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skeletal system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

list the major functions of the skeleton

A
  • supporting framework for the body
  • protection of soft body structures
  • production of red blood cells
  • facilitates movement
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2
Q

Classify bones according to their shapes

A
  • long bone(ex. Humerus of arm)
  • short(ex. Carpal of wrist)
  • flat bones(ex. sternum)
  • irregular bones (ex. Vertebrae)
  • sesamoid bones
    • floating (ex. Knee cap)
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3
Q

Describe the general function of bone as a tissue

A
  • support and protection
  • body movement
  • blood and immune cell formation
    • erythrocytes and leukocytes differentiate from hematipoietic stem cells
    • also platelets
  • inorganic salt storage
    • especially of calcium and phosphate
    • these minerals give bone rigidity and hardness
  • storage of fat
    • yellow bone marrow is mostly comprised of lipids
    • can be converted to energy or red bone marrow
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4
Q

what are the two types of bone structures

A
  1. compact

2. cancellous

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5
Q

what is bone classified as

A

connective tissue(solid)

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6
Q

define compact bone

A
  • hard and dense
  • looks solid w/o magnification
  • tissue is arranged in ‘osteons’(aka. ‘haversian systems’)
    - is supportive and resistant
    - regularly arranged, cylindrical cavities
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7
Q

define cancellous bone

A
  • light and spongy looking
  • osteons are loosley arranged and less defined
  • dynamic and constantly changing
  • holds red bone marrow, where erythrocytes are formed
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8
Q

what are the three types of bone cells?

A

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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9
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

produce bone(ossification) and secrete collagen-based matrix that is able to bind calcium salts(calcification)

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10
Q

what is the production of bone called?

A

ossification

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11
Q

what is ossification

A

production of bone

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12
Q

what is calcification

A

the binding of calcium

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13
Q

What are osteocytes

A

formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it secretes.

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14
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

cells that function to breakdown bone; allows bone to be remodelled by osteoblasts.

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15
Q

what do long bone develop from?

A

Rods of cartilage

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16
Q

what do flat, irregular, sesamoid and short bones develop from?

A

membranes

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17
Q

where do sesamoid bones develop

A

in tendons

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18
Q

what are the 5 classification of bone?

A
  • Long bones (legs)
  • Short bones (Carpals)
  • Flat bones (Sternum)
  • Irregular bones (veterbra)
  • Sesamoid bones (floating, knee)
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19
Q

what are the three sections to a bone?

A
  1. Proximal epiphysis (closer to trunk)
  2. Diaphysis (middle)
  3. Distal epiphysis (farther from trunk)
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20
Q

what are the three layers of a bone?

A
  1. Spongy/cancellous bone (inside)
  2. Compact bone (middle)
  3. Articular cartilage (outside)
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21
Q

What is the lining membrane inside the bone called?

A

endosteum

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22
Q

What is the lining membrane outside the bone called?

A

periosteum

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23
Q

why can you bruise a bone?

A

Because it has nerve & blood vessels on them

24
Q

What does the epiphyseal plate do?

A

enables growth in length

25
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

in spongy bone(cancellous)

26
Q

where is rbc and wbc formed

A

In the red bone marrow, located in the spongy bone.

27
Q

Why are minerals essential for your bones?

A

to give ridigity and hardness

-calcium and phosphate

28
Q

What is yellow bone marrow comprised of?

A

lipids

29
Q

When you age, which bone marrow takes over?

A

the yellow bone marrow, which is why you’re more prone to viruses because it reduces the production of WBCs and RBCs,

30
Q

what are the steps in bone growth?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage “model” -frame work for bone
  2. Primary ossification center -Periosteum forms (the middle)
  3. Secondary ossification centre -blood vessels start to form
  4. The medullary cavity begines
  5. The spongy & compact bone appear, articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate are present.
31
Q

what are the bones of vertebral column

A
  1. Cervical vertebrae (7) -Neck
  2. Thoracic vertebrae (12)
  3. Lumbar vertebrae (5)
  4. Sacrum (5)
  5. Coccyx (tailbone)
32
Q

What are the bones in the thoracic cage?

A
  • true ribs
  • false ribs
  • floating ribs
  • sternum
33
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

34
Q

define true ribs

A

They are directly connected to the sternum

35
Q

Define false ribs?

A

indirectly connected to sternum.

36
Q

how many pairs of false ribs are there?

A

3 pairs

37
Q

define floating ribs

A

do not touch sternum at all

38
Q

define lordosis

A

Inward curvature of the spine, also known as sway-back.

39
Q

define kyphosis

A

Excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back

40
Q

Where should there be normal amounts of lordosis in the spine?

A

cervical and lumbar vertebraes

41
Q

Where should there be normal amounts of kyphosis in the spine?

A

thoracic and sacral vertebraes

42
Q

What is C1 of the cervical vertebrae also known as?

A

atlas

43
Q

what is C2 of the cervical vertebrae aka

A

Axis

44
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A
  • Ease pressure on the tendon over the joint
  • Alter direction of muscle pull
  • Minimize friction
45
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint movements?

A
  • Gliding
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Ellipsoidal
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket
46
Q

What are examples of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow, knee and ankle joints

47
Q

What are examples of a pivot joint?

A

“Rotation”

Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

48
Q

What are examples of a ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder and hip joints

49
Q

Define a ellipsoidal joint?

A

A type of gliding joint “Sliding motion”

50
Q

Define a saddle joint?

A

Like a hinge joint but is biaxial

51
Q

abnormaility of vertibral column resulting in humpback

A

kyphosis

52
Q

bone at the back of skull

A

occipital

53
Q

reabsorbtion and remodel of previously laid down bone

A

osteoclast

54
Q

type of joint in knee

A

hinge

55
Q

front/back is the same as

A

anterior/posterior

biology (23 decks)

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