Skeletal Tissue and Bone Flashcards
The function of _________ is:
support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis
Bone
The function of ________ is:
Blood cell production and fat storage
Bone
Skeletal cartilages does not contain ______ or _____:
No blood vessels or nerves
The dense connective tissue girdle called PERICHONDRIUM, contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage is an example of
Skeletal Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and fibrocartilage are examples of:
Skeletal cartilage
________ cartilage provides support, flexibility, and resilience.
Hyaline Cartilage
Which skeletal cartilage is the most abundant?
Hyaline
This cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but contain elastic fibers
Elastic
This cartilage has collagen fibers with great tensile strength
Fibrocartilage
Three different growths of cartilage?
Appositional, Interstitial, and calcification of cartilage
________ is (a growth of cartilage)when cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
Appositional
________(growth of cartilage) is when chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
Interstitial
Calcification of cartilage occurs during normal ____ ____ and ____ age:
Normal bone growth and old age
Osteoid, an organic bone matrix, is secreted by
Osteoblasts
Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins are found within:
Osteoid
One characteristic of Osteoid:
Collagen fibers
Hydroxyapatite is responsible for:
Hardness and lends compression strength(weight bearing)
Bone matrix is 35% -_______ and 65% ________
Organic component and inorganic
A long bone is divided up into these three regions:
Epiphysis, Metaphysis, and Diaphysis
Found at the ends of long bones
Has spongy bone trabeculea
Has Red Bone Marrow
Epiphysis
Found between Epiphysis and Diaphysis
Has spongy bone trabeculea
Has Red Bone Marrow
Has the Epiphysial Plate/Line
Metaphysis
Comprises the shaft of the long bone
Contains compact bone (Osteons made of Lamellae)
Contains the Periostium and Endosteum
Diaphysis
Epiphysis is found at:
The ends of long bones
Epiphysis has _______ and _______
Spongy bone trabeculea, and red bone marrow
Metaphysis is found between:
Epiphysis and Diaphysis
Metaphysics has _______
spongy bone trabeculea
Metaphysis has _______
Red bone marrow
Metaphysis has the ________ plate
Epiphyseal plate/line
Diaphysis comprises the
shaft of the long bone
Diaphysis has______ and _____/______
Compact bone, and periostium/Endosteum
Diaphysis contains the
Medullary cavity
The medullary cavity is surrounded by the
Compact bone collar
The periosteum contains the outer ______ layer and the inner _______ layer
Fibrous and Osteogenic
The osteogenic layer contains ______, ______, and _________
Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteogenic cells
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are different because…..
Osteoclasts are bone destroying cells and osteoblasts are bone forming cells
Nerve fibers, nutrient blood cells, and lymphatic vessels go though this membrane layer of the bone
Periosteum
Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of the bone describes the……
Endosteum
The endosteum contains these forming and bone destroying cells
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone barrow lay between the ______
Trabeculae
Flat bones contain a spongy bone called….
Diploe
What covers the spongy bone within?
Endosteum
What covers the compact bone on the outside?
Periosteum
Hematopoietic tissue is also called:
Red marrow
Red marrow cavities of adults contain:
Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus
Red bone marrow of newborn infants contain:
Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone
Osteogenic cells are:
stem cells
Osteoblasts produce:
new bone tissue
Osteocytes maintain:
Bone tissue
Osteoclasts break down:
Bone matrix
_____ in periosteum and endosteum give rise to _______
Osteogenic, osteoblasts
Which bone cell has endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes?
Osteoblasts
Which bone cell have vesicles which contain calcium and phosphate to build bone?
Osteoblasts
Mature bone cells are called:
Osteocytes
osteocytes are located in:
lacunae
Which bone cell have processes that extend between other osteocytes?
Osteocytes
Which bone cell are large cells with several nuclei?
Osteoclasts
Which bone cell is responsible for resorption of the bone matrix?
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes contain cell extensions that form within small canals within the bone called……
Canaliculi
Osteoclasts have a _______ border
ruffled
The ruffled border of an osteoclasts breaks down_______ and releases _______ to break down protein component of the matrix
bone and enzymes
What are the two main bone textures?
Compact bone and spongy, cancellous bone
Which bone texture is the honeycomb of trabeculae?
Spongy bone
Which bone texture is the dense outer layer?
Compact bone
Compact bone is defined by the ______ system
Haversian
The Haversian system is a _____ unit
structural
Lamellae is found in the ______ system
Haversian
_____ is weight bearing and has column-like matrix tubes
Lamellae
The ______ canal of the Haversian system contains blood vessels and _____
nerves
Compact bone forms the ________ of all the bones and make up the bulk of the _______ of long bones
forms the external layer of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones
Which canal perforates the bone in a transverse direction?
Volkmann’s canals
Do Volkmann’s canals contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves?
Yes
Do Volkmann’s canals connect all the Haversian canals, endosteum and medullary cavity?
Periosteum, not endosteum
Do Volkmann’s canals carry in nutrients and carry out wastes?
Yes
Are Volkmann’s canals right angles to Haversian canals?
Yes
Name the two canals within the Haversian system:
Haversian(central) and Volkmann’s(perforating)
the ______ canal is perforating bone in a longitudinal direction
Central (Haversian)
Do central Haversian canals contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?
Yes
The three components that make up the Haversian system, besides the two canals, are:
Concentric lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi
______ _______ are rings of hard, calcified matrix (bone)
Concentric lamellae
____ _____ are made by osteoblasts
Concentric lamellae
_____ are small spaces between the lamellae
Lacunae
______ contain osteocytes (which used to be _____)
Lacunae (osteocytes used to be osteoblasts)
______ are small channels that connect lacunae and central Haversian canals
Canaliculi
Canaliculi are small channels that connect _______ and _______
lacunae and central Haversian canals
_____ contain extracellular fluid
Canaliculi
_________ contain small, finger-like projections from osteocytes
Canaliculi
Spongy bone is called the _____ system
Trabecular
_____ bone is found in: SPinal column, iliac, sternum, and ribs
Spongy
_____ bone is found at the ends of long bone and irregularly shaped bone
Spongy
In the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone, you can see _______
Trabeculae
Whereas Compact bone has osteons, ______ bone does not
Spongy
Like compact bone, _____ bone has osteocytes and canaliculi
Spongy
Spongy bone contains lamellae, just like compact bone. However, it is _____ ____
irregularly arranged
In spongy bone, the trabeculae contains capillaries in the endosteum that supply ______
nutrients
Osteogenesis is:
Bone tissue formation
- Bone formation
- Postnatal bone growth
- Bone remodeling and repair
These are stages of:
Osteogenesis
The two types of ossification are:
Intramembranous and Endochondral
In _________ ossification, membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane
Intramembranous
In ______ ossification, flat bones form
Intramembranous
Two flat bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification?
Clavicle and cranial bones
In ______ ossification, cartilage bone forms by replacing ______ cartilage
Endochondral, hyaline
In ______ ossification, the rest of the skeleton is formed
Endochondral
Which type of ossification begins with mesenchymal tissue?
both Intramembranous and endochondral
During intramembranous ossification of the mesenchymal tissue, mesenchymal cells convert to _______ and ______ cells
Osteoprogenetor/osteogenic
Osteoprogenetor and osteogenic cells become _______
Osteoblasts
Intra. Ossification of the mesenchymal tissue occurs at the ______ week of development
Eighth
Mesenchymal tissue appears at the ______ week of development
5th
\_\_\_\_\_ tissue contains mecenchymal cells (\_\_\_\_\_) Ground substance (\_\_\_\_\_) Reticular fibers (\_\_\_\_\_)
Mesenchymal tissue
stem cells) (Fluids and ions) (collagen and protein
Mesenchyme cells (embryonic tissue) cluster and become _____
Osteogenic cells
During intramembranous ossification, after mesenchyme cells become osteogenic cells, they develop into _______
Osteoblasts
During intramembranous ossification, after mesenchyme cells become osteogenic cells, they develop into osteoblasts, and osteoblasts produce _______
Bone matrix
________ ossification uses hyaline cartilage models and requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage PRIOR to ossification
Endochondral
Mesenchymal tissue, which is where endochondral ossification begins, aggregates as sites of future _________ formation
long-bone
Does endochondral ossification deal with the same substances as intramembranous? (i.e reticular fibers, fluid and ions..)
YES
Which week of development does mesenchymal tissue begin to aggregate at sites of future long bone formation?
4th
Mesenchymal cells become ________
Chondroblasts
Are chondroblasts cartilage builders?
Yes
During the endochondral ossification of mesenchymal tissue, after the mes. cells become chondroblasts, this stem cell tissue layer surrounds the new cartilage model.
Perichondrium
New blood vessel formation stimulates the osteogenic cells in the _______ to become _______ (bone builders)
perichondrium; osteoblasts
What are bone building cells called?
Osteoblasts
What are bone destroying cells called?
Osteoclasts
Which week of development does endochondral ossification of the mesenchymal tissue begin>
8th week
After the development of the cartilage model, mesenchyme cells become chondroblasts, and since chondroblasts are cartilage builders, hyaline cartilage is then built and surrounded by the perichondrium……to become bone, _______ begin ________
Chondrocytes begin calcification
During endochondral ossification, after the chondrocytes begin calcification, the bone collar forms and this is also called the _______
periosteum
Postnatal bone growth is broken up into two types of growth. ________growth is the length of long bones and _____growth is the thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and clasts on bone surgaces
Interstitial; appositional
During the growth in length of long bones (interstitial), the _______ plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones: Proliferation, Hypertrophic, Calcification, and ossification(osteogenic)
Epiphyseal plate
____ hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
Growth hormone
_____ hormone modulates activity of growth hormone
Thyroid
_____ and _____ (at puberty) promote adolescent growth spurts and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
Testosterone and estrogen
If estrogen levels are found to be significantly decreased, which bone building cells are affected?
Osteoblasts
Bone fractures can be classified in how many ways?
4
Bone fractures: The position of bone ends after a fracture are:
_______: ends retain normal position
_______: ends out of normal alignment
nondisplaced; displaced
Bone fractures: Completeness of the break:
_____: broken all the way through
_____: not broken all the way through
Complete; incomplete
Bone fractures: Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone:
_____: parallel to long axis of the bone
_____: perpendicular to long axis of the bone
Linear; transverse
Bone fractures: Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin:
____: bone ends penetrate the skin
____: bone ends do not penetrate the skin
Compound (open); Simple (closed)
Estrogen and testosterone stimulate:
Osteoblasts
The bones of the skeleton are broken up into two main groups:
Axial and Appendicular
The skull, mandible, and hyoid bone are part of the _____ skeleton
Axial
The sternum, ribs, and vertebral column are part of the _____ skeleton
Axial
The sacrum and coccyx are part of the _____ skeleton
Axial
“Center of body– no limbs” describes the ____ skeleton
Axial
“Limb structures only” describes the _____ skeleton
Appendicular
Clavical/scapula are part of the ______ skeleton
Appendicular
The coxal bone is part of the _____ skeleton
Appendicular
Long bone are ______ than they are _____
longer than they are wide
Short bones are _____ shaped
cube
Short bones are also called ______ bones
Sesamoid
Sesamoid bones are within _____
tendons
_____ bones are thin, flat, slightly curved
Flat bones
______ bones have complicated shapes
Irregular bones
Example of irregular bone?
Vertebra
example of flat bone?
Sternum
Example of long bone?
Humerus
Example of short bone?
Talus
Name this muscle and ligament attachment:
“rounded projection”
Tuberosity
Name this muscle and ligament attachment:
“Large, blunt, irregular surface”
Trochanter
Name this muscle and ligament attachment:
“Small, rounded projection”
Tubercle
Name this muscle and ligament attachment:
“Sharp, Slender projection”
Spine
Name this muscle and ligament attachment:
“any bony Prominence”
Process
Name this muscle and ligament attachment:
“Narrow, prominent ridge”
Crest
Name this muscle and ligament attachment:
“narrow ridge of a bone” (smaller than a crest)
Line
Name this muscle and ligament attachment:
“raised area above a condyle”
EPIcondyle
The parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and frontal comprise the ______, also known as the weakest part of the skull
Pterion
Fracturing the Pterion can sever the middle meningeal artery, causing an _______ _______
Epidural hematoma
_______ are all “continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity and form mucus”
Sinuses
Sinuses also help ____________
resonate our voices
Scoliosis is when the spine is curved ______
Like an S
Kyphosis is when you are
Hunchbacked
Lordosis is when your belly is
Out
F_____ sinus
E_____ sinus
S_____ sinus
M_____ sinus
Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoidal, Maxillary
C1-C7 is the _____ region
Cervical
T1-T12 is the _____ region
Thoracic
L1-L5 is the _____ region
Lumbar
Which region has two bones that are fused?
Sacral/Coccygeal region
C1 =
Atlas
C2=
Axis
The atlas allows you to…..
say yes
The axis allows you to…..
say no
Which part of the axis allows the skull to rotate?
The Dens
“whiplash” accidents can cause the ______ to drive up into the medulla oblongata, which causes death
Dens
True ribs are: T_ through T_
T1-T7
False ribs are: T__ through T_
T8-T12
