Lect 1-3 (organ systems, chemistry, cells) Flashcards
1
Q
Name the organ systems
A
Muscular, Urinary, Skeletal, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Endocrine, Nervous, Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive
2
Q
Name the structures and function of the Integumentary system
A
Hair, Skin, Nails Function: provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, synth. Vit D
3
Q
Skeletal: structures and functions
A
Bones and joints Function: provides support, produces blood cells and stores minerals
4
Q
Muscular: structures and functions
A
Skeletal muscles Function: Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat
5
Q
Lymphatic: structures and functions
A
Thymus, Red bone marrow, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, spleen, thoracic duct Function: Combats disease, houses white blood cells, removes substances and excess fluid from the blood
6
Q
Respiratory: structures and functions
A
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, lung, bronchus Function: Oxygen and CO2 exchange in blood
7
Q
Digestive: structures and functions
A
Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small/LG intest. rectum/anus Function: Absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes, mechanical& chemical digestion of food
8
Q
Nervous: structures and functions
A
Brain, nerves, spinal cord Function: Regulates the bodies physiological functions such as intellect, sensation, movement.
9
Q
Endocrine: structures and functions
A
All glands, Thymus, pancreas, ovaries/testes Function: secretes hormones to control growth, metabolism, reproduction
10
Q
Cardiovascular: structures and functions
A
Heart, blood vessels Function: Transports blood, nutrients and wastes throughout the body
11
Q
Urinary: structures and functions
A
Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, urethra Function: Removes waste products from the blood, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid balance of the blood
12
Q
Reproductive: structures and functions (MALE)
A
Prostate gland, penis, testis, ductus deferens, scrotum Function: produce and transport sperm to the female oocyte(egg)
13
Q
Reproductive: structures and functions (FEMALE)
A
Mammary glands, vagina, ovary, uterus, uterine tube Function: Produce oocytes, fertilization, fetal develop.
14
Q
Which organ system is responsible for Regulating temperature and preventing water loss?
A
Integumentary
15
Q
Which organ system is responsible for producing blood cells and storing minerals?
A
Skeletal
16
Q
Which organ system is responsible for maintaining posture and producing heat?
A
Muscular
17
Q
Which organ system is responsible for removing substances and excess fluid from the blood?
A
Lymphatic
18
Q
Which organ system is responsible for housing white blood cells?
A
Lymphatic
19
Q
Which organ system contains the thymus, red bone barrow, spleen, and thoracic duct?
A
Lymphatic
20
Q
Which organ system is responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in blood?
A
Respiratory
21
Q
Which organ system contains the pharynx, larynx, and bronchus, but not the esophagus?
A
Respiratory
22
Q
Which organ system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes, and the mechanical/chemical digestion of food?
A
Digestive
23
Q
Which organ system contains the oral cavity, esophagus, and liver?
A
Digestive
24
Q
Which organ system is responsible for secreting hormones to control growth, metabolism, and reproduction?
A
Endocrine
25
The pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal gland are a part of which organ system?
Endocrine
26
True or false, the ovaries/testes are a part of the endocrine system along with the rep. system?
True
27
Which organ system is responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, and wastes through the body?
Cardiovascular
28
Which organ system is responsible for removing waste products from the blood?
Urinary
29
Which organ system is responsible for regulating water, electrolyte, and acid balance of the blood?
Urinary
30
The kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra are a part of which organ system?
Urinary
31
An oocyte is ____ and is a part of the _____ organ system
an egg reproductive
32
The ductus deferens is a part of the ____ organ system
Male reproductive
33
Define homeostasis
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment
34
Despite continuous outside changes, _____ maintains a relatively stable internal environment
Homeostasis
35
Which two organ systems are responsible for accomplishing communication via nerve impulse and hormones (during homeostatic control)
Nervous and Endocrine
36
What are the three main components of a control mechanism (Homeostasis)
Receptor, Control center, and effector
37
In homeostatic control, what does a receptor do?
Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli
38
In homeostatic control, what does the control center do?
receives input from receptor, determines appropriate response
39
In homeostatic control, what does the effector do?
receives output from control center, provides the means to respond,
40
Which component of a control mechanism (homeostasis) is responsible for allowing the response to reduce or enhance the stimulus? (feedback)
Effector
41
Negative feedback
the response REDUCES or SHUTS OFF the original stimulus
42
Examples of neg. feedback?
Regulation of body temperature Regulation of blood volume
43
Positive feedback
The response ENHANCES or EXAGGERATES the original stimulus -may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
44
Examples of positive feedback
-Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin -platelet plug info and blood clotting
45
The disturbance of homeostasis is called:
Homeostatic imbalance
46
The disturbance of homeostasis causes:
-an increase risk of disease -contributes to changes associated with aging -allows destructive pos. feedback (e.g heart failure)
47
List three types of descriptive anatomy
-Regional -Directional -Planes and sections
48
Where is the cervical area located?
Neck
49
Where is the cephalic area located?
Head
50
Which body parts are in the trunk area?
Top of shoulder down to hip bones
51
What is the chest cavity called?
Thoracic
52
The cavity below the thoracic is the \_\_\_\_
Abdominal
53
A better word for mouth is:
Oral
54
A better word for the nose
nasal
55
Not cheek, but
buccal
56
Not ear but,
otic
57
Not eye but,
orbital
58
Not forehead but,
Frontal
59
The middle of the spinal region is considered the:
Vertebral
60
The lower back is considered the:
Lumbar
61
Gluteal is the....
butt
62
Not armpit but,
axillary
63
not inner elbow but,
antecubital
64
upper arm:
brachial
65
Lower arm:
antebrachial
66
wrist:
carpal
67
Palm:
palmar
68
Fingers:
digital
69
Shoulder:
acromial
70
Elbow:
olecranal
71
Thigh:
Femoral
72
anterior Knee:
patellar
73
anterior Shin:
crural
74
foot:
tarsal
75
posterior knee
popiteal
76
posterior shin
sural
77
heel:
calcaneal
78
Medial is:
split down the middle
79
lateral is:
to the left or right of medial
80
Distal:
further from the center
81
Proximal:
in proximity to the center of focus
82
Ipsilateral is:
Same side
83
Contralateral:
Other side "contrary"
84
Anterior is:
front
85
Posterior is:
back
86
Sagittal is:
right from left
87
transverse is:
top from bottom
88
frontal is:
front from back
89
Dorsal cavity contains the:
Brain and spinal cord
90
Ventral cavity contains the:
Thoracic and pericardial cavity
91
Thoracic cavity contains the:
pleural cavity (lungs)
92
Pericardial cavity:
heart
93
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Intestines, liver, stomach.
94
How many Abdominopelvic regions are there?
Nine
95
The upper three abdominal regions are, from right to left:
Right hypochondriac, epigastric region, and left hypochondriac region
96
The middle three abdominal regions, from right to left, are:
Right lumbar region, Umbilical region, and left lumbar region
97
The lower three abdominal regions are, from right to left:
Right iliac(over the appendix) region, hypogastric(pubic) region, and left iliac region
98
Right upper quadrant is near the:
appendix
99
Left upper quadrant is near the:
stomach
100
Right lower quadrant is near the:
large intestine
101
Left lower quadrant is near the:
small inestine
102
What is the thin, double-layered membrane called?
Serous membrane
103
Which serosa membrane lines internal body walls?
Partietal
104
Which serosa membrane covers the internal organs?
Visceral ("somebody eVIScerated his internal organs")
105
What determines the element?
Number of protons
106
\_\_\_\_\_ involves the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms
Chemical bonding
107
Name three chemical bonds
Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen
108
Ions are:
charged elements
109
The loss of an electron gives the atom a ____ charge
positive
110
The gain of an electron gives the atom a ____ charge
negative
111
"electrical forces between ions: opposites attract" Which bond is this and what is one example?
Ionic, ex: Sodium Chloride
112
"when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, creating a molecule" which bond is this?
Covalent bonding
113
What are the three types of covalent bonds?
Single, double, and polar
114
In a single covalent bond, how many pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms?
One pair
115
In a double covalent bond, how many pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms?
Two pairs.
116
Polar covalent bond: _____ sharing of electrosn
Asymmetrical
117
True or false, water molecules bond at an angle
True
118
True or false: in a polar covalent bond, the electron sits closer to CO2
False, the electron sits closer to O2
119
What is the weaker bond?
Hydrogen bonds
120
What is surface tension in water?
the small positive and negative charges attracting each other, which hold the water molecules together
121
A hydrophilic molecule tends to ____ in water
dissolve
122
Hydrophilic means, in greek,
Water-loving
123
A hydrophilic molecule is\_\_\_\_
Polar
124
A hydrophobic molecule is \_\_\_\_\_
Non-polar
125
Is salt hydrophilic? Why or why not?
Yes, because when in water, the Na and Cl break apart.
126
Is oxygen hydrophilic?
No
127
Oils and fats are hydro\_\_\_\_\_
phobic
128
Do anabolic reactions require energy?
Yes
129
Anabolism:
Raising up and requires energy
130
Catabolism:
Casting down and releases energy
131
Do catabolic reactions require or release energy?
Release energy
132
Catalysts cause a ____ reaction
Faster
133
True or false, high temperature and smaller particle size cause faster reactions?
True
134
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are:
Cell building blocks
135
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms compose:
carbohydrates
136
The smallest carbohydrates are \_\_\_\_\_, also known as simple sugars
Monosaccharides
137
Glycogen is a polysaccharide, which is just many \_\_\_\_\_
monosccharides
138
The main energy source (ATP) for body cells is \_\_\_\_
Glucose
139
The main storage form of glucose is\_\_\_\_\_
Glycogen
140
Which organ stores excess glucose in the body as glycogen?
Liver
141
True or false, carbohydrates contribute to cell membrane structural integrity
True
142
\_\_\_\_\_\_ act as cellular markers to guide interactions between cells
Carbohydrates
143
\_\_\_\_\_ : Energy storage molecules
Lipids
144
\_\_\_\_\_ are substances that dissolve in hydrophobic solvents, but not in water
Lipids
145
What is the most common type of fat molecule?
Triglycerides
146
describe a strand of a phospholipid
The head is hydrophilic and the body is hydrophobic
147
True or false, Cholesterol is an important component in the cell membrane?
True
148
Eicosanoids are\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lipids found in ALL cell membranes
149
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are found in:
Eicosanoids
150
Eicosanoids are released from damaged tissue and locally influence:
Blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammation, and labor contractions
151
Synthesis of eicosanoids and their act of inflammation is controlled by this drug:
NSAIDS
152
What are the building blocks of protein?
Amino acids
153
How many basic types of Amino acids are there?
20
154
Name three different types of proteins that amino acids can make
Enzymes, transport, or structural
155
Define the primary structure of a protein:
It is the sequence of amino acids in a chain
156
Define the secondary structure of a protein
The folding pattern of the amino acid strand
157
What are the two different types of secondary protein structures?
Beta pleated sheath: folded Alpha helix: twisted
158
Define the tertiary structure of a protein
The additional folding pattern of the string of amino acids, forming a three dimensional structure
159
Describe the quarternary structure of a protein
the arrangement of SUBUNITS to form the actual protein
160
Primary to Quaternary proteins are held together by:
Hydrogen, covalent, and ionic bonds
161
\_\_\_\_\_ give rise to different bonds, which leads to different structures
different amino acids
162
Fibrous(structural) proteins are:
-Strand like -water insoluble -stable (non-polar)
163
Name examples of Fibrous proteins
Keratin, collagen, elastin, and contractile fibers
164
Globular(functional) proteins are:
-Compact -spherical -water soluble (polar) -Sensitive to environmental changes
165
Examples of Globular proteins:
Antibodies hormones molecular chaperones enzymes
166
Define DNA
The genetic material of cells
167
RNA is related to DNA and plays a role in \_\_\_\_\_\_
gene expression or protein synthesis
168
Nucleotides are:
building blocks of DNA and RNA
169
A double helix is:
DNA structure
170
Name the function of ATP
Phosphorylation
171
Define the purpose Phosphorylation
The release of electrons through phosphorylation energies molecules to perform reactions
172
Transport, Mechanical, and Chemical work are all different types of:
Phosphorylation
173
What is: ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, activating them to transport solutes across cell membranes
Transport work
174
What is: ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so the cells can shorten
Mechanical work
175
What is: ATP phosphorylates key reactions, providing energy to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions
Chemical work
176
How many types of membrane proteins are there?
Six
177
This membrane protein: -spans the membrane -provides a hydrophilic channel -some use ATP to transport molecules -Are selectively permeable
Transport proteins
178
This membrane protein: -Spans the membrane -has a binding site with a specific shape that fits the chemical messenger -may change shape when bound by the chemical messenger -Triggers internal chemical reactions (second messengers)
Receptor Proteins
179
This membrane protein: -MAY span the cell membrane -Are found inside or outside the cell -create components of the cells cytoskeleton -maintain cell shape and fix the location of some membrane proteins -Help in cell movement or bind cells together
Structural proteins
180
This membrane protein: -May span the membrane -Active site (reaction site) may be located inside or outside the cell -May act together (in sequence) to perform a metabolic reaction
Enzymatic proteins
181
This membrane protein: -May span the membrane -Called cell adhesion molecules (CAMS) -May provide temporary binding sites that help in cell migration (diapedises)
Cell Adhesion Proteins
182
This membrane protein: -May span the membrane -Have a short sugar (carbohydrate) molecule attached to it -Serve as ID tags for recognition by other cells (Glycoproteins: contact signaling)
Cell to cell recognition proteins
183
Membrane protein receptor function in communication between cells. What are the two kinds of signaling they produce?
Contact and chemical
184
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when two cells physically come together and are used in cellular recognition between immune cells and body cells
Contact signaling
185
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when chemical signals (ligands) bind to cell membrane receptors, trigger an internal chemical chain-reaction which leads to a specific function, and chain reaction is stimulated by a regulatory molecule called G-protein
Chemical Signaling
186
G-Proteins are a part of which protein membrane receptor?
Chemical signaling
187
Function of G-proteins:
Stimulates second messengers which convert the extracellular signal to an intracellular signal
188
\_\_\_\_\_ will relay the signal to a ______ enzyme
-G protein -membrane bound
189
Once an enzyme is activated, it actives the\_\_\_\_\_\_
second messenger protein (ex: cyclic AMP or ionic calcium)
190
Second messengers activate other _____ which transfer phosphate from ATP to multiple other enzymes to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-enzymes -create various cell responses
191
In membrane protein receptors, _______ linked second messenger receptor activity is found in various body functions such as 1. ________ 2. _________ 3. ________ 4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
G-protein 1. neurotransmission 2. smell 3. vision 4. hormone action
192
Tight junction, Desmosome, and gap junction are _______ junctions
Membrane
193
Which membrane junction fuses cells together, is impermeable, and is found in the digestive tract?
Tight Junction
194
Which membrane junction is also called "anchoring junctions"?
Desmosome
195
Which membrane junction binds/anchor cells together? (don't confuse with fuse)
Desmosome
196
Which membrane junction distributes tension between cells/prevents tearing in tissue?
Desmosome
197
Which membrane junction is a transmembrane protein that forms pores?
Gap junction
198
Which membrane junction allows the continuous flow of ions between cells and which two muscles are associated with it?
Gap junction, and cardiac and smooth muscle
199
What is the function of tight junctions?
Prevents fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
200
Identify this membrane junction
Tight Junctions
201
Identify this membrane junction
Desmosome
202
What is the function of desmosomes?
Anchor cells together to distribute tension and prevent tearing
203
What is the function of gap junctions?
Allow the continuous flow of fluid and ions between cells
204
Identify this junction
205
In a cell, the function below describes the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Separates the cells internal environment from its external environment
Plasma membrane
206
In a cell, the function below describes the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
"Regulates what moves in and out of the cell"
Plasma membrane
207
In a cell, the function below describes the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
"Holds the cell in place as well as holds the proteins in place"
Plasma membrane
208
In a cell, the function below describes the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
"Communicates with neighboring cells and the rest of the body
Plasma Membrane
209
Molecules move through the cell membrane a few different ways. Three of these do not require ATP. Name them.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
210
Molecules move through the cell membrane a few different ways. Which ones are carrier mediated?
Diffusion, Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and secondary active transport
211
Active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis all require:
ATP
212
The random movement of solutes down their concentration gradient, which produces an equal concentration in all areas of the solution is:
DIFFUSION
213
Name this action:
Diffusion
214
Which three substances readily diffuse through the cell membrane?
Oxygen
carbon dioxide
cholesterol
215
Main difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through specific protein channels
216
\_\_\_\_\_ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
Osmosis
217
During osmosis, only ________ moves across the membrane
Water
218
True or false: Water diffuses towards areas of high solute concentration.
True
219
True or false: In osmosis, water diffuses from a region of low water concentration to a region of high water concentration
False, other way around
220
When a concentration of dissolved particles is the same inside and outside the cell membrane, this is called an ______ environment
Isotonic
221
When a concentration of dissolved particles inside the cell is greater than the concentration outisde the cell, this is called a ________ environment
Hypotonic
222
When a concentration of dissolved particles is greater outside the cell than inside the cell, this called a _________ environment
Hypertonic
223
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the movement of molecules through membrane bound protein transporters, **up their concentration gradients** (from low to high)
Active Transport
224
Is ATP needed for Active transport?
Yes
225
Which cell membrane transport uses ATP indirectly?
Secondary Active transport
226
Contransport is a type of ________ transport
Secondary active
227
Symport and Antiport are two subtypes of ________ which is a type of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1. Contransport
2. Secondary Active Transport
228
During secondary active transport, when two substances are transported in the same direction, this is called
Symport
229
During secondary active transport, when two substances are transported in the opposite direction, this is called
Antiport
230
Clatherin proteins play a role during \_\_\_\_\_\_
Endocytosis
231
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the uptake of **large water soluble** molecules across the cell membrane in **vesicles**
Endocytosis
232
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the movement of large molecules through vesicles across the cell membrane
Exoctyosis
233
Exocytosis requires _______ (on vesicles) to bind with _______ (on cell membrane)
v-SNARE and t-SNARE
234
Vesicular and cell membranes can only fuse to release contents when these two transmembrane proteins bind
v-SNARE and t-SNARE
235
Name three non-membranous organelles
Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes, Centrosomes
236
Name five membranous organelles
Nucleus, Rough and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, lysosomes and peroxisomes, and mitochondira
237
Name this organelle:
"Main function: cell support, anchor organelles, aid in movement of cell"
Cytoskeleton
238
The cytoskeleton contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
239
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: mechanical support for cell shape, involved in endocytosis, cell movement, and change in shape (look like beads)
Microfilaments
240
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: hold organelles in place, resisting pulling forces on the cell, and attach to desmosomes (look like rope)
Intermediate filaments
241
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: guide movement in the cell and helps transport contents/organelles throughout the cell
Microtubules
242
This organelle are granules containing protein and rRna, and is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
243
Free ________ synthesize soluble proteins
Ribosomes
244
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are located near the nucleus
Centrosomes
245
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ generates microtubules and **contraines centrioles**
Centrosomes
246
This organelle is bound by a nucleur envelope, has nucelar pores, and contains loosely coiled chromosomes called CHROMATIN
The Nucleus
247
The nucleolus, in teh center of the nucleus, is the site of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ribosomal production
248
Where are ribosomes first made?
The nucleus
249
Ribosomes ________ through translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm
Produce proteins
250
True or false, RER has ribosomes attached to the membrane and has enzymes?
False, ribosomes are attached to the membrane but RER does not have enzymes (SER DOES)
251
Which Endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and horomes?
Smooth ER
252
True or false: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes, but has enzymes
True
253
Which organelle consists of flattened sacs stacked in layers?
Golgi Complex
254
the _________ receives proteins from the ER and modifies them to their final form
Golgi Complex
255
Which organelle directs protein molecules to their final destination?
Golgi Complex
256
Which two organelles both contain enzymes and are named "garbage disposals?
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
257
This vescicular organelle breaks down unessential proteins
Lysosomes
258
This vescicular organelle detoxify the cell and breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
Peroxisomes
259
This organelle is the major site of ATP
Mitochondria
260
This organelle has its own DNA
Mitochondria
261
Most glucose catabolism happens in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mitochondria
262
Gene expression starts in the _________ and ends in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nucleus, cytoplasm
263
DNA is made up of what four nucleotides?
Adenine, Thymine, guanine, and cytosine
264
RNA is made up of which four nucleotides?
Adenine, URACIL, guanine, and cytosine
265
Codons are:
The genetic code that is carried in groups of THREE nucleotides
266
Codones code for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
specific amino acids
267
mRNA needs ________ in order to be translated
tRNA
268
tRNA reads the codons with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
anti-codons
269
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are needed in order to translate mRNA
Ribosomes
270
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carries the _______ to the ribosome
tRNA and amino acids
271
True or false, the anticodon needs to match the codon to determine order of amino acids
True
272
is AUG a start codon?
Yes
273
Is UAA a start codon?
No
274
is UAG a stop codon?
Yes
275
When the ribosome reaches _______ everything falls apart and the ________ stops
UAG, translation
276
When is everything released from the active site?
When the stop codon arrives at the ribosome
277
Name the five steps of cell division in order when a cell is at interphase:
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokenesis
278
