skeletal system Flashcards
list the major functions of the skeleton
- supporting framework for the body
- protection of soft body structures
- production of red blood cells
- facilitates movement
Classify bones according to their shapes
- long bone(ex. Humerus of arm)
- short(ex. Carpal of wrist)
- flat bones(ex. sternum)
- irregular bones (ex. Vertebrae)
- sesamoid bones
- floating (ex. Knee cap)
Describe the general function of bone as a tissue
- support and protection
- body movement
- blood and immune cell formation
- erythrocytes and leukocytes differentiate from hematipoietic stem cells
- also platelets
- inorganic salt storage
- especially of calcium and phosphate
- these minerals give bone rigidity and hardness
- storage of fat
- yellow bone marrow is mostly comprised of lipids
- can be converted to energy or red bone marrow
what are the two types of bone structures
- compact
2. cancellous
what is bone classified as
connective tissue(solid)
define compact bone
- hard and dense
- looks solid w/o magnification
- tissue is arranged in ‘osteons’(aka. ‘haversian systems’)
- is supportive and resistant
- regularly arranged, cylindrical cavities
define cancellous bone
- light and spongy looking
- osteons are loosley arranged and less defined
- dynamic and constantly changing
- holds red bone marrow, where erythrocytes are formed
what are the three types of bone cells?
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
what are osteoblasts
produce bone(ossification) and secrete collagen-based matrix that is able to bind calcium salts(calcification)
what is the production of bone called?
ossification
what is ossification
production of bone
what is calcification
the binding of calcium
What are osteocytes
formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it secretes.
what are osteoclasts
cells that function to breakdown bone; allows bone to be remodelled by osteoblasts.
what do long bone develop from?
Rods of cartilage
what do flat, irregular, sesamoid and short bones develop from?
membranes
where do sesamoid bones develop
in tendons
what are the 5 classification of bone?
- Long bones (legs)
- Short bones (Carpals)
- Flat bones (Sternum)
- Irregular bones (veterbra)
- Sesamoid bones (floating, knee)
what are the three sections to a bone?
- Proximal epiphysis (closer to trunk)
- Diaphysis (middle)
- Distal epiphysis (farther from trunk)
what are the three layers of a bone?
- Spongy/cancellous bone (inside)
- Compact bone (middle)
- Articular cartilage (outside)
What is the lining membrane inside the bone called?
endosteum
What is the lining membrane outside the bone called?
periosteum
why can you bruise a bone?
Because it has nerve & blood vessels on them
What does the epiphyseal plate do?
enables growth in length
Where is red bone marrow found?
in spongy bone(cancellous)
where is rbc and wbc formed
In the red bone marrow, located in the spongy bone.
Why are minerals essential for your bones?
to give ridigity and hardness
-calcium and phosphate
What is yellow bone marrow comprised of?
lipids
When you age, which bone marrow takes over?
the yellow bone marrow, which is why you’re more prone to viruses because it reduces the production of WBCs and RBCs,
what are the steps in bone growth?
- Hyaline cartilage “model” -frame work for bone
- Primary ossification center -Periosteum forms (the middle)
- Secondary ossification centre -blood vessels start to form
- The medullary cavity begines
- The spongy & compact bone appear, articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate are present.
what are the bones of vertebral column
- Cervical vertebrae (7) -Neck
- Thoracic vertebrae (12)
- Lumbar vertebrae (5)
- Sacrum (5)
- Coccyx (tailbone)
What are the bones in the thoracic cage?
- true ribs
- false ribs
- floating ribs
- sternum
how many pairs of ribs are there?
12
define true ribs
They are directly connected to the sternum
Define false ribs?
indirectly connected to sternum.
how many pairs of false ribs are there?
3 pairs
define floating ribs
do not touch sternum at all
define lordosis
Inward curvature of the spine, also known as sway-back.
define kyphosis
Excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back
Where should there be normal amounts of lordosis in the spine?
cervical and lumbar vertebraes
Where should there be normal amounts of kyphosis in the spine?
thoracic and sacral vertebraes
What is C1 of the cervical vertebrae also known as?
atlas
what is C2 of the cervical vertebrae aka
Axis
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
- Ease pressure on the tendon over the joint
- Alter direction of muscle pull
- Minimize friction
What are the 6 types of synovial joint movements?
- Gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Ellipsoidal
- Saddle
- Ball and socket
What are examples of a hinge joint?
Elbow, knee and ankle joints
What are examples of a pivot joint?
“Rotation”
Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)
What are examples of a ball and socket joint?
Shoulder and hip joints
Define a ellipsoidal joint?
A type of gliding joint “Sliding motion”
Define a saddle joint?
Like a hinge joint but is biaxial
abnormaility of vertibral column resulting in humpback
kyphosis
bone at the back of skull
occipital
reabsorbtion and remodel of previously laid down bone
osteoclast
type of joint in knee
hinge
front/back is the same as
anterior/posterior
