Integumentary system Flashcards
The stratum corneum is the first layer of the ______
Epidermis
The stratum basale is the last layer of the ______
Epidermis
The stratum lucid, granulosum, and spinosum are between which two layers within the Epidermis?
Stratum corneum and Stratum Basale
What are the two main layers of skin?
Epidermis and Dermis
Below the dermis lies the:
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous is also a name for the
Hypodermis
Adipose tissue is found in the _____
Hypodermis
Epidermis is the _______ region
Superficial
Dermis if the _____ region
middle
Hypodermis is the ____ region
deepest
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a characteristic of the _______
Epidermis
The 4 cells of the epidermis are _______,_____, ______, and ______
Keratinocytes, Epidermal dendritic cells, Merkel cells, and Melanocytes
Which epidermal cell help activate the immune system?
Epidermal dendritic cells
Another name for epidermal dendritic cells?
Langerhans cells
Which epidermal cell has touch receptors?
Merkel cells
Melanocytes produce:
Pigment melanin
Keratinocytes produce:
Fibrous protein keratin
The stratum _______ is the deepest layer of the epidermis
Basale
The stratum _______ is also called the Stratum Germinativum
Stratum Basale
The Stratum Basale consist of ______ or ______ epithelial cells
Cuboidal or columnar
In the stratum basale, cells undergo _______ every 19-20 days
Mitosis
The Stratum ______ creates a barrier between the _____ and Dermis
Basale, Epidermis
Which layer is known as the prickly layer?
The Stratum Spinosum
Cells in the stratum _______ are bound by _______
Spinosum, bound by desmosomes
The stratum ______ contains ______ granules and _______ cells
Spinosum contains melanin granules and dendritic cells
In the stratum Ganulosum, cells fill with _____
keratin
Which stratum in the epidermis contains cells that change from cuboidal to squamous?
Stratum Granulosum
The stratum _______ produce lipids for ________ the skin
Stratum ganulosum produces lipids for waterproofing the skin
Apoptosis occurs in which stratum?
Granulosum
Which stratum is known as the clear layer?
Lucidum
Stratum lucidum is only found in_____
Thick skin
Stratum ______ is a clear layer of ________ also known as _______
Stratum lucidum is a clear layer of dead cells, also known as keratinocytes
Thick skin, where you’d find the stratum _______ is found in the palms and ____ of your feet
Lucidum, soles
In the stratum corneum, what gives the layer its structural strength and protection?
Dead cells containing keratin
Dead cells in the corneum are surrounded by _____ which prevent _______
Dead cells are surrounded by lipids, which prevent fluid loss
Which stratum contains 20-30 layers of overlapping cells for protection?
Corneum
Because the stratum corneum is the uppermost layer of the epidermis, cells are _______
gradually lost off the surface
_________ are irregularly shaped cells in the _______ layer
Melanocytes, in the basal layer
Melanocytes are ______ shaped cells
irregularly
Melanin is produced by
Melanocytes
Where does Vitamin D-3 go for the final conversion to Vitamin D?
The liver
Melanin is the pigment responsible for______
skin, hair, eye color
Melanin is packaged in vesicles called _______ from the ________
Melanosomes, from the golgi complex
Melanin produces Yellow to ______ to _______
yellow, to reddish brown, to black
Melanin is responsible for freckles and ______
pigmented moles
Carotene is responsible for yellow to ______ and is most obvious in the _____
yellow to orange, is most obvious in the palms and soles
Hemoglobin is responsible for the ______ hue of skin
Pinkish
Which specialized structure of the epidermis alerts the body to the presence of insects?
Hair
Which structure guards the scalp against physical trauma, heat, loss, and sunlight?
Hair
Where is hair NOT found?
Palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia
Hair consists of dead ________ cells
keratinized
Hair contains _____ keratin, and is more durable than soft keratin of the skin
Hard
Which pigment does Hair contain?
Melanin
Grey/white hair means there is a _________
decreased melanin production
The hair follicle is formed in special ______ of the epidermis into the dermal layer
In-foldings
The hair follicle consists of how many layers?
two
the inner and outer root sheath are two layers of _______
hair follicles
The expanded deep end of the hair follicle is called the….
Hair bulb
Hair follicles are connected to:
Sebaceous glands, hair follicle receptors, and arrector pili
Arrector Pili is connected to
hair follicles
Sebaceous glands are connected to
Hair follicles
The hair follicle receptor contains:
sensory nerve endings
_______ is smooth muscle attached to the follicle and responsible for _____
Arrector pili is responsible for goose bumps
the pale, fine body hair of children and adult females is called:
Vellus
the coarse hair is called
Terminal
In hair growth, the _____ phase contains a resting phase
growth phase
Alopecia is:
hair thinning
True, frank baldness is _______ determined
genetically determined
Male pattern baldness is caused by:
Follicular response to DHT
Glandular tissue in the epidermis includes ______ and ______ glands
includes sweat glands and sebaceous glands
The two types of sweat glands are:
Eccrine apocrine
Eccrine sweat glands are abundant on:
Palms, soles, and forehead
Eccrine sweat glands are responsible for:
function in thermoregulation
Apocrine sweat glands are confined to:
Axillary(armpit) and anogenital areas
______ sweat glands are ducts that connect to hair follicles
Aprocrine
Aprocrine sweat glands are functional from _______ and onward
Puberty
Two specialized types of aprocrine sweat glands are ______ and _______
Ceruminous and mammary
Ceruminous glands are found in the
External ear canal
______ glands are widely distributed
Sebaceous
_______ glands are developed from hair follicles
Sebaceous
Which gland becomes active at puberty?
Sebaceous
Sebaceous glands produce:
Sebum
Sebum is ________ and softens hair and skin
Bactericidal
The dermis contains _______, ______ connective tissue
Strong and flexible connective tissue
Cells in the dermis contain ______ and ______ and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
Fibroblasts and macrophages
The dermis has two layers:
Papillary and Reticular
The ________ increases surface area for blood vessel exposure
Dermal Papilla
The _______ lets nutrients reach the cells
Dermal Papilla
The _______ contains nerve cells for sensation detection
Dermal Papilla
The papillary layer of the dermis is made up of _______ connective tissue
Loose Areolar
The __________ with loose areolar connective tissue, comes with collagen and elastic fibers
Papillary
Dermal papillae contain:
- Capillary
- meissners corpuscles
- free nerve endings
The ______ layer of the dermis is _____% of its’ thickness
Reticular layer is 80% of the dermis layers thickness
The _______ layer contains collagen fibers that ________
Reticular layer contains collagen fibers that provide strength and resiliency
The reticular layer contains ______ fibers that provide stretch-recoil properties
Elastic
Vascular tissue in the dermis contains ______ which serves for gas and nutrient exchange, and is important for ________
Capillaries serve for gas and nutrient exchange, and is important for temperature regulation
What forms finger prints?
Epidermal ridges
Epidermal ridges lie atop deeper _______ to form friction ridges of fingerprints
dermal papillary ridges
Why do incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily?
Because you are cutting parallel to collagen fibers arranged in tension lines
Nails are ______ of the epidermis
Modification
Most skin tumors are _____
benign
Skin cancer is caused by:
UV radiation and frequent irritation of the skin
Three major types of skin cancer:
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma
In Basal cell carcinoma, the stratum ______ cells proliferate and slowly invade the _______ and ______
The stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade the dermis and hypodermis
99% of these cases are cured by surgical excision
Basal Cell Carcinoma
________ cell carcinoma involves keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
Squamous cell
This carcinoma is common on the scalp, ears, lower lip and ahnds
Squamous cell
Radiation therapy and surgery cure ________
squamous cell
Melanoma involves:
Melanocytes
Melanoma is highly ______ and resistant to chemotherapy
Metastatic
Melanoma is treated by:
wide surgical excision and immunotherapy
The ABCD rule is applied to:
Melanoma
ABCD is:
Asymmetry, border, color, and diameter
1st degree and 2nd degree burns are:
Partian thickness burns
3rd degree burns are
Full thickness burns
____ degree burns are:
- only in the epidermis
- can heal in a week
- no scarring
1st degree burns
Redness, slight edema, swelling….describes a:
1st degree burn
___ degree burns:
- involve the epidermis and dermis
- heal between 2 weeks and several months
- might scar
2nd degree burn
In 2nd degree burns, the epidermis ________ from tissue in ______ and _______
regenerates from tissue in hair follicles and sweat glands
in ___ degree burns, the epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed, and the hypodermic is damaged
3rd
Which burn is painless?
3rd degree
Healing and recovery from 3rd degree burns happen from ______
edges of the burn wound
Healing range of 3rd degree burns?
Months to years
