stage after zygote
morula
explain the term in-vitro fertilisation
the fusion of male and female gametes outside the body in a sterile nutrient medium
what germ layer in embryo cells give rise to the skin
ectoderm
what tissues gives rise to the placenta
endometrium lining and chorionic tissue
why is it important to separate the mother and child’s blood
different blood pressures, different blood groups, prevent transfer of certain infections
state one change and when it occurs during the menstrual cycle; in the endometrium and the ovary
endometrium breaks down days 1-5 , ovary ovulation days 13-16
where are FSH and LH produced
pituatary gland
what’s the function of FSH
stimulates egg (follicle) to develop, stimulates ovary to produce oestrogen, stimulates LH production
what’s the function of LH
stimulates ovulation, causes graafian follicle to develop into corpus luteum, stimulates progesterone production
what is the function of oestrogen
causes endometrium to build up, inhibits FSH, stimulates LH
what is the function of progesterone
maintains endometrium, inhibits LH and FSH
draw and label a sperm cell
name a structure each germ layer in the embryo cells could develop into
mesoderm: skeletal system, ectoderm: nervous system, endoderm: digestive system
what is amnion and state its function
a membrane that surrounds embryo… secretes amniotic fluid which protects the foetus
what is amnion and state its function
a membrane that surrounds embryo… secretes amniotic fluid which protects the foetus
what is semen
sperm cells and seminal fluid
