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Anatomy and physiology I lecture > Skeletal Tissue and Bone > Flashcards

Skeletal Tissue and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

The function of _________ is:

support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis

A

Bone

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2
Q

The function of ________ is:

Blood cell production and fat storage

A

Bone

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3
Q

Skeletal cartilages does not contain ______ or _____:

A

No blood vessels or nerves

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4
Q

The dense connective tissue girdle called PERICHONDRIUM, contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage is an example of

A

Skeletal Cartilage

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5
Q

Hyaline cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and fibrocartilage are examples of:

A

Skeletal cartilage

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6
Q

________ cartilage provides support, flexibility, and resilience.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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7
Q

Which skeletal cartilage is the most abundant?

A

Hyaline

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8
Q

This cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but contain elastic fibers

A

Elastic

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9
Q

This cartilage has collagen fibers with great tensile strength

A

Fibrocartilage

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10
Q

Three different growths of cartilage?

A

Appositional, Interstitial, and calcification of cartilage

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11
Q

________ is (a growth of cartilage)when cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

A

Appositional

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12
Q

________(growth of cartilage) is when chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

A

Interstitial

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13
Q

Calcification of cartilage occurs during normal ____ ____ and ____ age:

A

Normal bone growth and old age

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14
Q

Osteoid, an organic bone matrix, is secreted by

A

Osteoblasts

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15
Q

Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins are found within:

A

Osteoid

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16
Q

One characteristic of Osteoid:

A

Collagen fibers

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17
Q

Hydroxyapatite is responsible for:

A

Hardness and lends compression strength(weight bearing)

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18
Q

Bone matrix is 35% -_______ and 65% ________

A

Organic component and inorganic

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19
Q

A long bone is divided up into these three regions:

A

Epiphysis, Metaphysis, and Diaphysis

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20
Q

Found at the ends of long bones
Has spongy bone trabeculea
Has Red Bone Marrow

A

Epiphysis

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21
Q

Found between Epiphysis and Diaphysis
Has spongy bone trabeculea
Has Red Bone Marrow
Has the Epiphysial Plate/Line

A

Metaphysis

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22
Q

Comprises the shaft of the long bone
Contains compact bone (Osteons made of Lamellae)
Contains the Periostium and Endosteum

A

Diaphysis

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23
Q

Epiphysis is found at:

A

The ends of long bones

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24
Q

Epiphysis has _______ and _______

A

Spongy bone trabeculea, and red bone marrow

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25
Q

Metaphysis is found between:

A

Epiphysis and Diaphysis

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26
Q

Metaphysics has _______

A

spongy bone trabeculea

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27
Q

Metaphysis has _______

A

Red bone marrow

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28
Q

Metaphysis has the ________ plate

A

Epiphyseal plate/line

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29
Q

Diaphysis comprises the

A

shaft of the long bone

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30
Q

Diaphysis has______ and _____/______

A

Compact bone, and periostium/Endosteum

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31
Q

Diaphysis contains the

A

Medullary cavity

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32
Q

The medullary cavity is surrounded by the

A

Compact bone collar

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33
Q

The periosteum contains the outer ______ layer and the inner _______ layer

A

Fibrous and Osteogenic

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34
Q

The osteogenic layer contains ______, ______, and _________

A

Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteogenic cells

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35
Q

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are different because…..

A

Osteoclasts are bone destroying cells and osteoblasts are bone forming cells

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36
Q

Nerve fibers, nutrient blood cells, and lymphatic vessels go though this membrane layer of the bone

A

Periosteum

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37
Q

Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of the bone describes the……

A

Endosteum

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38
Q

The endosteum contains these forming and bone destroying cells

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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39
Q

Bone barrow lay between the ______

A

Trabeculae

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40
Q

Flat bones contain a spongy bone called….

A

Diploe

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41
Q

What covers the spongy bone within?

A

Endosteum

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42
Q

What covers the compact bone on the outside?

A

Periosteum

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43
Q

Hematopoietic tissue is also called:

A

Red marrow

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44
Q

Red marrow cavities of adults contain:

A

Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus

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45
Q

Red bone marrow of newborn infants contain:

A

Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

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46
Q

Osteogenic cells are:

A

stem cells

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47
Q

Osteoblasts produce:

A

new bone tissue

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48
Q

Osteocytes maintain:

A

Bone tissue

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49
Q

Osteoclasts break down:

A

Bone matrix

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50
Q

_____ in periosteum and endosteum give rise to _______

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts

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51
Q

Which bone cell has endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes?

A

Osteoblasts

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52
Q

Which bone cell have vesicles which contain calcium and phosphate to build bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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53
Q

Mature bone cells are called:

A

Osteocytes

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54
Q

osteocytes are located in:

A

lacunae

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55
Q

Which bone cell have processes that extend between other osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes

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56
Q

Which bone cell are large cells with several nuclei?

A

Osteoclasts

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57
Q

Which bone cell is responsible for resorption of the bone matrix?

A

Osteoclasts

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58
Q

Osteocytes contain cell extensions that form within small canals within the bone called……

A

Canaliculi

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59
Q

Osteoclasts have a _______ border

A

ruffled

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60
Q

The ruffled border of an osteoclasts breaks down_______ and releases _______ to break down protein component of the matrix

A

bone and enzymes

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61
Q

What are the two main bone textures?

A

Compact bone and spongy, cancellous bone

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62
Q

Which bone texture is the honeycomb of trabeculae?

A

Spongy bone

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63
Q

Which bone texture is the dense outer layer?

A

Compact bone

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64
Q

Compact bone is defined by the ______ system

A

Haversian

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65
Q

The Haversian system is a _____ unit

A

structural

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66
Q

Lamellae is found in the ______ system

A

Haversian

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67
Q

_____ is weight bearing and has column-like matrix tubes

A

Lamellae

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68
Q

The ______ canal of the Haversian system contains blood vessels and _____

A

nerves

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69
Q

Compact bone forms the ________ of all the bones and make up the bulk of the _______ of long bones

A

forms the external layer of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones

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70
Q

Which canal perforates the bone in a transverse direction?

A

Volkmann’s canals

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71
Q

Do Volkmann’s canals contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves?

A

Yes

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72
Q

Do Volkmann’s canals connect all the Haversian canals, endosteum and medullary cavity?

A

Periosteum, not endosteum

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73
Q

Do Volkmann’s canals carry in nutrients and carry out wastes?

A

Yes

74
Q

Are Volkmann’s canals right angles to Haversian canals?

A

Yes

75
Q

Name the two canals within the Haversian system:

A

Haversian(central) and Volkmann’s(perforating)

76
Q

the ______ canal is perforating bone in a longitudinal direction

A

Central (Haversian)

77
Q

Do central Haversian canals contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?

A

Yes

78
Q

The three components that make up the Haversian system, besides the two canals, are:

A

Concentric lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi

79
Q

______ _______ are rings of hard, calcified matrix (bone)

A

Concentric lamellae

80
Q

____ _____ are made by osteoblasts

A

Concentric lamellae

81
Q

_____ are small spaces between the lamellae

A

Lacunae

82
Q

______ contain osteocytes (which used to be _____)

A

Lacunae (osteocytes used to be osteoblasts)

83
Q

______ are small channels that connect lacunae and central Haversian canals

A

Canaliculi

84
Q

Canaliculi are small channels that connect _______ and _______

A

lacunae and central Haversian canals

85
Q

_____ contain extracellular fluid

A

Canaliculi

86
Q

_________ contain small, finger-like projections from osteocytes

A

Canaliculi

87
Q

Spongy bone is called the _____ system

A

Trabecular

88
Q

_____ bone is found in: SPinal column, iliac, sternum, and ribs

A

Spongy

89
Q

_____ bone is found at the ends of long bone and irregularly shaped bone

A

Spongy

90
Q

In the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone, you can see _______

A

Trabeculae

91
Q

Whereas Compact bone has osteons, ______ bone does not

A

Spongy

92
Q

Like compact bone, _____ bone has osteocytes and canaliculi

A

Spongy

93
Q

Spongy bone contains lamellae, just like compact bone. However, it is _____ ____

A

irregularly arranged

94
Q

In spongy bone, the trabeculae contains capillaries in the endosteum that supply ______

A

nutrients

95
Q

Osteogenesis is:

A

Bone tissue formation

96
Q
  1. Bone formation
  2. Postnatal bone growth
  3. Bone remodeling and repair
    These are stages of:
A

Osteogenesis

97
Q

The two types of ossification are:

A

Intramembranous and Endochondral

98
Q

In _________ ossification, membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane

A

Intramembranous

99
Q

In ______ ossification, flat bones form

A

Intramembranous

100
Q

Two flat bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

Clavicle and cranial bones

101
Q

In ______ ossification, cartilage bone forms by replacing ______ cartilage

A

Endochondral, hyaline

102
Q

In ______ ossification, the rest of the skeleton is formed

A

Endochondral

103
Q

Which type of ossification begins with mesenchymal tissue?

A

both Intramembranous and endochondral

104
Q

During intramembranous ossification of the mesenchymal tissue, mesenchymal cells convert to _______ and ______ cells

A

Osteoprogenetor/osteogenic

105
Q

Osteoprogenetor and osteogenic cells become _______

A

Osteoblasts

106
Q

Intra. Ossification of the mesenchymal tissue occurs at the ______ week of development

A

Eighth

107
Q

Mesenchymal tissue appears at the ______ week of development

A

5th

108
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ tissue contains mecenchymal cells (\_\_\_\_\_)
Ground substance (\_\_\_\_\_)
Reticular fibers (\_\_\_\_\_)
A

Mesenchymal tissue

stem cells) (Fluids and ions) (collagen and protein

109
Q

Mesenchyme cells (embryonic tissue) cluster and become _____

A

Osteogenic cells

110
Q

During intramembranous ossification, after mesenchyme cells become osteogenic cells, they develop into _______

A

Osteoblasts

111
Q

During intramembranous ossification, after mesenchyme cells become osteogenic cells, they develop into osteoblasts, and osteoblasts produce _______

A

Bone matrix

112
Q

________ ossification uses hyaline cartilage models and requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage PRIOR to ossification

A

Endochondral

113
Q

Mesenchymal tissue, which is where endochondral ossification begins, aggregates as sites of future _________ formation

A

long-bone

114
Q

Does endochondral ossification deal with the same substances as intramembranous? (i.e reticular fibers, fluid and ions..)

A

YES

115
Q

Which week of development does mesenchymal tissue begin to aggregate at sites of future long bone formation?

A

4th

116
Q

Mesenchymal cells become ________

A

Chondroblasts

117
Q

Are chondroblasts cartilage builders?

A

Yes

118
Q

During the endochondral ossification of mesenchymal tissue, after the mes. cells become chondroblasts, this stem cell tissue layer surrounds the new cartilage model.

A

Perichondrium

119
Q

New blood vessel formation stimulates the osteogenic cells in the _______ to become _______ (bone builders)

A

perichondrium; osteoblasts

120
Q

What are bone building cells called?

A

Osteoblasts

121
Q

What are bone destroying cells called?

A

Osteoclasts

122
Q

Which week of development does endochondral ossification of the mesenchymal tissue begin>

A

8th week

123
Q

After the development of the cartilage model, mesenchyme cells become chondroblasts, and since chondroblasts are cartilage builders, hyaline cartilage is then built and surrounded by the perichondrium……to become bone, _______ begin ________

A

Chondrocytes begin calcification

124
Q

During endochondral ossification, after the chondrocytes begin calcification, the bone collar forms and this is also called the _______

A

periosteum

125
Q

Postnatal bone growth is broken up into two types of growth. ________growth is the length of long bones and _____growth is the thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and clasts on bone surgaces

A

Interstitial; appositional

126
Q

During the growth in length of long bones (interstitial), the _______ plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones: Proliferation, Hypertrophic, Calcification, and ossification(osteogenic)

A

Epiphyseal plate

127
Q

____ hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity

A

Growth hormone

128
Q

_____ hormone modulates activity of growth hormone

A

Thyroid

129
Q

_____ and _____ (at puberty) promote adolescent growth spurts and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

A

Testosterone and estrogen

130
Q

If estrogen levels are found to be significantly decreased, which bone building cells are affected?

A

Osteoblasts

131
Q

Bone fractures can be classified in how many ways?

A

4

132
Q

Bone fractures: The position of bone ends after a fracture are:
_______: ends retain normal position
_______: ends out of normal alignment

A

nondisplaced; displaced

133
Q

Bone fractures: Completeness of the break:
_____: broken all the way through
_____: not broken all the way through

A

Complete; incomplete

134
Q

Bone fractures: Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone:
_____: parallel to long axis of the bone
_____: perpendicular to long axis of the bone

A

Linear; transverse

135
Q

Bone fractures: Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin:
____: bone ends penetrate the skin
____: bone ends do not penetrate the skin

A

Compound (open); Simple (closed)

136
Q

Estrogen and testosterone stimulate:

A

Osteoblasts

137
Q

The bones of the skeleton are broken up into two main groups:

A

Axial and Appendicular

138
Q

The skull, mandible, and hyoid bone are part of the _____ skeleton

A

Axial

139
Q

The sternum, ribs, and vertebral column are part of the _____ skeleton

A

Axial

140
Q

The sacrum and coccyx are part of the _____ skeleton

A

Axial

141
Q

“Center of body– no limbs” describes the ____ skeleton

A

Axial

142
Q

“Limb structures only” describes the _____ skeleton

A

Appendicular

143
Q

Clavical/scapula are part of the ______ skeleton

A

Appendicular

144
Q

The coxal bone is part of the _____ skeleton

A

Appendicular

145
Q

Long bone are ______ than they are _____

A

longer than they are wide

146
Q

Short bones are _____ shaped

A

cube

147
Q

Short bones are also called ______ bones

A

Sesamoid

148
Q

Sesamoid bones are within _____

A

tendons

149
Q

_____ bones are thin, flat, slightly curved

A

Flat bones

150
Q

______ bones have complicated shapes

A

Irregular bones

151
Q

Example of irregular bone?

A

Vertebra

152
Q

example of flat bone?

A

Sternum

153
Q

Example of long bone?

A

Humerus

154
Q

Example of short bone?

A

Talus

155
Q

Name this muscle and ligament attachment:

“rounded projection”

A

Tuberosity

156
Q

Name this muscle and ligament attachment:

“Large, blunt, irregular surface”

A

Trochanter

157
Q

Name this muscle and ligament attachment:

“Small, rounded projection”

A

Tubercle

158
Q

Name this muscle and ligament attachment:

“Sharp, Slender projection”

A

Spine

159
Q

Name this muscle and ligament attachment:

“any bony Prominence”

A

Process

160
Q

Name this muscle and ligament attachment:

“Narrow, prominent ridge”

A

Crest

161
Q

Name this muscle and ligament attachment:

“narrow ridge of a bone” (smaller than a crest)

A

Line

162
Q

Name this muscle and ligament attachment:

“raised area above a condyle”

A

EPIcondyle

163
Q

The parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and frontal comprise the ______, also known as the weakest part of the skull

A

Pterion

164
Q

Fracturing the Pterion can sever the middle meningeal artery, causing an _______ _______

A

Epidural hematoma

165
Q

_______ are all “continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity and form mucus”

A

Sinuses

166
Q

Sinuses also help ____________

A

resonate our voices

167
Q

Scoliosis is when the spine is curved ______

A

Like an S

168
Q

Kyphosis is when you are

A

Hunchbacked

169
Q

Lordosis is when your belly is

A

Out

170
Q

F_____ sinus
E_____ sinus
S_____ sinus
M_____ sinus

A

Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoidal, Maxillary

171
Q

C1-C7 is the _____ region

A

Cervical

172
Q

T1-T12 is the _____ region

A

Thoracic

173
Q

L1-L5 is the _____ region

A

Lumbar

174
Q

Which region has two bones that are fused?

A

Sacral/Coccygeal region

175
Q

C1 =

A

Atlas

176
Q

C2=

A

Axis

177
Q

The atlas allows you to…..

A

say yes

178
Q

The axis allows you to…..

A

say no

179
Q

Which part of the axis allows the skull to rotate?

A

The Dens

180
Q

“whiplash” accidents can cause the ______ to drive up into the medulla oblongata, which causes death

A

Dens

181
Q

True ribs are: T_ through T_

A

T1-T7

182
Q

False ribs are: T__ through T_

A

T8-T12

Anatomy and physiology I lecture (14 decks)

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