Exam #2 areas to work on

Question 1

Hypocalcemia _________ the heart

Answer 1

depresses

Question 2

Hypercalcemia: _________ heart rate

Answer 2

increases

Question 3

Hyperkalemia does what?

Answer 3

Alters electrical activity—leads to cardiac arrest

Question 4

Hypokalemia does what?

Answer 4

Causes a feeble heart rate–arrhythmias

Question 5

What is the normal, average cardiac output?

Answer 5

5.25 L/min

Question 6

What is cardiac output?

Answer 6

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

Question 7

What is stroke volume?

Answer 7

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each beat

Question 8

What is the maximal cardiac out put?

Answer 8

20-25 L/min (4-5 times the resting)

Question 9

70mL/beat describes what?

Answer 9

average stroke volume

Question 10

What is cardiac reserve?

Answer 10

Difference between resting and maximal CO

Question 11

Heart rate can be increased via the sympathetic nervous system. How is this done?

Answer 11

Norepinephrine is released and binds to B1-adrenergic receptors. This causes pacemaker cells to fire rapidly.

Question 12

Heart rate can be decreased via the autonomic nervous system. How is this done?

Answer 12

The parasympathetic nervous system opposes the sympathetic effects by using acetylcholine to hyperpolarize the pacemaker cells, slowing down the heart rate

Question 13

When does the heart exhibit vagal tone?

Answer 13

At rest

Question 14

Is the parasympathetic nervous system the dominant influence on heart rate?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

Does cutting the vagal nerve increase or decrease the HR? What does it go up to?

Answer 15

Increase; around ~100

Question 16

Is Tachycardia an abnormally fast or slow heart beat?

Answer 16

Fast ( > 100 beats/min)

Question 17

Is Bradycardia an abnormally fast or slow heart rate?

Answer 17

Slow 60 beats/min

Question 18

What layer of the tunica intima is found only in vessels larger than 1mm?

Answer 18

The subendothelial (connective tissue basement membrane)

Question 19

Which layer is the bulkiest and responsible for maintaining blood flow and pressure?

Answer 19

Tunica media

Question 20

The tunica _____ is innervated with sympathetic nerve fibers that control vasoconstriction and dilation

Answer 20

media

Question 21

The tunica adventitia (externa) is made up of _____ fibers to protect and reinforce the wall and anchor it to surrounding structures

Answer 21

collagen

Question 22

The tunica ______, like the tunica media, is also infiltrated with nerve fibers but also has _____ vessels on its surface

Answer 22

externa has lymphatic vessels

Question 23

Are elastic arteries thick walled?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

Are elastic aortas called distributing arteries?

Answer 24

No, they’re called conducting

Question 25

Within elastic arteries, elastin is found in all three tunica but more is found in the tunica _____

Answer 25

media

Question 26

Are elastic arteries inactive or active in vasoconstriction?

Answer 26

Inactive

Question 27

Do the diameters of muscular arteries range from pinky-finger size to pencil-lead size?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

Which type of arteries account for most of the named arteries?

Answer 28

Muscular

Question 29

Which type of arteries have the thickest tunica media with more smooth muscle, but less elastic tissue?

Answer 29

Muscular

Question 30

Even though muscular arteries have less of this, the tunica media is sandwiched between two _______ membranes

Answer 30

Elastic membranes

Question 31

Are muscular arteries active or inactive in vasoconstriction?

Answer 31

Active

Question 32

Arterioles are mostly a single layer of smooth muscle surrounding _________ cells

Answer 32

endothelial

Question 33

Which arteries control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction of smooth muscle?

Answer 33

Arterioles

Question 34

Arterioles are also called _______ arteries

Answer 34

resistance

Question 35

Do pericytes control permeability and play a role in vessel repair?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

Do pericytes supply almost every cell except for cartilage, capillaries, cornea, epithelia, and lens of the eye?

Answer 36

True except pericytes do supply capillaries

Question 37

Which capillaries are abundant in muscles, lungs, and the CNS?

Answer 37

Continuous

Question 38

Which type of capillaries are found in the kidneys and intestines?

Answer 38

Fenestrated

Question 39

Are fenestrated capillaries found in areas that are active in endocrine hormone secretion?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

Why are continuous capillaries of the brain unique?

Answer 40

They form the blood brain barrier and are totally enclosed via tight junctions and NO cellular clefts

Question 41

Which type of capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla?

Answer 41

Sinusoidal

Question 42

Do sinusoidal capillaries have complete basement membranes?

Answer 42

No, they're incomplete

Question 43

Which type of blood capillaries contain macrophages in the lining to capture and destroy foreign invaders?

Answer 43

Sinusoidal

Question 44

Are vascular shunts channels that connect the arteriole directly with the venule?

Answer 44

Yes

Question 45

What are true capillaries?

Answer 45

Actual vessels involved in exchange

Question 46

True capillaries contain 10-1,000 vessels per capillary bed. T or F

Answer 46

False, 10-100

Question 47

Capillaries don't just unite into veins. What do capillaries unite to form before forming into veins?

Answer 47

Post capillary venules

Question 48

Are post capillary very porous or impermeable?

Answer 48

Very porous

Question 49

Veins have a thinner tunica _____ and a thicker tunica _____

Answer 49

thinner media; thicker externa

Question 50

Veins are also called _______ vessels

Answer 50

capacitance vessels

Question 51

65% of the body's blood supply is found in the _____

Answer 51

veins

Question 52

Are venous sinuses flattened veins with extremely thin walls?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

Are venous sinuses composed of only loose reticular connective tissue?

Answer 53

No, they are composed of only endothelium