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Anatomy and physiology I lecture > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

The stratum corneum is the first layer of the ______

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

The stratum basale is the last layer of the ______

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

The stratum lucid, granulosum, and spinosum are between which two layers within the Epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum and Stratum Basale

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4
Q

What are the two main layers of skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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5
Q

Below the dermis lies the:

A

Hypodermis

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6
Q

Subcutaneous is also a name for the

A

Hypodermis

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7
Q

Adipose tissue is found in the _____

A

Hypodermis

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8
Q

Epidermis is the _______ region

A

Superficial

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9
Q

Dermis if the _____ region

A

middle

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10
Q

Hypodermis is the ____ region

A

deepest

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11
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a characteristic of the _______

A

Epidermis

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12
Q

The 4 cells of the epidermis are _______,_____, ______, and ______

A

Keratinocytes, Epidermal dendritic cells, Merkel cells, and Melanocytes

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13
Q

Which epidermal cell help activate the immune system?

A

Epidermal dendritic cells

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14
Q

Another name for epidermal dendritic cells?

A

Langerhans cells

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15
Q

Which epidermal cell has touch receptors?

A

Merkel cells

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16
Q

Melanocytes produce:

A

Pigment melanin

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17
Q

Keratinocytes produce:

A

Fibrous protein keratin

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18
Q

The stratum _______ is the deepest layer of the epidermis

A

Basale

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19
Q

The stratum _______ is also called the Stratum Germinativum

A

Stratum Basale

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20
Q

The Stratum Basale consist of ______ or ______ epithelial cells

A

Cuboidal or columnar

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21
Q

In the stratum basale, cells undergo _______ every 19-20 days

A

Mitosis

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22
Q

The Stratum ______ creates a barrier between the _____ and Dermis

A

Basale, Epidermis

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23
Q

Which layer is known as the prickly layer?

A

The Stratum Spinosum

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24
Q

Cells in the stratum _______ are bound by _______

A

Spinosum, bound by desmosomes

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25
Q

The stratum ______ contains ______ granules and _______ cells

A

Spinosum contains melanin granules and dendritic cells

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26
Q

In the stratum Ganulosum, cells fill with _____

A

keratin

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27
Q

Which stratum in the epidermis contains cells that change from cuboidal to squamous?

A

Stratum Granulosum

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28
Q

The stratum _______ produce lipids for ________ the skin

A

Stratum ganulosum produces lipids for waterproofing the skin

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29
Q

Apoptosis occurs in which stratum?

A

Granulosum

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30
Q

Which stratum is known as the clear layer?

A

Lucidum

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31
Q

Stratum lucidum is only found in_____

A

Thick skin

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32
Q

Stratum ______ is a clear layer of ________ also known as _______

A

Stratum lucidum is a clear layer of dead cells, also known as keratinocytes

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33
Q

Thick skin, where you’d find the stratum _______ is found in the palms and ____ of your feet

A

Lucidum, soles

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34
Q

In the stratum corneum, what gives the layer its structural strength and protection?

A

Dead cells containing keratin

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35
Q

Dead cells in the corneum are surrounded by _____ which prevent _______

A

Dead cells are surrounded by lipids, which prevent fluid loss

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36
Q

Which stratum contains 20-30 layers of overlapping cells for protection?

A

Corneum

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37
Q

Because the stratum corneum is the uppermost layer of the epidermis, cells are _______

A

gradually lost off the surface

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38
Q

_________ are irregularly shaped cells in the _______ layer

A

Melanocytes, in the basal layer

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39
Q

Melanocytes are ______ shaped cells

A

irregularly

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40
Q

Melanin is produced by

A

Melanocytes

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41
Q

Where does Vitamin D-3 go for the final conversion to Vitamin D?

A

The liver

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42
Q

Melanin is the pigment responsible for______

A

skin, hair, eye color

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43
Q

Melanin is packaged in vesicles called _______ from the ________

A

Melanosomes, from the golgi complex

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44
Q

Melanin produces Yellow to ______ to _______

A

yellow, to reddish brown, to black

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45
Q

Melanin is responsible for freckles and ______

A

pigmented moles

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46
Q

Carotene is responsible for yellow to ______ and is most obvious in the _____

A

yellow to orange, is most obvious in the palms and soles

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47
Q

Hemoglobin is responsible for the ______ hue of skin

A

Pinkish

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48
Q

Which specialized structure of the epidermis alerts the body to the presence of insects?

A

Hair

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49
Q

Which structure guards the scalp against physical trauma, heat, loss, and sunlight?

A

Hair

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50
Q

Where is hair NOT found?

A

Palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia

51
Q

Hair consists of dead ________ cells

A

keratinized

52
Q

Hair contains _____ keratin, and is more durable than soft keratin of the skin

A

Hard

53
Q

Which pigment does Hair contain?

A

Melanin

54
Q

Grey/white hair means there is a _________

A

decreased melanin production

55
Q

The hair follicle is formed in special ______ of the epidermis into the dermal layer

A

In-foldings

56
Q

The hair follicle consists of how many layers?

A

two

57
Q

the inner and outer root sheath are two layers of _______

A

hair follicles

58
Q

The expanded deep end of the hair follicle is called the….

A

Hair bulb

59
Q

Hair follicles are connected to:

A

Sebaceous glands, hair follicle receptors, and arrector pili

60
Q

Arrector Pili is connected to

A

hair follicles

61
Q

Sebaceous glands are connected to

A

Hair follicles

62
Q

The hair follicle receptor contains:

A

sensory nerve endings

63
Q

_______ is smooth muscle attached to the follicle and responsible for _____

A

Arrector pili is responsible for goose bumps

64
Q

the pale, fine body hair of children and adult females is called:

A

Vellus

65
Q

the coarse hair is called

A

Terminal

66
Q

In hair growth, the _____ phase contains a resting phase

A

growth phase

67
Q

Alopecia is:

A

hair thinning

68
Q

True, frank baldness is _______ determined

A

genetically determined

69
Q

Male pattern baldness is caused by:

A

Follicular response to DHT

70
Q

Glandular tissue in the epidermis includes ______ and ______ glands

A

includes sweat glands and sebaceous glands

71
Q

The two types of sweat glands are:

A

Eccrine apocrine

72
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are abundant on:

A

Palms, soles, and forehead

73
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are responsible for:

A

function in thermoregulation

74
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are confined to:

A

Axillary(armpit) and anogenital areas

75
Q

______ sweat glands are ducts that connect to hair follicles

A

Aprocrine

76
Q

Aprocrine sweat glands are functional from _______ and onward

A

Puberty

77
Q

Two specialized types of aprocrine sweat glands are ______ and _______

A

Ceruminous and mammary

78
Q

Ceruminous glands are found in the

A

External ear canal

79
Q

______ glands are widely distributed

A

Sebaceous

80
Q

_______ glands are developed from hair follicles

A

Sebaceous

81
Q

Which gland becomes active at puberty?

A

Sebaceous

82
Q

Sebaceous glands produce:

A

Sebum

83
Q

Sebum is ________ and softens hair and skin

A

Bactericidal

84
Q

The dermis contains _______, ______ connective tissue

A

Strong and flexible connective tissue

85
Q

Cells in the dermis contain ______ and ______ and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

A

Fibroblasts and macrophages

86
Q

The dermis has two layers:

A

Papillary and Reticular

87
Q

The ________ increases surface area for blood vessel exposure

A

Dermal Papilla

88
Q

The _______ lets nutrients reach the cells

A

Dermal Papilla

89
Q

The _______ contains nerve cells for sensation detection

A

Dermal Papilla

90
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis is made up of _______ connective tissue

A

Loose Areolar

91
Q

The __________ with loose areolar connective tissue, comes with collagen and elastic fibers

A

Papillary

92
Q

Dermal papillae contain:

A
  • Capillary
  • meissners corpuscles
  • free nerve endings
93
Q

The ______ layer of the dermis is _____% of its’ thickness

A

Reticular layer is 80% of the dermis layers thickness

94
Q

The _______ layer contains collagen fibers that ________

A

Reticular layer contains collagen fibers that provide strength and resiliency

95
Q

The reticular layer contains ______ fibers that provide stretch-recoil properties

A

Elastic

96
Q

Vascular tissue in the dermis contains ______ which serves for gas and nutrient exchange, and is important for ________

A

Capillaries serve for gas and nutrient exchange, and is important for temperature regulation

97
Q

What forms finger prints?

A

Epidermal ridges

98
Q

Epidermal ridges lie atop deeper _______ to form friction ridges of fingerprints

A

dermal papillary ridges

99
Q

Why do incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily?

A

Because you are cutting parallel to collagen fibers arranged in tension lines

100
Q

Nails are ______ of the epidermis

A

Modification

101
Q

Most skin tumors are _____

A

benign

102
Q

Skin cancer is caused by:

A

UV radiation and frequent irritation of the skin

103
Q

Three major types of skin cancer:

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

104
Q

In Basal cell carcinoma, the stratum ______ cells proliferate and slowly invade the _______ and ______

A

The stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade the dermis and hypodermis

105
Q

99% of these cases are cured by surgical excision

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

106
Q

________ cell carcinoma involves keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

A

Squamous cell

107
Q

This carcinoma is common on the scalp, ears, lower lip and ahnds

A

Squamous cell

108
Q

Radiation therapy and surgery cure ________

A

squamous cell

109
Q

Melanoma involves:

A

Melanocytes

110
Q

Melanoma is highly ______ and resistant to chemotherapy

A

Metastatic

111
Q

Melanoma is treated by:

A

wide surgical excision and immunotherapy

112
Q

The ABCD rule is applied to:

A

Melanoma

113
Q

ABCD is:

A

Asymmetry, border, color, and diameter

114
Q

1st degree and 2nd degree burns are:

A

Partian thickness burns

115
Q

3rd degree burns are

A

Full thickness burns

116
Q

____ degree burns are:

  • only in the epidermis
  • can heal in a week
  • no scarring
A

1st degree burns

117
Q

Redness, slight edema, swelling….describes a:

A

1st degree burn

118
Q

___ degree burns:

  • involve the epidermis and dermis
  • heal between 2 weeks and several months
  • might scar
A

2nd degree burn

119
Q

In 2nd degree burns, the epidermis ________ from tissue in ______ and _______

A

regenerates from tissue in hair follicles and sweat glands

120
Q

in ___ degree burns, the epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed, and the hypodermic is damaged

A

3rd

121
Q

Which burn is painless?

A

3rd degree

122
Q

Healing and recovery from 3rd degree burns happen from ______

A

edges of the burn wound

123
Q

Healing range of 3rd degree burns?

A

Months to years

Anatomy and physiology I lecture (14 decks)

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