Nervous System II Flashcards
Cranial nerves will be on the final
STUDY CRANIAL NERVES
The midbrain, pons, medulla, and oblongata make up the ____ _____
Brain Stem
The spinal cord is the ____ _____ surrounded by a gray matter core
Central Cavity
The spinal cord has an external ____ _____ composed of ________ fiber tracts
white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts
In the spinal cord, the central cavity is surrounded by a ____ ____ core
Gray matter
The ventricles of the brain are lined by ______ cells
Ependymal cells
Ventricles of the brain contain _____ _____
Cerebrospinal fluid
The ventricles of the brain have two C-shaped ____ ____ in the cerebral hemispheres
Lateral ventricles
The ____ ventricle of the brain is in the diencephalon
third
Which ventricle is in the diencephalon?
Third
Where is the fourth ventricle located?
Hindbrain
Where is the third ventricle located?
The diencephalon
The fourth ventricle of the brain is found in the _____, dorsal to the pons
Hindbrain
The ridges of the brain are called ____
gyri
The shallow grooves of the brain are called ____
sulci
The deep grooves of the brain are called _____
fissures
List the five lobes of the brain
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula.
Fissures are ____ grooves
Deep
Sulci are _____ grooves
shallow
Gyri are the _____ of the brain
ridges
Gyri are the ____ of gray matter cortex, and sulci are the _____ of gray matter cortex
Hills; Valleys
Cerebral brain tissue has an increase in the surface area thanks to __-______
in-foldings
The ____ _____ separates the pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe and post central gyrus of the parietal lobe
Central Sulcus
The longitudinal tissue separates the __ ______
two hemispheres
The _____ ____ fissure separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Transverse cerebral fissure
Slide 15 is important, do more slides
:)
The ____ _____ is the site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation…
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex has three types of functional areas. What are they?
Motor, sensory, association
The ____ area of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement
Motor
The _____ areas of the cerebral cortex is responsible for conscious awareness of sensation
Sensory
The _______ areas of the cerebral cortex integrates diverse information
Association areas
The primary motor cortex is composed of large _____ ____ of the _____ gyri
pyramidal cells of the pre central gyri
The primary motor cortex allows ____ ____ of precise, skilled voluntary movements
Conscious control
The ____ ____ is anterior to the pre central gyrus
premotor cortex
The _____ ____ controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
Premotor cortex
The ____ ____ is involved in the planning of movements that depend on sensory feedback
Premotor Cortex
Broca’s area is present in one hemisphere, usually the ____
Left
Broca’s Area is a ____ ___ area that directs muscles of the _____
motor speech, muscles of the tongue
_____ ____ is active as one prepares to speak
Broca’s Area
The frontal eye field controls ______ ____ ____
voluntary eye movements
Does the frontal eye field control involuntary eye movements?
No, voluntary.
The ______ ______ _____ is in the post central gyri
Primary somatosensory cortex
The primary somatosensory cortex receives _____ _____ from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
sensory information
The primary somatosensory cortex is capable of _____ ______
spacial discrimination
____ ____: identification of body region being stimulated
Spatial discrimination
Which cortex integrates sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex?
Somatosensory ASSOCIATION cortex
Which cortex determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt
Somatosensory association cortex
In visual areas, the primary visual cortex is at the tip of the _____ lobe
occipital
The primary visual cortex receives visual information from the ____
retinas
The visual association area surrounds the _____ _____ cortex
Primary visual
The visual association area uses past visual experiences to interpret ____ _____
visual stimuli
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
Superior margin of the temporal lobes
The primary auditory cortex interprets information from the inner ear such as _____, ____, and location
pitch; loudness
The auditory association area is located ______ to the primary auditory cortex
posterior
The auditory association area stores ______ of sounds
Memories
The ______ cortex is found in the medial aspect of temporal lobes
Olfactory
The olfactory cortez is the region of conscious awareness of _____
odors
The gustatory cortex is found in the ______ lobe
insula
Which cortex is involved in the perception of taste?
Gustatory cortex
The ____ _____ area is the conscious perception of visceral sensations….i.e ______ or a full bladder
Visceral sensory area; upset stomach
The ______ cortex is responsible for conscious awareness of balance
Vestibular
Which cortex is responsible for conscious awareness of balance?
Vestibular cortex
Which cortex is the most complicated cortical region?
Prefrontal cortex
Which cortex is involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
Prefrontal cortex
The prefrontal cortex contains ____ memory
working
The prefrontal cortex is also called the ____ _____ area
Anterior association area
The posterior association area is a large region in the _____, _____, and ____ lobes
Temporal, parietal, and occipital
Which area plays are role in recognizing patterns and faces?
Posterior association
The ____ association area is involved in understanding written and spoken language (______ area)
posterior; wernicke’s area
The ______ association area provides emotional impact that helps establish memories
Limbic
______ is the division of labor between hemispheres
Lateralization
The _____ hemisphere controls language, math, and logic
Left
The _____ hemisphere is insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills
Right
The left and right hemispheres communicate via ____ tracts in the cerebral ______ matter
Fiber tracts; cerebral white matter
Cerebral white matter has ______ fibers
myelinated
Cerebral white matter is responsible for _____
communication
In cerebral white matter, _______ connect gray matter of the two hemispheres
Commissures
In cerebral white matter, _______ fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere
Association fibers
In cerebral white matter, _______ fibers connect the hemispheres with the lower brain or spinal cord
Projection fibers
Basal Nuclei is functionally associated the sub thalamic nuclei (______) and the sustantia nigra (____)
Diencephalon; midbrain
Basal nuclei influences _____ ______
muscular control
Basal nuclei helps regulate ______ and ______
attention and cognition
Basal nuclei regulates the ______ of slow or stereotyped movements
intensity
Basal nuclei______ antagonistic and unnecessary movements
INHIBIT
The medulla oblongata forms part of the ventral wall of the _____ ventricle
Fourth
The ___ ______ contains a choroid plexus of the _____ ventricle
Medulla oblongata; fourth ventricle
The medulla oblongata has decussation of the pyramids- crossover of the ________ tracts
Corticospinal tracts
The Medulla oblongata has inferior olivary _____, which relays sensory information
Nuclei
The medulla oblongata has ____ _____ VIII, X, and XII, which are associated with the medulla
Cranial nerves
In the medulla oblongata, the vestibular nuclear complex mediates responses that maintain _______
equilibrium
Several nuclei in the _____ ____ relay sensory information
medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata has autonomic ______ centers
reflex
The ____ ____ has a cardiovascular center
medulla oblongata
The cardiac center of the medulla oblongata adjusts _____ and ____ of heart contractions
force and rate
The cardiovascular system of the medulla oblongata has a ______ center, which adjust blood vessel ____
vasomotor; adjusts blood vessel diameter
The ____ ______ has a respiratory center
Medulla Oblongata
The respiratory center of the medulla oblongata generates respiratory ______
rhythm
The respiratory center of the medulla oblongata control the ____ and ______ of breathing
rate and depth
Heart rate, respiration, coughing, and vomiting use cranial nerve ____
X
Swallowing uses cranial nerve __
IX
Hearing and balance uses cranial nerve ___
VIII
Tongue movement uses cranial nerve ____
XII
Neck movement uses ___
XI
cranial nerve IX is uses for _____
swallowing
Cranial nerve VIII is used for _____ and _____
hearing and balance
Cranial nerve XII is used for ____ ____
tongue movement
Cranial nerve XI is used for ____ ____
neck movement
Cranial nerve X is used for ____ ____, ______, _____, and _____
Heart rate, coughing, respiration, and vomiting
The _____ forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
Pons
The ____ relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
Pons
The _____ is the origin of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII
Pons
V is a _____ cranial nerve
trigeminal
VI is a _____ cranial nerve
abducens
VII is a _____ cranial nerve
facial
In the _____, there is nuclei that help maintain normal rhythm of breathing
Pons
The ____ is the bridge between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Pons
The pons contains the _____ center and the ______
sleep; respiratory
The _____ is located between the diencephalon and the pons
Midbrain
The midbrain has cerebral ______ and cerebral _____
peduncles; aqueduct
In the Midbrain, cerebral peduncles contain pyramidal ____ ____
motor tracts
In the Midbrain, the cerebral aqueduct is the channel between the ____ and ____ ventricles
third and fourth
The midbrain nuclei control the cranial nerves ____ and _____
III and IV
III cranial nerve is ______
oculomotor
the IV cranial nerve is the ____
trochlear
The midbrain nuclei contains the ____ _____
corpora quadrigemina
In the midbrain nuclei, the corpora quadrigemina has a ______ colliculi and a _______ colliculi
superior; inferior
In the midbrain nuclei, the corpora quadrigemina has a superior colliculi, a ____ reflex center
visual
In the midbrain nuclei, the corpora quadrigemina has an inferior colliculi, an _____ relay center
auditory
The midbrain is the ______ region of the brainstem
smallest
Which part of the brainstem is superior to the pons?
Midbrain
The midbrain structure consists of how many colliculi?
Four
The midbrain structure has ___ superior colliculi structures and ____ inferior colliculi structures
two; two
The four colliculi in the midbrain are involved in creating _____ and _____ reflexes
visual and auditory
The _____ is dorsal to the pons and medulla
Cerebullum
The ______ subconsciously provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal contraction
Cerebellum
The cerebellum has two hemispheres connected by ______
vermis
_____: transversely oriented gyri
Folia
____ ____ is the distinctive, treelike pattern of the cerebellar ____ matter
Arbor vitae- white
The cerebellum receives impulses from the _____ cortex
cerebral
Signals from proprioceptors and visual and ______ pathways continuously “inform” the cerebellum of the body’s position and momentum
equilibrium
In the cerebellum, the _____ cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate a muscle contraction
cerebellar cortex
In cerebellar processing for motor activity, a “blueprint” of coordinated movement is sent to the _____ ____ cortex and to brain stem nuclei
Cerebral motor
The _______ has a cognitive function of recognizing and predicting sequences of events during complex movements
Cerebellum
The _____ plays a role in nonmotor functions such as word association and puzzle solving
Cerebellum
Which main part of the brain helps with word association and puzzle solving?
Cerebellum
Arbor Vitae…..or, the tree of life, is basically ____ ____
white matter
The diencephalon has three paired structures, _______, _______, ______
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
The diencephalon encloses the _____ ventricle
Third
What contains 80% of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Does the thalamus contain one nuclei?
No, contains several
In the _______, located in the diencephalon, nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
The ______, located in the diencephalon, is connected by the intermediate mass
Thalamus
The _______, located in the diencephalon, sorts, edits, and relays information
Thalamus
The thalamus is the _____ to the cerebral cortex
gateway
The ______ mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
Thalamus
“Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body” This is talking about the ______, located in the diencephalon
Thalamus
“Impulses from the hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function” This is talking about the ______, located in the diencephalon
Thalamus
In the thalamus, most sensory input coming through the ____ ____ of the brain stem goes to the thalamus
spinal cord
Which sensory neuron does NOT go through the thalamus?
olfaction
What does the thalamus influence?
Mood, and registers the perception of pain and memory
In the thalamus, the medial geniculate nucleus is responsible for auditory or visual?
auditory
In the thalamus, the lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for auditory or visual?
Visual
Which part of the diencephalon is most dorsal?
Epithalamus
The epithalamus contains the _____ gland
Pineal
The pineal gland extends from the posterior border and secretes ______
melatonin
Which part of the diencephalon contains the habenular nuclei?
Epithalamus
The habenular nuclei, located in the epithalamus, is the ______ and ______ response to odors
emotional and visceral
Does the hypothalamus contain many nuclei?
Yes
The _______ is the stalk that connects toe the pituitary gland (located in the hypothalamus)
Infundibulum
Function of hypothalamus: autonomic control center for many _____ functions (e.g blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat)
visceral
Function of _____: center for emotional response, involved in perception of ______, ______, and ______
hypothalamus; pleasure, fear, and rage
Function of hypothalamus: regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and ______
thirst
Function of ________: regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst
hypothalamus
Which part of the diencephalon regulates the sleep and sleep cycle?
Hypothalamus
Which part of the diencephalon controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary?
Hypothalamus
Which part of the diencephalon produces posterior pituitary hormones?
Hypothalamus
The _______ is important for maintaining homeostasis
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus controls ______ movement (heart rate, blood vessel diameter)
Autonomic
The hypothalamus and the _____ system go hand in hand (central control for the release of hormones)
Endocrine
Hypothalamus hormones include ______ and the ______ hormone
oxytocin and antidiuretic
The frontal lobe:
Controls _____ motor functions
voluntary
Which lobe is responsible for mood, motivation, and smell reception?
Frontal
Cerebrum has how many lobes?
Four
Is the cerebrum the largest part of the brain?
Yes
The _____ lobe perceives sensory information
parietal
The _____ lobe receives and perceives visual input
Occipital
The temporal lobe is involved with ______ and ______ sensations
Auditory and olfactory
The temporal lobe is involved with _____ creation
memory
Which lobe is involved with memory creation?
Temporal
Which lobe is involved with creation of abstract thought and judgment?
Temporal
The Limbic system is on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres and ______
diencephalon
The limbic system contains the _______ and the ______ ______
amygdala and cingulate gyrus
The amygdala recognizes _____ or _____ facial expressions, and assesses danger while eliciting the fear response
angry or fearful
The cingulate gyrus plays a role in expressing _____ via gestures, and resolves mental conflict
emotions
Which system in the brain puts emotional responses to odors? I.e skunks smell bad
Limbic system
The limbic system interacts with the ______ lobes
Prefrontal
Because the limbic system reacts with the prefrontal loves, we can react _______ to things we consciously understand to be happening
emotionally
Because the limbic system reacts with the prefrontal loves, we are ________ aware of emotional richness in our lives
consciously
In the limbic system, the _______ and _____ play a role in memory
hippocampus and amygdala
The language implementation system includes ____ ____, broca’s area, and wernicke’s area (on left side)
Basal Nuclei
Where does the spinal cord begin?
At the foramen magnum
Where does the spinal cord end?
Conus medullaris
Which vertebra does the spinal cord end at?
L2
The ______ ____ contains spinal reflex centers
spinal cord
The _____ ___ provides two way communication to and from the brain
spinal cord
How many spinal nerve pairs does the spinal cord have?
31
The ____ ____ in the spinal cord is the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
cauda equina
In the spinal cord, _____ and ____ enlargements are where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge
cervical and lumbar
Two lengthwise grooves divide the spinal cord into right and left halves, the ______ median fissure and _____ median sulcus
ventral and dorsal
Gray _____ connects masses of gray matter
commissure
DO slides 119-168
:)
The ____ ____ is a layer of delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain
Pia Mater
Cerebrospinal fluid is a _______ solution, has less ____ and different ion concentrations than plasma
Watery, less protein
Does cerebrospinal fluid have a constant volume?
Yes
_____ _____ gives buoyancy to the CNS organs, and _____ the CNS from blows and other trauma
Cerebrospinal fluid; protects
Cerebrospinal fluid ______ the brain and carries chemical signals
nourishes
The _____ _____ produces CSF at a constant rate
Choroid Plexuses
The Choroid plexuses hang from the roof of each ______
Ventricle
The choroid plexuses have clusters of ______ enclosed by pia mater and a layer of ependymal cells
capillaries
_____ cells use ion pumps to control the composition of the CSF and help cleanse CSF by removing wastes
Ependymal
The Blood-brain barrier helps maintain a _______ environment for the brain
stable
The ____ ____ barrier separates neurons from some blood borne substances
blood brain
The blood brain barrier has continuous _______ (of your blood cells) of capillary walls
endothelium
The _____ ____ barrier is composes of basal lamina
Blood brain
The blood brain barrier is the feet of _______
astrocytes
The blood brain barrier provides signal to endothelium for the formation of _____ junctions
tight
Does the blood brain barrier have a selective barrier?
Yes
The Blood brain barrier allows nutrients to move by ______ _________
facilitated diffusion
The blood brain barrier allows any fat-soluble substances to pass, including alcohol, nicotine, and ______
anesthetics
The blood brain barrier is absent in the _______ center and the _______
vomiting; hypothalamus
Cranial nerve I is:
olfactory (sensory)
Cranial nerve II is:
Optic (sensory)
Cranial nerve VIII is:
Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
Cranial nerve IV is:
Trochlear (somatic)
Cranial nerve VI is:
abducens (somatic)
Cranial nerve XI is:
accessory (somatic)
Cranial nerve XII is:
Hypoglossal (somatic)
Cranial nerve V is:
Trigeminal (sensory and somatic)
Describe cranial nerve IV
Move your eyes
Describe cranial nerve VI
Eyes laterally
Describe cranial nerve XI
Trapezius, shrugging
Describe cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal, below the tongue
Describe cranial nerve V
Trigeminal,
