Nervous System Flashcards
-Brain and Spinal cord compose the _____
CNS
The two principal cell types of nervous tissue are?
Neurons and Neuroglia
“excitable cells that transmit electrical signals” what are these?
Neurons
How many types of Neuroglia cells are there?
six
Are astrocytes and ependymal cells neuroglia cells?
Yes
Are microglia and oligondendrocyres neuroglia cells?
Yes
Are schwann and satellite cells neuroglia cells?
Yes
Which neuroglia cell is the most abundant?
Astrocytes
“Projections surround capillaries, neurons, synaptic endings, forming the blood/brain barrier” Which neuroglia cell is this?
Astrocytes
What do astrocytes regulate?
They regulate components of the brain fluids
Are neuroglia cells that produce electricity?
No, they are supporting cells. Only the neuron does
Astrocytes exchange ______ and _____
Nutrients and waste
Which neuroglia cell has an exchange of nutrients and waste?
Astrocytes
Do astrocytes bind to neurons?
Yes
Which neuroglia helps determine capillary permeability?
Astrocytes
Which neuroglia cell has the job of the guiding migration of young neurons?
Astrocytes
Do astrocytes help the neuron by processing information in the brain?
Yes
This neuroglia cell is found in the lining of ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. Which neuroglia cell am I?
Ependymal Cells
The choroid plexus (blood venues surrounded by ependymal cells) in ventricles secrete _______ ______
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cilia assist in the movement of cerebrospinal flood in which neuroglia cell?
Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells range in shape from _____ to ______
squamous to columnar
Can ependymal cells be ciliated?
Yeah, sometimes
Microglia are like _______
Macrophages
“Macrophages that respond to infection in the CNS” What am I?
A microglia cell
Which neuroglia cell is involved in phagocytize(ing)
Microglia
Which cells in the CNS are defensive cells?
Microglial
Which neuroglia cell provide the myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes insulate ____ in the CNS
Axons
_______ help propagate action potentials in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
How many oligodendrocytes does it take to myelinate multiple axons?
ONE
Which neuroglia cell surrounds the neuron cell bodies in the PNS?
Satellite Cells
Schwann cells are also called _______
neurolemmocytes
How many schwann cells does it take to myelinate one axon?
ONE
Schwann cells provide the _____ ____ for neurons in the PNS
Myelin Sheath
Just like Oligodendrocytes, this neuroglia cell helps propagate action potentials in the PNS
Schwann cells
_____ cells support and provide nutrition for sensory neuron cell bodies
Satellite Cells
Dendrites are _____, ______, and diffusely branches
Short, tapering
Which part of a neuron is the receptive region?
Dendrites
______ convey electrical signals toward the cell body as graded potentials
Dendrites
______ convey electrical signals toward the cell body as graded potentials
Dendrites
There is ____ axon per cell and it arises from the ____ ____
one; axon hillock
The ______ has numerous terminal branches
Axon
the axon has _____ _____ branches
numerous terminal
The axon has _____ _____ terminals, also called _______
knoblike axon terminals; boutons
The axon releases __________ to excite or inhibit other cells
Neurotransmitters
What is the function of an axon?
Generates and Transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body
Axons generate and transmit nerve impulses (___ ___) away from the cell body
Action Potentials
Graded potentials can be either high, low, or built up. True?
Yes
Molecules and organelles are moved along axons by motor molecules in two directions.
- ______
- ______
Anterograde and Retrograde
Molecules and organelles are moved along axons in ______ direction when they go toward the axonal terminal
Anterograde
Molecules and organelles are moved along axons in ______ direction when they go toward the cell body
Retrograde
The _____ ____ is a segmented protein-lipoid sheath around most or large diameter axons
Myelin Sheath
The function of the myelin sheath is to protect and _____ ____ the eaxon
Electrically insulate
The myelin sheath increases the speed of ____ _____ _____
Nerve impulse transmission
The ______ is the peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm
Neurilemma
___ _____ wrap many times around the axon
Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier are myelin sheath _____ between adjacent schwann cells
Gaps
Where can axon collaterals emerge?
The nodes of ranvier
Which nerve fibers are unmyelinated? Thick or thin?
Thin
Myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by processes of ___________
Oligodendrocytes
Are nodes of ranvier present in Myelin sheaths of the CNS?
Yes
_____ matter are dense collections of myelinated fibers
White
____ matter are mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
Gray
Types of neurons
- _______
- ________
- ________
Multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and pseudo unipolar neurons
Finish slide 50
:)
Most motor neurons are ______ neurons
Multipolar neurons
Bi polar neurons have one _____ and one _____
dendrite and axon
Multipolar neurons have many _____ with a single _____
Dendrites and a single axon
Which type of neuron has many dendrites and a single axon?
Multipolar neurons
Which type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon?
Bi polar neurons
_____-_____ nuerons have a single process EXTENDING from the cell body
Pseudo-Unipolar neurons
Two main types of ion channels?
- _______
- ________
Leakage non gated channels (always open) and gated channels
Three types of gated channels?
Chemically, voltage-gated, and mechanically gated channels
_____ _____ channels open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter
Chemically gated
_____ _____ channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential
Voltage-gated
_______ _____ channels open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors
Mechanically gated channels
When gates channels are open, ____ ____ quickly across the membrane along their electrochemical gradients
Ions diffuse
IPSPS causes the neuron to _____ ____
shut down
10 EPSP + 5 IPSP = 5 EPSP. Is there action potential?
yaaasssss
Biogenic amines include _______ and _______
Catecholamines and indolamines
Biogenic amines play roles in ______ ______ and the _______ clock
emotional behaviors and the biological clock
Catecholamines include _______, _______(NE), and __________
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Indolamines include ______ and ______
serotonin and histamine
Most neurons make two or more ________, which are released at different ______ ________
neurotransmitters; stimulation frequencies
GABA, Glycine, Aspartate, and glutamate are all ____ _____
amino acids
Which two amino acids are inhibitory?
GABA and Glycine
Which two amino acids are excitatory?
Aspartate and Glutamate
The three main peptides are _______, ______, and __-________
Substance P, Endorphins, and gut-brain peptides
Substance P is a mediator of _____ signals
Pain
Endorphins, a peptide, act as natural ______,
opiates
Do ions diffuse quickly when chemical concentration gradients go from higher to lower concentration? or lower to higher concentration?
Higher concentration to lower concentration
Ions can diffuse quickly when _____ _____ are open
gated channels
Ions diffuse quickly across the membrane along their electrochemical gradients, and also along electrical gradients toward _____ _____ charge
opposite electrical charge
Ion flow creates an ____ _____ and voltage changes across the membrane
electrical current
“Approximately -70 mV in neurons” Does this mean resting membrane potential is occurring?
Yes
Resting membrane potenital is equal to how many mV in neurons?
-70
Resting membrane potential is generated by differences in _____ makeup of ____ and _____
ionic makeup of ICF and ECF
ICF has a lower concentration of ___ and ____ than ECF
Na+ and Cl-
ICF has a higher concentration of ___ and negatively charged proteins (___) than ECF
K+ and (A-)
____ has a lower concentration of Na+ and Cl- than ____
ICF; ECF
___ has a higher concentration of K+ and negatively charged proteins (A-) than ____
ICF; ECF
In resting membrane potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ___ (through leakage channels)
Na+
In resting membrane potential, the membrane is 75 times more permeable to ___ (through leakage channels)
K+
When is the membrane freely permeable to Cl-?
Resting membrane potential
During Resting membrane potential, the negative interior of the cell is due to much greater diffusion of ____ out of the cell than Na+ diffusion into the cell
K+
Resting membrane potential, _____-_____ pumps stabilize the resting membrane potential by maintaining the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+
Sodium-Potassium pumps
Membrane potential changes when ________ of ions across the membrane change
concentrations
Membrane potential changes when ______ of the membrane to ions changes
permeability
Changes in membrane potential are signals used to _____, _____, and send information
receive, integrate
In membrane potential, there are two types of signals. ______ potentials and _____ potentials
Graded and Action
_____ potentials are responsible for incoming ____-_____ signals
Graded potentials are responsible for incoming short-distance signals
_____ potentials are responsible for ___-____ signals of axons
Action potentials are responsible for long-distance signals of axons
A graded local potential is when stimulus causes Na+ ______ to open for a short period on the ____ body and _____ of the nerve cell
channels; cell body and dendrites
In a graded local potential, open channels allow Na+ to move into the ____, causing a change in the membranes electrical potential
call
“EXCITATION” causes channels to open in a graded local potential. Excitation stands for…..
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential
“INHIBITION” in a graded local potential: stimulus causes channels to close. Inhibition stands for…
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
During changes in Membrane Potential, Depolarization occurs, which is a reduction in _____ _____ ( toward zero)
membrane potential
During depolarization, the inside of the membrane becomes less _____ than the resting potential
Negative
One change in the membrane potential is Hyperpolarization, which is an _____ in membrane potential (away from zero)
Increase
During hyper polarization, the inside of the membrane becomes more _____ than the resting potential
negative
Graded potentials are short lived, ______ changes in membrane potential
Localized
Graded potentials are responsible for ______ or ________ (polarizations)
Depolarizations or Hyperpolarizations
During Graded potentials, they spread as _____ _____ change the membrane potential of adjacent regions
Local currents
Graded potentials occur when a stimulus causes ____ ____ channels to open
Gated Ion
In graded potentials, ______ varies directly with stimulus strength
Magnitude
In graded potentials, there is a decrease in magnitude with ______, as ions flow and diffuse through leakage channels
distance
Action potentials are a brief ______ of membrane potential with a total amplitude of 100 mV
reversal
Action potential occurs in muscle ____ and _____ of neurons
cells and axons of neruons
Action potential does or does not decrease in magnitude over distance?
Does not
Action potential is the principal means of ____-distance neural communication
long distance
In the resting state during the generation of an action potential, only leakage channels for ___ and ___ are open
Na+ and k+
In the resting state during the generation of an action potential, all gated na+ and K+ channels are ____
closed
are leakage channels open or closed during the resting state of an action potential?
Open
Are gated channels open or closed during the resting state of an action potential?
closed
Gated Na+ channels have two ___-____ gates, which are _____ gates and _____ gates
Voltage-sensitive; activation; inactivation
The Na+ voltage sensitive ______ gate is closed at rest, and opens with depolarization
activation
The Na+ voltage sensitive _____ gate opens at rest, blocked during repolarization
inactivation
K+ gates channels have ___ voltage sensitive gates
ONE
Are K+ gated channels open or closed at rest?
Closed
______ local currents open voltage-gated Na+ channels
Depolarizing
In the depolarizing phase, ___ influx causes more depolarization
Na+
At threshold, positive feedback leads to the opening of all ___ channels, and a reversal of membrane polarity to +30mV (spike of ____ ____)
Na+ channels; action potential
In the repolarizing phase, ____ channel slow inactivation, which causes gates to ____
Na+; close
In the repolarizing phase, membrane permeability to ____ declines
Na+
In the repolarizing phase, voltage sensitive ___ gates open
K+
In the repolarizing phase, ___ exits the cell and internal ____ is restored
k+; negativity
During hyper polarization, some ___ channels remain open, allowing excessive efflux
K+
During hyper polarization, when some K+ channels remain open and causing excessive K+ efflux, ___-hyperpolarization occurs
after-hyperpolarization
The role of the sodium-potassium pump is to cause _______
repolarization
Which pump is responsible for repolarization?
Sodium-potassium pump
The sodium-potassium pump restores the resting ______ conditions of the neuron during repolarization
electrial
The sodium-potassium pump allows _____ redistribution back to resting conditions
Ionic
____ influx during an action potential causes a patch of the _____ membrane to depolarize
Na+; axonal
During an action potential, _______ opens voltage-gated channels and triggers an AP
Depolarization
______ wave follows the depolarization wave
Repolarization
At _____, Na+ permeability increases, and Na influx exceeds ___ efflux
Threshold; K+
______ stimulus: weak local depolarization that does not reach threshold
Subthreshold
_____ stimulus: Strong enough to push the membrane potential toward and beyond threshold
Threshold
___ us an all-or-none phenomenon, they either happen completely or not at all
Action potential
Are all action potentials alike?
Yes
____ stimuli can generate action potentials more often than ___ stimuli
Strong;weak, duh.
The ____ determines stimulus intensity by the frequency of impulses
CNS
The ____ period ensures that each AP is an all-or-none event
Refractory
The Refractor period ensures that an ____ ____ happens or doesn’t happen
Action potential
The _____ period ensures one-way transmission of nerve impulses
Refractory
Concerning conduction velocity, effect of _____ ____ : Large diameter fivers have less resistance to local current flow and have faster impulse conduction
Effect of axon diameter
Concerning conduction velocity, Effect of _____ : continuous conduction in unmyelinated axons is slower than saltatory conduction in myelinated axons
Effect of Myelination
Concerning conduction velocity, effect of myelination: Myelin sheaths ____ and ____ leakage of charge
Insulate and prevent
Effect of myelination: _____ ____ in myelinated axons is about 30 times faster
Saltatory conduction
The _____ is a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron
Synapse
The ______ neuron conducts impulses towards the synapse
Presynaptic
The ______ neuron transmits impulses away from the synapse
Postsynaptic
The two types of synapses are ______ and ______
Axodentritic and Axosomatic
_______, a type of synapse, is between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of aother
Axodendritic
______, a type of synapse, is between the axon of one neuron and the soma of anothrt
Axosomatic
_____ synapses are less common than chemical synapses
Electrical
in electrical synapses, neurons are joined by ___ _____
gap junctions
______ is very rapid with electrical synapses
Communication
Electrical synapses are important in _____ tissue and some ___ regions
Embryonic; brain
_____ synapses are specialized for the release and reception of _______
Chemical; neurotransmitters
Chemical synapses are composed of two parts. What are they?
Axon terminal; REceptor region
The ____ ___ of the presynaptic neuron, which contains synaptic vesicles
Axon terminal
The _____ ___ is on the postsynaptic neuron
Receptor region
The ____ ____ is a fluid-filled space separating the _____ and _____ neurons (hint: chemical synapses)
Synaptic cleft; presynaptic and postsynaptic
transmission across the synaptic cleft is a _____ event
chemical
Transmission across the synaptic cleft involves _____, diffusion, and _____ of ________
release, diffusion, and binding of neurotransmitters
The synaptic cleft ensures _______ communication between neurons
unidirectional
AP arrives at the _____ _____ of the presynaptic neuron and _____ voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
axon terminal; opens
_______ protein binds Ca2+
Synaptotagmin
______ of neurotransmitter occurs during the information transfer of AP
Exocytosis
during the information transfer of AP, _________ diffuses and binds to receptors. (often _____ gated ion channels)
Neurotransmitter; (chemically gated)
____ channels are opened during the information transfer of an AP, causing an excitatory or inhibitory event. This is a _____ potential
Ion; graded
https://quizlet.com/5656494/learn
Great quiz
Postsynaptic potentials are also ______ potentials
graded
The strength of a postsynaptic potential is determined by the amount of ______ released
neurotransmitter
The strength of a _______ potential is determined by the time the neurotransmitter is in the area
Postsynaptic
Two types of Postsynaptic potentials: _____ and _____
EPSP and IPSP
EPSP: _____ postsynaptic potentials
excitatory
IPSP: ______ postsynaptic potentials
Inhibitory
With EPSPS’s, the _______ binds to and opens chemically gated channels that allow simultaneous flow of ____ and ____ in opposite directions
Neurotransmitters; Na+ and K+
With EPSP’s, Na+ influx is greater than K+ efflux, causing a net ________
depolarization
EPSP helps trigger ____ ____ at axon hillock
Action potential
With IPSP’s, _______ bind to and opens channels for ____ or ___
Neurotransmitters; K+ or Cl-
With IPSP’s, _______ occurs, and the surface of the membrane becomes more _____
Hyperpolarization; negative
IPSPS’s reduce the postsynaptic neurons ability to produce an _____ _____
Action potential
A single _____ cannot induce an action potential
EPSP
EPSP’s can ____ to reach threshold
summate
ISPS’s can summate with _____, canceling each other out
EPSP’s
What are the two different types of Summation?
Temporal and Spatial
“One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order” Which summation is this?
Temporal
“Postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time” Which type of summation is this?
Spatial
In spatial summation, postsynaptic neurons are stimulated by a large number of _____ at the same time
Terminals
With temporal summation, one or more postsynaptic neurons transmit ______ in rapid-fire order
impulses
To activate a resting cell, Na+ must enter the cell through chemically or electrically gated channels. This is depolarization or repolarization?
depolarization
Chemically gated Na+ channels have transmembrane _____ ____
Protein channels
Chemically gated Na+ channels open when bound by a specific _______
neurotransmitters
Chemically gated Na+ channels allow Na+ to go down its _______ ______ (enter the cell)
concentration gradient
Chemically gated Na+ channels change the inside of the membrane charge from -70mv to _____ (threshold)
-55mv
-55mv is _____
Threshold
Electrically gated Na+ channels open when the inside of the membrane reaches ______ at -_ _mv
Threshold; -55mv
Electrically gated Na+ channels propagate ____ ___ to other parts of the cell membrane
action potential
___ channels are responsible for depolarization
Na+
Na+ channels open and allow Na+ to rush into the cell making it more positive during ______
depolarization
_______ is when the membrane comes back to -70mv
Repolarization
____ channels are responsible for repolarization
K+
K+ channels open and allow K+ to leave the cell, making it more negative again. This is _______
repolarization
Demylenated neurons are not insulated by _____ cells or __________
Schwann; oligodendrocytes
_____ neurons take longer to propagate an action potential down their axon
Demyelinated
With ______ neurons, action potentials have a greater chance of dying out, due to a lack of _____
demyelinated; insulation
Myelinated neurons are insulated by _____ cells or _______
schwann; oligodendrocytes
Myelinated neurons are much faster at propagating ____ ____ down their axons
action potentials
Action potentials don’t die out thanks to ______ neurons
myelinated
Synaptic potentiation: repeated use increases the efficiency of __________
neurotransmission
Presynaptic inhibition: the release of excitatory neurotransmitters by one neuron may be ______ by the activity of another neuron via an ______ synapse
inhibited; axoaxonic
WIth presynaptic inhibition, less _______ is released, and smaller EPSP’s are formed
Neurotransmitter
Most neurons make two or more ______, which are released at different stimulation frequencies
neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (AcH) is released at neuromuscular ______ and some ANS neurons
junctions
AcH is synthesized by choline _______
acetyltransferase
AcH is degraded b the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Gut-brain peptides, have ______ (inhibitory through 2nd messengers)
Somatostatin
Another chemical neurotransmitter are Purines (such as ATP) and act in the ___ and ___
CNS and PNS
Purines produce ____ or ____ responses
fast or slow
Purines induce _____ influx in astrocytes
Ca2+
Purines provoke ____ _____
pain sensation
Which neurotransmitter provokes pain sensations?
Purines
Which neurotransmitter induces Ca2+ influx?
Purines
The neurotransmitter ____ ___ activates the intracellular receptor guanylyl cyclase
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide activates _____ ____
guanylyl cyclase
Nitric oxide is involed in _____ and _____
learning and memory
Is nitric oxide excitatory or inhibitory?
Exitatory
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a regulator of _____ in the brain
cGMP
The neurotransmitter endocannabinoids are synthesized on demand from _____ ______
membrane lipids
endocannabinoids bind with __-protein-coupled receptors in the brain
G-proteins
endocannabinoids are involved in ____ and ____
learning and memory
Neurotransmitter effects may be excitatory (_____) and/or inhibitory (______)
Depolarizing; hyperpolarizing
Neurotransmitters are determined by the receptor type of the ______ neuron
postsynaptic
GABA and glycine are usually excitatory or inhibitory?
inhibitory
Glutamate is usually inhibitory or excitatory?
Excitatory
Where is acetylcholine excitatory at?
In the skeletal muscle
Where is acetylcholine inhibitory at?
In cardiac muscle
Direct action occurs in these two neurotransmitters:
ACh and amino acids
In indirection action, neurotransmitters bind to a G-protein-linked _____ and acts trough an intracellular ______ ______
receptor; second messenger
Indirect action promotes long-lasting _____
effects
Indirect action neurotransmitters include biogenic _____, neuropeptides, and _____ gases
Amines; dissolved
What are two types of neurotransmitter receptors?
Channel-linked and G protein-linked
Channel-linked receptors have ____-____ ion channels
Ligand-gated
With channel-linked receptors, Na+ influx contributes to _______
depolarization
With channel-linked receptors, inhibitory receptors allow Cl- influx or K+ efflux that causes ________
Hyperpolarization
G protein linked receptors have _______ _____ complexes
Transmembrane protein
With G protein linked receptors, responses are indirect, slow, _____, and often prolonged
complex
Muscarinic ACh receptors are an example of which receptor?
G protein linked receptors
Are epinephrine/norepinephrine and neuropeptides examples of G-protein linked receptors?
Yes
______ bind to the g protein linked receptor
Neurotransmitter
After the neurotransmitter binds to the g protein-linked receptor, what is activated?
The G-protein
Activated G-proteins control the production of _____ ____
second messengers
Are cyclic AMP, GMP, diacylglycerol and Ca2+ all second messengers?
Yes
Second messengers _____ or _____ ion channels
open or close
Second messengers activate_____ enzymes
kinase
Second messengers _______ channel proteins
Phosphorylate
Second messengers activate _____ and induce protein synthesis
genes
“Input travels along one pathway to a specific destination” This is _____ processing
Serial
“Works in an all-or-none manner to produce a specific response” This is _____ processing
Serial
An example of serial processing would be _____: rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that always cause the same response
Reflex
In serial processing, _____ arcs (pathways) have five essential components: receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, and effector
Reflex
“Paired spinal and cranial nerves carry messages to and from the CNS” This composes the _____
PNS
The PNS has two functional divisions, the ______(afferent) division and the ______(efferent) division.
Sensory and Motor
The motor division of the PNS is efferent. True or false?
True
The sensory division of the PNS is efferent. True or false?
FAlse, it is afferent
The sensory division of the PNS has ______ afferent fibers and _____ afferent fibers
Somatic and visceral
The sensory division of the PNS has _____ afferent fibers-convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
SOmatic
The sensory division of the PNS has ______ afferent fibers-convey impulses from visceral organs
Visceral
The motor (efferent) division of the PNS transmits ______ from the CNS to effector organs
impulses
The Somatic (voluntary) nervous system falls under the _____ division of the PNS and has conscious control of ______ _______
Motor; skeletal muscles
The autonomic (involuntary) nervous system falls under the _____ division of the PNS
Motor
The autonomic nervous system under the motor division of the PNS regulates ______ muscle, _____ muscle, and glands
Smooth, cardiac
What are the two functional subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic; parasympathetic
Flight or fight response is referring to the autonomic subdivision ______
Sympathetic
Ventricles of the brain are lined by _______ cells
Ependymal
Ventricles of the brain contain _________ fluid
cerebrospinal
The first two ventricles, which are C shaped, are lateral. True or false?
True
The third ventricle is located in the hindbrain. True or false?
False, located in the diencephalon
The fourth ventricle is located in the hindbrain. True or false?
True
