human nutrition/digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

define autotrophs

A

organisms that make their own food e.g plants + photosynthesis

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2
Q

define heterotrophs

A

organisms that cannot make their own food e.g humans

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3
Q

name the three types of heterotrophs

A

herbivores, omnivores, carnivores

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4
Q

define digestion

A

the physical and chemical breakdown of food into simpler forms which are soluble in the bloodstreams

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5
Q

what is mastication

A

chewing

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6
Q

what are two benefits to physical digestion

A

increases surface area, makes food particles smaller and easier to swallow

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7
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

a long hollow muscular tube which runs through the body from the mouth to the anus

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8
Q

name 7 parts of the digestive system

A

mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, bile duct, duodenum, ileum, colon, caecum, appendix, rectum, anus

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9
Q

name the 5 stages of human nutrition

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

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10
Q

name the two ways digestion takes place in the mouth

A

physical breakdown by teeth, chemical breakdown by enzymes

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11
Q

name two types of proteases

A

pepsin (stomach), trypsin(pancreas)

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12
Q

name the 4 types of teeth

A

inscisors, canines, premolars, molars

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13
Q

write down the dental formula

A

2( i2/2 c 1/1 p 2/2 m 3/3 )

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14
Q

what is saliva made of

A

water, mucus, salivary amylase

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15
Q

what does amylase do

A

breaks down starch into maltose… pH 7.5 needed

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16
Q

what is the oesophagus lined with

A

circular muscles

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17
Q

define peristalsis

A

rythmic relaxation and contravtion of circular muscles… pushes food along the oesophagus

18
Q

where does food enter the stomach from

A

through the cardiac sphincter muscle from the oesophagus

19
Q

what is secreted by the wall of the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid (pH1/2), mucus, enzymes

20
Q

how is the stomach protected from gastric juices

A

mucus lines the stomach, cells lining the stomach are packed tightly together + can be replaced very rapidly

21
Q

what is the name given to the churned food in the stomach

A

chyme

22
Q

what does chyme pass through to reach the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter muscle

23
Q

what is the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum or the ileum

A

dudenum

24
Q

list the three sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

25
Q

name three adaptions of villi

A

numerous, large surface area, one cell thick

26
Q

name one place from which the duodenum recieves juices/

A

wall of the duodenum, liver, pancreas

27
Q

what does pancreatic juice consist of

A

water, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes

28
Q

name 3 pancreatic enzymes

A

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic protease

29
Q

where do particles travel to after being absorbed into the blood

A

to the liver through the heptatic portal vein

30
Q

what is the journey of fatty acids and glycerol after absorption through the lacteal

A

travel into lymph system, return to the bloodstream in the left subclavian vein and finally are transported to the liver

31
Q

what does the heptaic artery do

A

carries oxygenated blood to the liver

32
Q

what does the hepatic vein do

A

carries deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood away from the liver

33
Q

what does the heptaic portal vein do

A

carries blood rich in nutrients from the small intestine to the liver

34
Q

what does bile consist of

A

water, bile salts, pigments

35
Q

whats the purpose of bile

A

emulsifies fats and neutralises chyme

36
Q

where is bile stored

A

gall bladder

37
Q

name 3 functions of the liver

A

prodction of bile, breakdown of dead red blood cells, detoxification of blood, storage of glycogen

38
Q

name the 4 parts of the large intestine

A

caecum, appendix, colon, rectum

39
Q

name 3 functions of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and mineral salts, waste becomes solid

40
Q

what example of symbiosis can be found in the colon

A

bacteria produce vitamin B and K, and get a place to live in return

41
Q

what is the importance of fibre in the diet

A

provides bulk (stimulates peristalsis), absorbs water prevents constipation, makes you feel full, prevents overeating

42
Q

what is a balanced diet

A

contains correct proportions of carbs, fats, protein, minerals, vitamins,water, fibre