Lect 1-3 (organ systems, chemistry, cells) Flashcards
Name the organ systems
Muscular, Urinary, Skeletal, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Endocrine, Nervous, Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive
Name the structures and function of the Integumentary system
Hair, Skin, Nails Function: provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, synth. Vit D
Skeletal: structures and functions
Bones and joints Function: provides support, produces blood cells and stores minerals
Muscular: structures and functions
Skeletal muscles Function: Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat
Lymphatic: structures and functions
Thymus, Red bone marrow, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, spleen, thoracic duct Function: Combats disease, houses white blood cells, removes substances and excess fluid from the blood
Respiratory: structures and functions
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, lung, bronchus Function: Oxygen and CO2 exchange in blood
Digestive: structures and functions
Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small/LG intest. rectum/anus Function: Absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes, mechanical& chemical digestion of food
Nervous: structures and functions
Brain, nerves, spinal cord Function: Regulates the bodies physiological functions such as intellect, sensation, movement.
Endocrine: structures and functions
All glands, Thymus, pancreas, ovaries/testes Function: secretes hormones to control growth, metabolism, reproduction
Cardiovascular: structures and functions
Heart, blood vessels Function: Transports blood, nutrients and wastes throughout the body
Urinary: structures and functions
Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, urethra Function: Removes waste products from the blood, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid balance of the blood
Reproductive: structures and functions (MALE)
Prostate gland, penis, testis, ductus deferens, scrotum Function: produce and transport sperm to the female oocyte(egg)
Reproductive: structures and functions (FEMALE)
Mammary glands, vagina, ovary, uterus, uterine tube Function: Produce oocytes, fertilization, fetal develop.
Which organ system is responsible for Regulating temperature and preventing water loss?
Integumentary
Which organ system is responsible for producing blood cells and storing minerals?
Skeletal
Which organ system is responsible for maintaining posture and producing heat?
Muscular
Which organ system is responsible for removing substances and excess fluid from the blood?
Lymphatic
Which organ system is responsible for housing white blood cells?
Lymphatic
Which organ system contains the thymus, red bone barrow, spleen, and thoracic duct?
Lymphatic
Which organ system is responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in blood?
Respiratory
Which organ system contains the pharynx, larynx, and bronchus, but not the esophagus?
Respiratory
Which organ system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes, and the mechanical/chemical digestion of food?
Digestive
Which organ system contains the oral cavity, esophagus, and liver?
Digestive
Which organ system is responsible for secreting hormones to control growth, metabolism, and reproduction?
Endocrine
The pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal gland are a part of which organ system?
Endocrine
True or false, the ovaries/testes are a part of the endocrine system along with the rep. system?
True
Which organ system is responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, and wastes through the body?
Cardiovascular
Which organ system is responsible for removing waste products from the blood?
Urinary
Which organ system is responsible for regulating water, electrolyte, and acid balance of the blood?
Urinary
The kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra are a part of which organ system?
Urinary
An oocyte is ____ and is a part of the _____ organ system
an egg reproductive
The ductus deferens is a part of the ____ organ system
Male reproductive
Define homeostasis
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment
Despite continuous outside changes, _____ maintains a relatively stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Which two organ systems are responsible for accomplishing communication via nerve impulse and hormones (during homeostatic control)
Nervous and Endocrine
What are the three main components of a control mechanism (Homeostasis)
Receptor, Control center, and effector
In homeostatic control, what does a receptor do?
Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli
In homeostatic control, what does the control center do?
receives input from receptor, determines appropriate response
In homeostatic control, what does the effector do?
receives output from control center, provides the means to respond,
Which component of a control mechanism (homeostasis) is responsible for allowing the response to reduce or enhance the stimulus? (feedback)
Effector
Negative feedback
the response REDUCES or SHUTS OFF the original stimulus
Examples of neg. feedback?
Regulation of body temperature Regulation of blood volume
Positive feedback
The response ENHANCES or EXAGGERATES the original stimulus -may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Examples of positive feedback
-Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin -platelet plug info and blood clotting
The disturbance of homeostasis is called:
Homeostatic imbalance
The disturbance of homeostasis causes:
-an increase risk of disease -contributes to changes associated with aging -allows destructive pos. feedback (e.g heart failure)
List three types of descriptive anatomy
-Regional -Directional -Planes and sections
Where is the cervical area located?
Neck
Where is the cephalic area located?
Head
Which body parts are in the trunk area?
Top of shoulder down to hip bones
What is the chest cavity called?
Thoracic
The cavity below the thoracic is the ____
Abdominal
A better word for mouth is:
Oral
A better word for the nose
nasal
Not cheek, but
buccal
Not ear but,
otic
Not eye but,
orbital
Not forehead but,
Frontal
The middle of the spinal region is considered the:
Vertebral
The lower back is considered the:
Lumbar
Gluteal is the….
butt
Not armpit but,
axillary
not inner elbow but,
antecubital
upper arm:
brachial
Lower arm:
antebrachial
wrist:
carpal
Palm:
palmar
Fingers:
digital
Shoulder:
acromial
Elbow:
olecranal
Thigh:
Femoral
anterior Knee:
patellar
anterior Shin:
crural
foot:
tarsal
posterior knee
popiteal
posterior shin
sural
heel:
calcaneal
Medial is:
split down the middle
lateral is:
to the left or right of medial
Distal:
further from the center
Proximal:
in proximity to the center of focus
Ipsilateral is:
Same side
Contralateral:
Other side “contrary”
Anterior is:
front
Posterior is:
back
Sagittal is:
right from left
transverse is:
top from bottom
frontal is:
front from back
Dorsal cavity contains the:
Brain and spinal cord
Ventral cavity contains the:
Thoracic and pericardial cavity
Thoracic cavity contains the:
pleural cavity (lungs)
Pericardial cavity:
heart
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Intestines, liver, stomach.
How many Abdominopelvic regions are there?
Nine
The upper three abdominal regions are, from right to left:
Right hypochondriac, epigastric region, and left hypochondriac region
The middle three abdominal regions, from right to left, are:
Right lumbar region, Umbilical region, and left lumbar region
The lower three abdominal regions are, from right to left:
Right iliac(over the appendix) region, hypogastric(pubic) region, and left iliac region
Right upper quadrant is near the:
appendix
Left upper quadrant is near the:
stomach
Right lower quadrant is near the:
large intestine
Left lower quadrant is near the:
small inestine
What is the thin, double-layered membrane called?
Serous membrane
Which serosa membrane lines internal body walls?
Partietal
Which serosa membrane covers the internal organs?
Visceral (“somebody eVIScerated his internal organs”)
What determines the element?
Number of protons
_____ involves the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms
Chemical bonding
Name three chemical bonds
Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen
Ions are:
charged elements
The loss of an electron gives the atom a ____ charge
positive
The gain of an electron gives the atom a ____ charge
negative
“electrical forces between ions: opposites attract” Which bond is this and what is one example?
Ionic, ex: Sodium Chloride
“when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, creating a molecule” which bond is this?
Covalent bonding
What are the three types of covalent bonds?
Single, double, and polar
In a single covalent bond, how many pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms?
One pair
In a double covalent bond, how many pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms?
Two pairs.
Polar covalent bond: _____ sharing of electrosn
Asymmetrical
True or false, water molecules bond at an angle
True
True or false: in a polar covalent bond, the electron sits closer to CO2
False, the electron sits closer to O2
What is the weaker bond?
Hydrogen bonds
What is surface tension in water?
the small positive and negative charges attracting each other, which hold the water molecules together
A hydrophilic molecule tends to ____ in water
dissolve
Hydrophilic means, in greek,
Water-loving
A hydrophilic molecule is____
Polar
A hydrophobic molecule is _____
Non-polar
Is salt hydrophilic? Why or why not?
Yes, because when in water, the Na and Cl break apart.
Is oxygen hydrophilic?
No
Oils and fats are hydro_____
phobic
Do anabolic reactions require energy?
Yes
Anabolism:
Raising up and requires energy
Catabolism:
Casting down and releases energy
Do catabolic reactions require or release energy?
Release energy
Catalysts cause a ____ reaction
Faster
True or false, high temperature and smaller particle size cause faster reactions?
True
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are:
Cell building blocks
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms compose:
carbohydrates
The smallest carbohydrates are _____, also known as simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Glycogen is a polysaccharide, which is just many _____
monosccharides
The main energy source (ATP) for body cells is ____
Glucose
The main storage form of glucose is_____
Glycogen
Which organ stores excess glucose in the body as glycogen?
Liver
True or false, carbohydrates contribute to cell membrane structural integrity
True
______ act as cellular markers to guide interactions between cells
Carbohydrates
_____ : Energy storage molecules
Lipids
_____ are substances that dissolve in hydrophobic solvents, but not in water
Lipids
What is the most common type of fat molecule?
Triglycerides
describe a strand of a phospholipid
The head is hydrophilic and the body is hydrophobic
True or false, Cholesterol is an important component in the cell membrane?
True
Eicosanoids are_______
Lipids found in ALL cell membranes
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are found in:
Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids are released from damaged tissue and locally influence:
Blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammation, and labor contractions
Synthesis of eicosanoids and their act of inflammation is controlled by this drug:
NSAIDS
What are the building blocks of protein?
Amino acids
How many basic types of Amino acids are there?
20
Name three different types of proteins that amino acids can make
Enzymes, transport, or structural
Define the primary structure of a protein:
It is the sequence of amino acids in a chain
Define the secondary structure of a protein
The folding pattern of the amino acid strand
What are the two different types of secondary protein structures?
Beta pleated sheath: folded Alpha helix: twisted
Define the tertiary structure of a protein
The additional folding pattern of the string of amino acids, forming a three dimensional structure
Describe the quarternary structure of a protein
the arrangement of SUBUNITS to form the actual protein
Primary to Quaternary proteins are held together by:
Hydrogen, covalent, and ionic bonds
_____ give rise to different bonds, which leads to different structures
different amino acids
Fibrous(structural) proteins are:
-Strand like -water insoluble -stable (non-polar)
Name examples of Fibrous proteins
Keratin, collagen, elastin, and contractile fibers
Globular(functional) proteins are:
-Compact -spherical -water soluble (polar) -Sensitive to environmental changes
Examples of Globular proteins:
Antibodies hormones molecular chaperones enzymes
Define DNA
The genetic material of cells
RNA is related to DNA and plays a role in ______
gene expression or protein synthesis
Nucleotides are:
building blocks of DNA and RNA
A double helix is:
DNA structure
Name the function of ATP
Phosphorylation
Define the purpose Phosphorylation
The release of electrons through phosphorylation energies molecules to perform reactions
Transport, Mechanical, and Chemical work are all different types of:
Phosphorylation
What is: ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, activating them to transport solutes across cell membranes
Transport work
What is: ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so the cells can shorten
Mechanical work
What is: ATP phosphorylates key reactions, providing energy to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions
Chemical work
How many types of membrane proteins are there?
Six
This membrane protein: -spans the membrane -provides a hydrophilic channel -some use ATP to transport molecules -Are selectively permeable
Transport proteins
This membrane protein: -Spans the membrane -has a binding site with a specific shape that fits the chemical messenger -may change shape when bound by the chemical messenger -Triggers internal chemical reactions (second messengers)
Receptor Proteins
This membrane protein: -MAY span the cell membrane -Are found inside or outside the cell -create components of the cells cytoskeleton -maintain cell shape and fix the location of some membrane proteins -Help in cell movement or bind cells together
Structural proteins
This membrane protein: -May span the membrane -Active site (reaction site) may be located inside or outside the cell -May act together (in sequence) to perform a metabolic reaction
Enzymatic proteins
This membrane protein: -May span the membrane -Called cell adhesion molecules (CAMS) -May provide temporary binding sites that help in cell migration (diapedises)
Cell Adhesion Proteins
This membrane protein: -May span the membrane -Have a short sugar (carbohydrate) molecule attached to it -Serve as ID tags for recognition by other cells (Glycoproteins: contact signaling)
Cell to cell recognition proteins
Membrane protein receptor function in communication between cells. What are the two kinds of signaling they produce?
Contact and chemical
_______ is when two cells physically come together and are used in cellular recognition between immune cells and body cells
Contact signaling
_______ is when chemical signals (ligands) bind to cell membrane receptors, trigger an internal chemical chain-reaction which leads to a specific function, and chain reaction is stimulated by a regulatory molecule called G-protein
Chemical Signaling
G-Proteins are a part of which protein membrane receptor?
Chemical signaling
Function of G-proteins:
Stimulates second messengers which convert the extracellular signal to an intracellular signal
_____ will relay the signal to a ______ enzyme
-G protein -membrane bound
Once an enzyme is activated, it actives the______
second messenger protein (ex: cyclic AMP or ionic calcium)
Second messengers activate other _____ which transfer phosphate from ATP to multiple other enzymes to _________
-enzymes -create various cell responses
In membrane protein receptors, _______ linked second messenger receptor activity is found in various body functions such as 1. ________ 2. _________ 3. ________ 4. ________
G-protein 1. neurotransmission 2. smell 3. vision 4. hormone action
Tight junction, Desmosome, and gap junction are _______ junctions
Membrane
Which membrane junction fuses cells together, is impermeable, and is found in the digestive tract?
Tight Junction
Which membrane junction is also called “anchoring junctions”?
Desmosome
Which membrane junction binds/anchor cells together? (don’t confuse with fuse)
Desmosome
Which membrane junction distributes tension between cells/prevents tearing in tissue?
Desmosome
Which membrane junction is a transmembrane protein that forms pores?
Gap junction
Which membrane junction allows the continuous flow of ions between cells and which two muscles are associated with it?
Gap junction, and cardiac and smooth muscle
What is the function of tight junctions?
Prevents fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
Identify this membrane junction
Tight Junctions
Identify this membrane junction
Desmosome
What is the function of desmosomes?
Anchor cells together to distribute tension and prevent tearing
What is the function of gap junctions?
Allow the continuous flow of fluid and ions between cells
Identify this junction
In a cell, the function below describes the__________
Separates the cells internal environment from its external environment
Plasma membrane
In a cell, the function below describes the__________
“Regulates what moves in and out of the cell”
Plasma membrane
In a cell, the function below describes the__________
“Holds the cell in place as well as holds the proteins in place”
Plasma membrane
In a cell, the function below describes the__________
“Communicates with neighboring cells and the rest of the body
Plasma Membrane
Molecules move through the cell membrane a few different ways. Three of these do not require ATP. Name them.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Molecules move through the cell membrane a few different ways. Which ones are carrier mediated?
Diffusion, Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and secondary active transport
Active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis all require:
ATP
The random movement of solutes down their concentration gradient, which produces an equal concentration in all areas of the solution is:
DIFFUSION
Name this action:
Diffusion
Which three substances readily diffuse through the cell membrane?
Oxygen
carbon dioxide
cholesterol
Main difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through specific protein channels
_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
Osmosis
During osmosis, only ________ moves across the membrane
Water
True or false: Water diffuses towards areas of high solute concentration.
True
True or false: In osmosis, water diffuses from a region of low water concentration to a region of high water concentration
False, other way around
When a concentration of dissolved particles is the same inside and outside the cell membrane, this is called an ______ environment
Isotonic
When a concentration of dissolved particles inside the cell is greater than the concentration outisde the cell, this is called a ________ environment
Hypotonic
When a concentration of dissolved particles is greater outside the cell than inside the cell, this called a _________ environment
Hypertonic
________ is the movement of molecules through membrane bound protein transporters, up their concentration gradients (from low to high)
Active Transport
Is ATP needed for Active transport?
Yes
Which cell membrane transport uses ATP indirectly?
Secondary Active transport
Contransport is a type of ________ transport
Secondary active
Symport and Antiport are two subtypes of ________ which is a type of _________
- Contransport
- Secondary Active Transport
During secondary active transport, when two substances are transported in the same direction, this is called
Symport
During secondary active transport, when two substances are transported in the opposite direction, this is called
Antiport
Clatherin proteins play a role during ______
Endocytosis
__________ is the uptake of large water soluble molecules across the cell membrane in vesicles
Endocytosis
___________ is the movement of large molecules through vesicles across the cell membrane
Exoctyosis
Exocytosis requires _______ (on vesicles) to bind with _______ (on cell membrane)
v-SNARE and t-SNARE
Vesicular and cell membranes can only fuse to release contents when these two transmembrane proteins bind
v-SNARE and t-SNARE
Name three non-membranous organelles
Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes, Centrosomes
Name five membranous organelles
Nucleus, Rough and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, lysosomes and peroxisomes, and mitochondira
Name this organelle:
“Main function: cell support, anchor organelles, aid in movement of cell”
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton contains _________, __________, and __________.
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
____________: mechanical support for cell shape, involved in endocytosis, cell movement, and change in shape (look like beads)
Microfilaments
___________: hold organelles in place, resisting pulling forces on the cell, and attach to desmosomes (look like rope)
Intermediate filaments
_______: guide movement in the cell and helps transport contents/organelles throughout the cell
Microtubules
This organelle are granules containing protein and rRna, and is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Free ________ synthesize soluble proteins
Ribosomes
_________ are located near the nucleus
Centrosomes
_________ generates microtubules and contraines centrioles
Centrosomes
This organelle is bound by a nucleur envelope, has nucelar pores, and contains loosely coiled chromosomes called CHROMATIN
The Nucleus
The nucleolus, in teh center of the nucleus, is the site of ___________
Ribosomal production
Where are ribosomes first made?
The nucleus
Ribosomes ________ through translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm
Produce proteins
True or false, RER has ribosomes attached to the membrane and has enzymes?
False, ribosomes are attached to the membrane but RER does not have enzymes (SER DOES)
Which Endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and horomes?
Smooth ER
True or false: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes, but has enzymes
True
Which organelle consists of flattened sacs stacked in layers?
Golgi Complex
the _________ receives proteins from the ER and modifies them to their final form
Golgi Complex
Which organelle directs protein molecules to their final destination?
Golgi Complex
Which two organelles both contain enzymes and are named “garbage disposals?
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
This vescicular organelle breaks down unessential proteins
Lysosomes
This vescicular organelle detoxify the cell and breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
Peroxisomes
This organelle is the major site of ATP
Mitochondria
This organelle has its own DNA
Mitochondria
Most glucose catabolism happens in the ____________
Mitochondria
Gene expression starts in the _________ and ends in the ________
Nucleus, cytoplasm
DNA is made up of what four nucleotides?
Adenine, Thymine, guanine, and cytosine
RNA is made up of which four nucleotides?
Adenine, URACIL, guanine, and cytosine
Codons are:
The genetic code that is carried in groups of THREE nucleotides
Codones code for _________
specific amino acids
mRNA needs ________ in order to be translated
tRNA
tRNA reads the codons with _________
anti-codons
________ are needed in order to translate mRNA
Ribosomes
_________ carries the _______ to the ribosome
tRNA and amino acids
True or false, the anticodon needs to match the codon to determine order of amino acids
True
is AUG a start codon?
Yes
Is UAA a start codon?
No
is UAG a stop codon?
Yes
When the ribosome reaches _______ everything falls apart and the ________ stops
UAG, translation
When is everything released from the active site?
When the stop codon arrives at the ribosome
Name the five steps of cell division in order when a cell is at interphase:
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokenesis
