Nervous System III Flashcards
The PNS has _____ receptors, ________ nerves and associated ganglia, and motor ______
Sensory; peripheral; motor endings
Sensory receptors are specialized to respond to changes in their environment, which is a ______
stimuli
Activation of sensory receptors result in ______ ______ that trigger nerve impulses
graded potentials
______ (awareness of stimulus) and _____ (interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus) occur in the brain
Sensation and perception
_______, a stimulus type, respond to stretch in ______ muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue
Proprioceptors; skeletal
_______ inform the brain of one’s movements
Proprioceptors
Complex receptors: two neuron chain. Just a note.
:)
______ receptors: vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste
Complex
_____ receptors are for the special senses, and ______ receptor are for the general senses
Complex;simple
______ receptors can have _______ or ______ dendritic endings
Simple receptors; unencapsulated or encapsulated
Nociceptors respond to _____
Pain
______ respond to: pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, temperatures outside the range of thermoreceptors; capsaicin
Nociceptors
______ ____ receptors are tactile(merkel) discs, and have hair follicle receptors
Light touch
All encapsulated dendritic endings are ________
mechanoreceptors
_____, a mechanoreceptor, have discriminative touch
Meissner’s
_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor deep pressure and vibration
Pacinian
_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor deep continuous pressure
Ruffini endings
_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor muscle stretch
Muscle spindles
_____ ____ ____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor stretch in tendons
Golgi tendon organs
____ ____ ___, a mecanorecptor, monitor stretch in articular capsules
joint kinesthetic receptors
In sensory integration, input comes from ______, _______, and ______
exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors.
Levels of neural integration in sensory systems:
- ______ level
- ______ level
- ______ level
receptor level; circuit level; perceptual level;
of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors the sensor receptors?
Receptor level
of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors ascending pathways?
Circuit level
of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex?
Perceptual level
of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex?
Perceptual level
_______ (fast-adapting) receptors signal the beginning or end of a stimulus
Phasic
_____ receptors adapt slowly or not at all
Tonic
Examples of Tonic receptors:
Nociceptors and most proprioceptors
Examples of phasic receptors:
pressure, touch, and smell
Pathways of _____ neurons conduct sensory impulses upward to the appropriate brain regions when processing at the circuit level
three
Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? “Conduct impulses from the receptor level to the second-order neurons in the CNS”
First order
Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? “Transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum
“
Second order
Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? “Conduct impulses from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex (perceptual level)”
Third-order
With the perception of pain, impulses travel on fibers that release neurotransmitters _______ and _____ _
Glutamate; substance P
Some pain impulses are blocked by inhibitory endogenous _____
opioids
With the perception of pain, stimuli include extreme pressure and temperature, ______, K+, ATP, acids, and ________ (vasodilator protein)
Histamine; bradykinin
The nerve is a ______ organ of the PNS
Cordlike
A nerve is a bundle of ______ and _______ peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue
Myelinated; unmyelinated
Structure of a nerve includes the _______, ________, and epineurium
Endoneurium, perineurium
_______: loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths
Endoneurium
______: coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
Perineurium
_______: tough fibrous sheath around a nerve
epineurium
Most nerves are mixtures of ______ and ______ fibers, and _______ and autonomic fibers
Afferent; efferent; somatic; autonomic
Somatic afferent is sensory or motor?
sensory
Somatic efferent is sensory or motor?
Motor
Visceral efferent is motor or sensory?
Motor
Visceral afferent is sensory or motor?
Sensory
Peripheral nerves are classified as _____ or _____ nerves
Cranial or spinal
Is the dorsal root ganglia sensory somatic?
Yes
IS the autonomic ganglia motor visceral?
Yes
Mature neurons are _____
Amitotic
If the soma of a damaged nerve is intact the _____ will regenerate
Axon
______ remove debris
Macrophages
______ ____ form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
Schwann cells
CNS oligodendrocytes bear growth-inhibiting proteins that ______ CNS fiber regeneration
Prevent
The olfactory nerves arise from the olfactory receptor cells of the _____ cavity
nasal
Olfactory nerves pass through the ______ plate of the ethmoid bone
Cribiform
With olfactory nerves, fibers synapse in the _____ ____
olfactory bulbs
With the olfactory nerves, the pathway termites in the primary _____ _____
olfactory cortex
The olfactory nerves are purely _____
sensory
The optic nerves arise from the _____
retinas
The optic nerves pass through the ____ ____, converge, and then partially cross over at the _____ ____
optic canals; optic chiasma
With optic nerves, optic tracts continue to the _______, where they synapse
Thalamus
With optic nerves, optic radiation fibers run to the _______ cortex
occipital
Optic nerves are purely _____
sensory
With Oculomotor Nerves, the fibers extend from the ventral ______ through the superior orbital fissures to the _____ eye muscles
midbrain; extrinsic
Oculomotor Nerves function in raising the _____, directing the ____, and constricting the _____
eyelid; eyeball; iris
Constricting the iris is a function of the oculomotor nerves, and this function is _______
Parasympathetic
Trochlear nerves start from the dorsal _____, enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures and innervate the _____ oblique muscle
Midbrain; superior oblique
Trochlear nerves are primarily a ____ nerve that direct the eyeball
Motor
Which cranial nerves are the largest?
Trigeminal
Which cranial nerves are the largest?
Trigeminal
Trigeminal nerve fivers extend from ______ to face
Pons
The three divisions of the trigeminal nerves are ______, ______, and ______
Ophthalmic; maxillary; mandibular
Trigeminal nerves convey _____ ____ from various areas of the face (V1 and V2), and supplies motor fibers for (V3) for ________
sensory impulses; mastication
The abducen nerve fibers start at the inferior _____ and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures
Pons
The abducens nerve is primarily ______, innervating the lateral _____ muscle
motor; lateral rectus muscle
Facial nerve fibers start at the _____, travel through the internal acoustic meatuses, and emerge through the stylomastoid foramina to the ______ aspect of the face
Pons; Lateral
Motor functions of the facial nerves include facial expression, and parasympathetic impulses to _____ and ____ glands
Lacrimal; salivary
Facial nerves have a sensory function of taste from _____ of the tongue
2/3
The vestibulocochlear nerves have _____ fibers from the hearing _____ and _______ receptors
afferent; hearing receptors; equilibrium receptors
The vestibulocochlear nerve has a mostly _____ function
sensory
With the glossopharyngeal nerve, fibers from the _____ leave the skull via the jugular foramen and run to the throat
Medulla
Glosso nerves have ____ functions, including innervating part of the tongue and pharynx for ______
motor; swallowing
Glosso nerves have ____ functions: fibers conduct _____ and _____ sensory impulses
Sensory; taste and general
The vagus nerve is the only cranial nerve that extends beyond the _____ and ____ region
head and neck
With vagus nerves, fibers from the _____ exit the skull via the jugular foramen
medulla
Vagus nerves are mostly _____ fibers, and are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate the activities of the ____, _____, and abdominal viscera
Motor; heart; lungs
Vagus nerves have _____ fibers the carry impulses from the ______ and _____ viscera
sensory; thoracic and abdominal viscera
Accessory nerves are formed from _____ _____ from the C1-C5 region of the spinal cord
ventral rootlets
Accessory nerves exit the skull via the jugular foramina to innervate the _______ and __________ musclees
Trapezius; sternocleidomastoid
Hypoglossal nerve fibers start in the _____ and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal
medulla
Hypoglossal nerves innervate ______ and ____ muscles of the tongue that contribute to swallowing and _____
Extrinsic and intrinsic; speech
the Pons contains the _____ center and the ______ center
sleep; respiratory
The midbrain consists of ______ colliculi
four
The midbrain has ___ superior colliculi and ___ inferior colliculi
Two and two
The superior colliculi of the midbrain is responsible for _____ reflexes
visual
The inferior colliculi of the midbrain is responsible for ____ reflexes
auditory
There are ____ spinal nerves
31
There are __ cervical spinal nerves through C_ and C_
8; c1-c8
There are __ thoracic nerves through T_ through T_
12; T1-T12
There are __ lumbar nerves through L1-L5
5
There are __ sacral nerves
5
There is _ coccygeal nerve
1; c0
Which plexuses go through C1-C8?
Cervical and Brachial
Which plexus goes through L1-L5?
Lumbar
Which plexus goes through S1-S5?
Sacral
Each ____ ___ connects to the spinal cord via two roots
spinal nerve
In spinal nerves, ventral roots contain motor (_____) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons
Efferent
In ventral roots, fibers innervate _____ muscles
skeletal
In spinal nerves, dorsal roots contain sensory (____) fibers from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia
afferent
_____ and ______ roots unite to form spinal nerves, which then emerge from the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramina
Dorsal and ventral
Each spinal nerve branches into mixed ___
rami
All ventral rami except the Thoracic region form interlacing nerve networks called ______
plexuses
The ventral rami of the Thoracic region act as intercostal nerves that apply _____ of the ribs
muscles
The cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami if C_ to C_
c1-c4
The Cervical plexus innervates skin and muscles the neck, ear, back of head, and _____
shoulders
The cervical plexus contains the ____ nerve
Phrenic
The ____ nerve, located in the cervical plexus, is a major motor and sensory nerve of the ____
diaphragm
The ____ plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1
Brachial
The _____ plexus gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb
brachial
Brachial plexus: nerves.
The _____ nerve: innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder
Axillary
Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis and skin of lateral forearm
musculocutaneous
Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm, and some intrinsic muscles of the hand
median
Within the brachial plexus, the _____ supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, part of the flexor digitorum profundus, most intrinsic muscles of the hand, and skin of medial aspect of hand
ulnar
Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb
radial
which plexus innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle?
Lumbar
The ____ plexus arises from L1-L4
lumbar
Which plexus contains the femoral nerve??
Lumbar
Which nerve innervates the quadriceps and skin of the anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg?
Femoral
Which nerve passes through the obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles?
Obturator
Which plexus arises from L4 to S4?
Sacral
Which plexus serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures and perineum?
Sacral
Which plexus contains the sciatic nerve?
Sacral
Which nerve is the thickest and longest in the body?
Sciatic
Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot?
Sciatic
_______ is the area of skin innervates by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
Dermatome
Which spinal nerve doesn’t participate in dermatomes?
C1
Do dermatomes overlap?
Yes
Where does innervation of skeletal muscle take place?
At the neuromuscular junction
For innervation of skeletal muscle, which neurotransmitter is needed?
Acetylcholine
ACh binds to receptors, causing movement of ___ and ___
Na+ and K+
ACh binds to receptors, causing _____ of the muscle cell
Depolarization
ACh binds to receptors causing an end plate potential, which triggers an ____ ___
Action potential
