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Anatomy and physiology I lecture > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

-Brain and Spinal cord compose the _____

A

CNS

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2
Q

The two principal cell types of nervous tissue are?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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3
Q

“excitable cells that transmit electrical signals” what are these?

A

Neurons

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4
Q

How many types of Neuroglia cells are there?

A

six

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5
Q

Are astrocytes and ependymal cells neuroglia cells?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Are microglia and oligondendrocyres neuroglia cells?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Are schwann and satellite cells neuroglia cells?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Which neuroglia cell is the most abundant?

A

Astrocytes

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9
Q

“Projections surround capillaries, neurons, synaptic endings, forming the blood/brain barrier” Which neuroglia cell is this?

A

Astrocytes

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10
Q

What do astrocytes regulate?

A

They regulate components of the brain fluids

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11
Q

Are neuroglia cells that produce electricity?

A

No, they are supporting cells. Only the neuron does

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12
Q

Astrocytes exchange ______ and _____

A

Nutrients and waste

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13
Q

Which neuroglia cell has an exchange of nutrients and waste?

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

Do astrocytes bind to neurons?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Which neuroglia helps determine capillary permeability?

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

Which neuroglia cell has the job of the guiding migration of young neurons?

A

Astrocytes

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17
Q

Do astrocytes help the neuron by processing information in the brain?

A

Yes

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18
Q

This neuroglia cell is found in the lining of ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. Which neuroglia cell am I?

A

Ependymal Cells

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19
Q

The choroid plexus (blood venues surrounded by ependymal cells) in ventricles secrete _______ ______

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

Cilia assist in the movement of cerebrospinal flood in which neuroglia cell?

A

Ependymal cells

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21
Q

Ependymal cells range in shape from _____ to ______

A

squamous to columnar

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22
Q

Can ependymal cells be ciliated?

A

Yeah, sometimes

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23
Q

Microglia are like _______

A

Macrophages

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24
Q

“Macrophages that respond to infection in the CNS” What am I?

A

A microglia cell

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25
Q

Which neuroglia cell is involved in phagocytize(ing)

A

Microglia

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26
Q

Which cells in the CNS are defensive cells?

A

Microglial

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27
Q

Which neuroglia cell provide the myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

Oligodendrocytes insulate ____ in the CNS

A

Axons

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29
Q

_______ help propagate action potentials in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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30
Q

How many oligodendrocytes does it take to myelinate multiple axons?

A

ONE

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31
Q

Which neuroglia cell surrounds the neuron cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Satellite Cells

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32
Q

Schwann cells are also called _______

A

neurolemmocytes

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33
Q

How many schwann cells does it take to myelinate one axon?

A

ONE

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34
Q

Schwann cells provide the _____ ____ for neurons in the PNS

A

Myelin Sheath

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35
Q

Just like Oligodendrocytes, this neuroglia cell helps propagate action potentials in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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36
Q

_____ cells support and provide nutrition for sensory neuron cell bodies

A

Satellite Cells

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37
Q

Dendrites are _____, ______, and diffusely branches

A

Short, tapering

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38
Q

Which part of a neuron is the receptive region?

A

Dendrites

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39
Q

______ convey electrical signals toward the cell body as graded potentials

A

Dendrites

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40
Q

______ convey electrical signals toward the cell body as graded potentials

A

Dendrites

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41
Q

There is ____ axon per cell and it arises from the ____ ____

A

one; axon hillock

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42
Q

The ______ has numerous terminal branches

A

Axon

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43
Q

the axon has _____ _____ branches

A

numerous terminal

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44
Q

The axon has _____ _____ terminals, also called _______

A

knoblike axon terminals; boutons

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45
Q

The axon releases __________ to excite or inhibit other cells

A

Neurotransmitters

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46
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

Generates and Transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body

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47
Q

Axons generate and transmit nerve impulses (___ ___) away from the cell body

A

Action Potentials

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48
Q

Graded potentials can be either high, low, or built up. True?

A

Yes

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49
Q

Molecules and organelles are moved along axons by motor molecules in two directions.

  1. ______
  2. ______
A

Anterograde and Retrograde

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50
Q

Molecules and organelles are moved along axons in ______ direction when they go toward the axonal terminal

A

Anterograde

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51
Q

Molecules and organelles are moved along axons in ______ direction when they go toward the cell body

A

Retrograde

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52
Q

The _____ ____ is a segmented protein-lipoid sheath around most or large diameter axons

A

Myelin Sheath

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53
Q

The function of the myelin sheath is to protect and _____ ____ the eaxon

A

Electrically insulate

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54
Q

The myelin sheath increases the speed of ____ _____ _____

A

Nerve impulse transmission

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55
Q

The ______ is the peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm

A

Neurilemma

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56
Q

___ _____ wrap many times around the axon

A

Schwann cells

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57
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are myelin sheath _____ between adjacent schwann cells

A

Gaps

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58
Q

Where can axon collaterals emerge?

A

The nodes of ranvier

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59
Q

Which nerve fibers are unmyelinated? Thick or thin?

A

Thin

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60
Q

Myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by processes of ___________

A

Oligodendrocytes

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61
Q

Are nodes of ranvier present in Myelin sheaths of the CNS?

A

Yes

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62
Q

_____ matter are dense collections of myelinated fibers

A

White

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63
Q

____ matter are mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

A

Gray

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64
Q

Types of neurons

  1. _______
  2. ________
  3. ________
A

Multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and pseudo unipolar neurons

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65
Q

Finish slide 50

A

:)

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66
Q

Most motor neurons are ______ neurons

A

Multipolar neurons

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67
Q

Bi polar neurons have one _____ and one _____

A

dendrite and axon

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68
Q

Multipolar neurons have many _____ with a single _____

A

Dendrites and a single axon

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69
Q

Which type of neuron has many dendrites and a single axon?

A

Multipolar neurons

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70
Q

Which type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon?

A

Bi polar neurons

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71
Q

_____-_____ nuerons have a single process EXTENDING from the cell body

A

Pseudo-Unipolar neurons

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72
Q

Two main types of ion channels?

  1. _______
  2. ________
A

Leakage non gated channels (always open) and gated channels

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73
Q

Three types of gated channels?

A

Chemically, voltage-gated, and mechanically gated channels

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74
Q

_____ _____ channels open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter

A

Chemically gated

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75
Q

_____ _____ channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

A

Voltage-gated

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76
Q

_______ _____ channels open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors

A

Mechanically gated channels

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77
Q

When gates channels are open, ____ ____ quickly across the membrane along their electrochemical gradients

A

Ions diffuse

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78
Q

IPSPS causes the neuron to _____ ____

A

shut down

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79
Q

10 EPSP + 5 IPSP = 5 EPSP. Is there action potential?

A

yaaasssss

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80
Q

Biogenic amines include _______ and _______

A

Catecholamines and indolamines

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81
Q

Biogenic amines play roles in ______ ______ and the _______ clock

A

emotional behaviors and the biological clock

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82
Q

Catecholamines include _______, _______(NE), and __________

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

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83
Q

Indolamines include ______ and ______

A

serotonin and histamine

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84
Q

Most neurons make two or more ________, which are released at different ______ ________

A

neurotransmitters; stimulation frequencies

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85
Q

GABA, Glycine, Aspartate, and glutamate are all ____ _____

A

amino acids

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86
Q

Which two amino acids are inhibitory?

A

GABA and Glycine

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87
Q

Which two amino acids are excitatory?

A

Aspartate and Glutamate

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88
Q

The three main peptides are _______, ______, and __-________

A

Substance P, Endorphins, and gut-brain peptides

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89
Q

Substance P is a mediator of _____ signals

A

Pain

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90
Q

Endorphins, a peptide, act as natural ______,

A

opiates

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91
Q

Do ions diffuse quickly when chemical concentration gradients go from higher to lower concentration? or lower to higher concentration?

A

Higher concentration to lower concentration

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92
Q

Ions can diffuse quickly when _____ _____ are open

A

gated channels

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93
Q

Ions diffuse quickly across the membrane along their electrochemical gradients, and also along electrical gradients toward _____ _____ charge

A

opposite electrical charge

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94
Q

Ion flow creates an ____ _____ and voltage changes across the membrane

A

electrical current

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95
Q

“Approximately -70 mV in neurons” Does this mean resting membrane potential is occurring?

A

Yes

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96
Q

Resting membrane potenital is equal to how many mV in neurons?

A

-70

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97
Q

Resting membrane potential is generated by differences in _____ makeup of ____ and _____

A

ionic makeup of ICF and ECF

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98
Q

ICF has a lower concentration of ___ and ____ than ECF

A

Na+ and Cl-

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99
Q

ICF has a higher concentration of ___ and negatively charged proteins (___) than ECF

A

K+ and (A-)

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100
Q

____ has a lower concentration of Na+ and Cl- than ____

A

ICF; ECF

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101
Q

___ has a higher concentration of K+ and negatively charged proteins (A-) than ____

A

ICF; ECF

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102
Q

In resting membrane potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ___ (through leakage channels)

A

Na+

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103
Q

In resting membrane potential, the membrane is 75 times more permeable to ___ (through leakage channels)

A

K+

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104
Q

When is the membrane freely permeable to Cl-?

A

Resting membrane potential

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105
Q

During Resting membrane potential, the negative interior of the cell is due to much greater diffusion of ____ out of the cell than Na+ diffusion into the cell

A

K+

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106
Q

Resting membrane potential, _____-_____ pumps stabilize the resting membrane potential by maintaining the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+

A

Sodium-Potassium pumps

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107
Q

Membrane potential changes when ________ of ions across the membrane change

A

concentrations

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108
Q

Membrane potential changes when ______ of the membrane to ions changes

A

permeability

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109
Q

Changes in membrane potential are signals used to _____, _____, and send information

A

receive, integrate

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110
Q

In membrane potential, there are two types of signals. ______ potentials and _____ potentials

A

Graded and Action

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111
Q

_____ potentials are responsible for incoming ____-_____ signals

A

Graded potentials are responsible for incoming short-distance signals

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112
Q

_____ potentials are responsible for ___-____ signals of axons

A

Action potentials are responsible for long-distance signals of axons

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113
Q

A graded local potential is when stimulus causes Na+ ______ to open for a short period on the ____ body and _____ of the nerve cell

A

channels; cell body and dendrites

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114
Q

In a graded local potential, open channels allow Na+ to move into the ____, causing a change in the membranes electrical potential

A

call

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115
Q

“EXCITATION” causes channels to open in a graded local potential. Excitation stands for…..

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

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116
Q

“INHIBITION” in a graded local potential: stimulus causes channels to close. Inhibition stands for…

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

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117
Q

During changes in Membrane Potential, Depolarization occurs, which is a reduction in _____ _____ ( toward zero)

A

membrane potential

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118
Q

During depolarization, the inside of the membrane becomes less _____ than the resting potential

A

Negative

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119
Q

One change in the membrane potential is Hyperpolarization, which is an _____ in membrane potential (away from zero)

A

Increase

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120
Q

During hyper polarization, the inside of the membrane becomes more _____ than the resting potential

A

negative

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121
Q

Graded potentials are short lived, ______ changes in membrane potential

A

Localized

122
Q

Graded potentials are responsible for ______ or ________ (polarizations)

A

Depolarizations or Hyperpolarizations

123
Q

During Graded potentials, they spread as _____ _____ change the membrane potential of adjacent regions

A

Local currents

124
Q

Graded potentials occur when a stimulus causes ____ ____ channels to open

A

Gated Ion

125
Q

In graded potentials, ______ varies directly with stimulus strength

A

Magnitude

126
Q

In graded potentials, there is a decrease in magnitude with ______, as ions flow and diffuse through leakage channels

A

distance

127
Q

Action potentials are a brief ______ of membrane potential with a total amplitude of 100 mV

A

reversal

128
Q

Action potential occurs in muscle ____ and _____ of neurons

A

cells and axons of neruons

129
Q

Action potential does or does not decrease in magnitude over distance?

A

Does not

130
Q

Action potential is the principal means of ____-distance neural communication

A

long distance

131
Q

In the resting state during the generation of an action potential, only leakage channels for ___ and ___ are open

A

Na+ and k+

132
Q

In the resting state during the generation of an action potential, all gated na+ and K+ channels are ____

A

closed

133
Q

are leakage channels open or closed during the resting state of an action potential?

A

Open

134
Q

Are gated channels open or closed during the resting state of an action potential?

A

closed

135
Q

Gated Na+ channels have two ___-____ gates, which are _____ gates and _____ gates

A

Voltage-sensitive; activation; inactivation

136
Q

The Na+ voltage sensitive ______ gate is closed at rest, and opens with depolarization

A

activation

137
Q

The Na+ voltage sensitive _____ gate opens at rest, blocked during repolarization

A

inactivation

138
Q

K+ gates channels have ___ voltage sensitive gates

A

ONE

139
Q

Are K+ gated channels open or closed at rest?

A

Closed

140
Q

______ local currents open voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

Depolarizing

141
Q

In the depolarizing phase, ___ influx causes more depolarization

A

Na+

142
Q

At threshold, positive feedback leads to the opening of all ___ channels, and a reversal of membrane polarity to +30mV (spike of ____ ____)

A

Na+ channels; action potential

143
Q

In the repolarizing phase, ____ channel slow inactivation, which causes gates to ____

A

Na+; close

144
Q

In the repolarizing phase, membrane permeability to ____ declines

A

Na+

145
Q

In the repolarizing phase, voltage sensitive ___ gates open

A

K+

146
Q

In the repolarizing phase, ___ exits the cell and internal ____ is restored

A

k+; negativity

147
Q

During hyper polarization, some ___ channels remain open, allowing excessive efflux

A

K+

148
Q

During hyper polarization, when some K+ channels remain open and causing excessive K+ efflux, ___-hyperpolarization occurs

A

after-hyperpolarization

149
Q

The role of the sodium-potassium pump is to cause _______

A

repolarization

150
Q

Which pump is responsible for repolarization?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

151
Q

The sodium-potassium pump restores the resting ______ conditions of the neuron during repolarization

A

electrial

152
Q

The sodium-potassium pump allows _____ redistribution back to resting conditions

A

Ionic

153
Q

____ influx during an action potential causes a patch of the _____ membrane to depolarize

A

Na+; axonal

154
Q

During an action potential, _______ opens voltage-gated channels and triggers an AP

A

Depolarization

155
Q

______ wave follows the depolarization wave

A

Repolarization

156
Q

At _____, Na+ permeability increases, and Na influx exceeds ___ efflux

A

Threshold; K+

157
Q

______ stimulus: weak local depolarization that does not reach threshold

A

Subthreshold

158
Q

_____ stimulus: Strong enough to push the membrane potential toward and beyond threshold

A

Threshold

159
Q

___ us an all-or-none phenomenon, they either happen completely or not at all

A

Action potential

160
Q

Are all action potentials alike?

A

Yes

161
Q

____ stimuli can generate action potentials more often than ___ stimuli

A

Strong;weak, duh.

162
Q

The ____ determines stimulus intensity by the frequency of impulses

A

CNS

163
Q

The ____ period ensures that each AP is an all-or-none event

A

Refractory

164
Q

The Refractor period ensures that an ____ ____ happens or doesn’t happen

A

Action potential

165
Q

The _____ period ensures one-way transmission of nerve impulses

A

Refractory

166
Q

Concerning conduction velocity, effect of _____ ____ : Large diameter fivers have less resistance to local current flow and have faster impulse conduction

A

Effect of axon diameter

167
Q

Concerning conduction velocity, Effect of _____ : continuous conduction in unmyelinated axons is slower than saltatory conduction in myelinated axons

A

Effect of Myelination

168
Q

Concerning conduction velocity, effect of myelination: Myelin sheaths ____ and ____ leakage of charge

A

Insulate and prevent

169
Q

Effect of myelination: _____ ____ in myelinated axons is about 30 times faster

A

Saltatory conduction

170
Q

The _____ is a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron

A

Synapse

171
Q

The ______ neuron conducts impulses towards the synapse

A

Presynaptic

172
Q

The ______ neuron transmits impulses away from the synapse

A

Postsynaptic

173
Q

The two types of synapses are ______ and ______

A

Axodentritic and Axosomatic

174
Q

_______, a type of synapse, is between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of aother

A

Axodendritic

175
Q

______, a type of synapse, is between the axon of one neuron and the soma of anothrt

A

Axosomatic

176
Q

_____ synapses are less common than chemical synapses

A

Electrical

177
Q

in electrical synapses, neurons are joined by ___ _____

A

gap junctions

178
Q

______ is very rapid with electrical synapses

A

Communication

179
Q

Electrical synapses are important in _____ tissue and some ___ regions

A

Embryonic; brain

180
Q

_____ synapses are specialized for the release and reception of _______

A

Chemical; neurotransmitters

181
Q

Chemical synapses are composed of two parts. What are they?

A

Axon terminal; REceptor region

182
Q

The ____ ___ of the presynaptic neuron, which contains synaptic vesicles

A

Axon terminal

183
Q

The _____ ___ is on the postsynaptic neuron

A

Receptor region

184
Q

The ____ ____ is a fluid-filled space separating the _____ and _____ neurons (hint: chemical synapses)

A

Synaptic cleft; presynaptic and postsynaptic

185
Q

transmission across the synaptic cleft is a _____ event

A

chemical

186
Q

Transmission across the synaptic cleft involves _____, diffusion, and _____ of ________

A

release, diffusion, and binding of neurotransmitters

187
Q

The synaptic cleft ensures _______ communication between neurons

A

unidirectional

188
Q

AP arrives at the _____ _____ of the presynaptic neuron and _____ voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

A

axon terminal; opens

189
Q

_______ protein binds Ca2+

A

Synaptotagmin

190
Q

______ of neurotransmitter occurs during the information transfer of AP

A

Exocytosis

191
Q

during the information transfer of AP, _________ diffuses and binds to receptors. (often _____ gated ion channels)

A

Neurotransmitter; (chemically gated)

192
Q

____ channels are opened during the information transfer of an AP, causing an excitatory or inhibitory event. This is a _____ potential

A

Ion; graded

193
Q

https://quizlet.com/5656494/learn

A

Great quiz

194
Q

Postsynaptic potentials are also ______ potentials

A

graded

195
Q

The strength of a postsynaptic potential is determined by the amount of ______ released

A

neurotransmitter

196
Q

The strength of a _______ potential is determined by the time the neurotransmitter is in the area

A

Postsynaptic

197
Q

Two types of Postsynaptic potentials: _____ and _____

A

EPSP and IPSP

198
Q

EPSP: _____ postsynaptic potentials

A

excitatory

199
Q

IPSP: ______ postsynaptic potentials

A

Inhibitory

200
Q

With EPSPS’s, the _______ binds to and opens chemically gated channels that allow simultaneous flow of ____ and ____ in opposite directions

A

Neurotransmitters; Na+ and K+

201
Q

With EPSP’s, Na+ influx is greater than K+ efflux, causing a net ________

A

depolarization

202
Q

EPSP helps trigger ____ ____ at axon hillock

A

Action potential

203
Q

With IPSP’s, _______ bind to and opens channels for ____ or ___

A

Neurotransmitters; K+ or Cl-

204
Q

With IPSP’s, _______ occurs, and the surface of the membrane becomes more _____

A

Hyperpolarization; negative

205
Q

IPSPS’s reduce the postsynaptic neurons ability to produce an _____ _____

A

Action potential

206
Q

A single _____ cannot induce an action potential

A

EPSP

207
Q

EPSP’s can ____ to reach threshold

A

summate

208
Q

ISPS’s can summate with _____, canceling each other out

A

EPSP’s

209
Q

What are the two different types of Summation?

A

Temporal and Spatial

210
Q

“One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order” Which summation is this?

A

Temporal

211
Q

“Postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time” Which type of summation is this?

A

Spatial

212
Q

In spatial summation, postsynaptic neurons are stimulated by a large number of _____ at the same time

A

Terminals

213
Q

With temporal summation, one or more postsynaptic neurons transmit ______ in rapid-fire order

A

impulses

214
Q

To activate a resting cell, Na+ must enter the cell through chemically or electrically gated channels. This is depolarization or repolarization?

A

depolarization

215
Q

Chemically gated Na+ channels have transmembrane _____ ____

A

Protein channels

216
Q

Chemically gated Na+ channels open when bound by a specific _______

A

neurotransmitters

217
Q

Chemically gated Na+ channels allow Na+ to go down its _______ ______ (enter the cell)

A

concentration gradient

218
Q

Chemically gated Na+ channels change the inside of the membrane charge from -70mv to _____ (threshold)

A

-55mv

219
Q

-55mv is _____

A

Threshold

220
Q

Electrically gated Na+ channels open when the inside of the membrane reaches ______ at -_ _mv

A

Threshold; -55mv

221
Q

Electrically gated Na+ channels propagate ____ ___ to other parts of the cell membrane

A

action potential

222
Q

___ channels are responsible for depolarization

A

Na+

223
Q

Na+ channels open and allow Na+ to rush into the cell making it more positive during ______

A

depolarization

224
Q

_______ is when the membrane comes back to -70mv

A

Repolarization

225
Q

____ channels are responsible for repolarization

A

K+

226
Q

K+ channels open and allow K+ to leave the cell, making it more negative again. This is _______

A

repolarization

227
Q

Demylenated neurons are not insulated by _____ cells or __________

A

Schwann; oligodendrocytes

228
Q

_____ neurons take longer to propagate an action potential down their axon

A

Demyelinated

229
Q

With ______ neurons, action potentials have a greater chance of dying out, due to a lack of _____

A

demyelinated; insulation

230
Q

Myelinated neurons are insulated by _____ cells or _______

A

schwann; oligodendrocytes

231
Q

Myelinated neurons are much faster at propagating ____ ____ down their axons

A

action potentials

232
Q

Action potentials don’t die out thanks to ______ neurons

A

myelinated

233
Q

Synaptic potentiation: repeated use increases the efficiency of __________

A

neurotransmission

234
Q

Presynaptic inhibition: the release of excitatory neurotransmitters by one neuron may be ______ by the activity of another neuron via an ______ synapse

A

inhibited; axoaxonic

235
Q

WIth presynaptic inhibition, less _______ is released, and smaller EPSP’s are formed

A

Neurotransmitter

236
Q

Most neurons make two or more ______, which are released at different stimulation frequencies

A

neurotransmitters

237
Q

Acetylcholine (AcH) is released at neuromuscular ______ and some ANS neurons

A

junctions

238
Q

AcH is synthesized by choline _______

A

acetyltransferase

239
Q

AcH is degraded b the enzyme

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

240
Q

Gut-brain peptides, have ______ (inhibitory through 2nd messengers)

A

Somatostatin

241
Q

Another chemical neurotransmitter are Purines (such as ATP) and act in the ___ and ___

A

CNS and PNS

242
Q

Purines produce ____ or ____ responses

A

fast or slow

243
Q

Purines induce _____ influx in astrocytes

A

Ca2+

244
Q

Purines provoke ____ _____

A

pain sensation

245
Q

Which neurotransmitter provokes pain sensations?

A

Purines

246
Q

Which neurotransmitter induces Ca2+ influx?

A

Purines

247
Q

The neurotransmitter ____ ___ activates the intracellular receptor guanylyl cyclase

A

Nitric oxide

248
Q

Nitric oxide activates _____ ____

A

guanylyl cyclase

249
Q

Nitric oxide is involed in _____ and _____

A

learning and memory

250
Q

Is nitric oxide excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Exitatory

251
Q

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a regulator of _____ in the brain

A

cGMP

252
Q

The neurotransmitter endocannabinoids are synthesized on demand from _____ ______

A

membrane lipids

253
Q

endocannabinoids bind with __-protein-coupled receptors in the brain

A

G-proteins

254
Q

endocannabinoids are involved in ____ and ____

A

learning and memory

255
Q

Neurotransmitter effects may be excitatory (_____) and/or inhibitory (______)

A

Depolarizing; hyperpolarizing

256
Q

Neurotransmitters are determined by the receptor type of the ______ neuron

A

postsynaptic

257
Q

GABA and glycine are usually excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

258
Q

Glutamate is usually inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Excitatory

259
Q

Where is acetylcholine excitatory at?

A

In the skeletal muscle

260
Q

Where is acetylcholine inhibitory at?

A

In cardiac muscle

261
Q

Direct action occurs in these two neurotransmitters:

A

ACh and amino acids

262
Q

In indirection action, neurotransmitters bind to a G-protein-linked _____ and acts trough an intracellular ______ ______

A

receptor; second messenger

263
Q

Indirect action promotes long-lasting _____

A

effects

264
Q

Indirect action neurotransmitters include biogenic _____, neuropeptides, and _____ gases

A

Amines; dissolved

265
Q

What are two types of neurotransmitter receptors?

A

Channel-linked and G protein-linked

266
Q

Channel-linked receptors have ____-____ ion channels

A

Ligand-gated

267
Q

With channel-linked receptors, Na+ influx contributes to _______

A

depolarization

268
Q

With channel-linked receptors, inhibitory receptors allow Cl- influx or K+ efflux that causes ________

A

Hyperpolarization

269
Q

G protein linked receptors have _______ _____ complexes

A

Transmembrane protein

270
Q

With G protein linked receptors, responses are indirect, slow, _____, and often prolonged

A

complex

271
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptors are an example of which receptor?

A

G protein linked receptors

272
Q

Are epinephrine/norepinephrine and neuropeptides examples of G-protein linked receptors?

A

Yes

273
Q

______ bind to the g protein linked receptor

A

Neurotransmitter

274
Q

After the neurotransmitter binds to the g protein-linked receptor, what is activated?

A

The G-protein

275
Q

Activated G-proteins control the production of _____ ____

A

second messengers

276
Q

Are cyclic AMP, GMP, diacylglycerol and Ca2+ all second messengers?

A

Yes

277
Q

Second messengers _____ or _____ ion channels

A

open or close

278
Q

Second messengers activate_____ enzymes

A

kinase

279
Q

Second messengers _______ channel proteins

A

Phosphorylate

280
Q

Second messengers activate _____ and induce protein synthesis

A

genes

281
Q

“Input travels along one pathway to a specific destination” This is _____ processing

A

Serial

282
Q

“Works in an all-or-none manner to produce a specific response” This is _____ processing

A

Serial

283
Q

An example of serial processing would be _____: rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that always cause the same response

A

Reflex

284
Q

In serial processing, _____ arcs (pathways) have five essential components: receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, and effector

A

Reflex

285
Q

“Paired spinal and cranial nerves carry messages to and from the CNS” This composes the _____

A

PNS

286
Q

The PNS has two functional divisions, the ______(afferent) division and the ______(efferent) division.

A

Sensory and Motor

287
Q

The motor division of the PNS is efferent. True or false?

A

True

288
Q

The sensory division of the PNS is efferent. True or false?

A

FAlse, it is afferent

289
Q

The sensory division of the PNS has ______ afferent fibers and _____ afferent fibers

A

Somatic and visceral

290
Q

The sensory division of the PNS has _____ afferent fibers-convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

A

SOmatic

291
Q

The sensory division of the PNS has ______ afferent fibers-convey impulses from visceral organs

A

Visceral

292
Q

The motor (efferent) division of the PNS transmits ______ from the CNS to effector organs

A

impulses

293
Q

The Somatic (voluntary) nervous system falls under the _____ division of the PNS and has conscious control of ______ _______

A

Motor; skeletal muscles

294
Q

The autonomic (involuntary) nervous system falls under the _____ division of the PNS

A

Motor

295
Q

The autonomic nervous system under the motor division of the PNS regulates ______ muscle, _____ muscle, and glands

A

Smooth, cardiac

296
Q

What are the two functional subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

297
Q

Flight or fight response is referring to the autonomic subdivision ______

A

Sympathetic

298
Q

Ventricles of the brain are lined by _______ cells

A

Ependymal

299
Q

Ventricles of the brain contain _________ fluid

A

cerebrospinal

300
Q

The first two ventricles, which are C shaped, are lateral. True or false?

A

True

301
Q

The third ventricle is located in the hindbrain. True or false?

A

False, located in the diencephalon

302
Q

The fourth ventricle is located in the hindbrain. True or false?

A

True

Anatomy and physiology I lecture (14 decks)

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