circulatory

Question 1

what is the blood comprised of?

Answer 1

55% plasma and 45% cells(rbc, wbc, platelets)

Question 2

what is the function of blood?

Answer 2

transport oxygen to cells, maintain homeostasis, arrest haemorrhage through clotting and defend against disease

Question 3

what is the function of rbc

Answer 3

aka. erythrocytes and they function to transport oxygen to cells from the lungs and take up CO2 from cells and transport it back to the lungs

Question 4

what are characteristics of rbcs

Answer 4

erythrocytes; have no nucleus, few organelles, are disc-shaped and contain hemoglobin. they circulate for 120 days then are broken down in the spleen(hemolysis).

Question 5

what are immature rbcs called

Answer 5

reticulocytes

Question 6

what is the ratio of rbcs to blood?

Answer 6

5 million rbc per mL of blood.

Question 7

what is the function of wbcs?

Answer 7

defend against disease; fight bacterial infection and remove foreign material

Question 8

what are wbcs called

Answer 8

leukocytes

Question 9

what is the function of platelets

Answer 9

play a role in clotting blood, play a role in wound healing and maintain homeostasis(by preventing blood loss)

Question 10

what are platelets called

Answer 10

thrombocytes

Question 11

what are some characteristics of platelets?

Answer 11

no nucleus, contain granules of clotting factors and other substances. they are not whole cells, but pieces of megakaryocyte cells.

Question 12

characteristic of wbcs

Answer 12

contain a nucleus.

Question 13

what is the composition of plasma

Answer 13

water(90%), protein(8%), mineral salts, nutrients, cellular waste products, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, dissolved gases(O,N CO2)

Question 14

describe process of blood clotting

Answer 14

1. damaged endothelium
2. temporary plug formed by platelets; which release thromboplastin
3. thromboplastin converts prothrombin to thrombin
4. thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
5. fibrin traps wbcs and rbcs

Question 15

what is blood clotting called

Answer 15

coagulation

Question 16

what mineral does prothrombin need to convert to thrombin?

Answer 16

calcium

Question 17

describe pathway of blood

Answer 17

Deoxygenated blood enters through inferior or superior vc, into right atrium, where it is pumped through tricuspid valve to right ventricle, where it is pumped through pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery, which pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. It comes back through pulmonary veins into left atrium, its pumped through mitral valve, into left ventricle, then through aortic valve, into aorta, where it is pumped to the rest of the body.

Question 18

describe sequence of events in cardiac cycle

Answer 18

1. Atrial systole(atria contact together)
2. Ventricular systole(ventricles contract together)
3. diastole(all 4 chambers at rest)

*lasts for 0.8 s and resting HR is usually 72 bpm

Question 19

describe electrical conduction system of heart

Answer 19

Parasympathetic nerves control HR set by SA node(aka. Pace maker)
Resting HR is 72-75 bpm.
Sympathetic nerves innervate SA node, AV node and myocardium(muscular layer)
This increases hr and contractility of ventricles, especially left ventricle.

Question 20

what is normal systolic bp

Answer 20

80-120 mm Hg

Question 21

what is normal diastolic bp

Answer 21

60-80 m Hg

Question 22

what is ‘normal’ level of pressure on vessels in adults?

Answer 22

120/80 mmHg

Question 23

what are arteries?

Answer 23

carry blood away

Question 24

what are veins?

Answer 24

carry blood to heart

Question 25

what are venules

Answer 25

very small veins

Question 26

what are arterioles

Answer 26

very small arteries

Question 27

what is capillary

Answer 27

smallest vessels; they link arterioles and venules; and Has intimate contact with tissues.

Question 28

where does internal respiration occur?

Answer 28

in capillaries

Question 29

what is lumen

Answer 29

cavity inside an anatomical structure

Question 30

what are the 3 layers of an artery

Answer 30

1. tunica intima(innermost; endothelial layer of squamous epithelial cells 2. tunica media(smooth muscle and elastin) 3. tunica adventitia- collagen

Question 31

what do veins have that artieries dont?

Answer 31

valves

Question 32

why do veins have valves?

Answer 32

to prevent backflow

Question 33

what is internal respiration

Answer 33

exchange of oxygena dn carbon dioxide at cellular level; occurs b/w capillaries and tissues

Question 34

larger vessels have more______tissue and less____ tissue

Answer 34

have more elastic tissue and less muscle tissue

Question 35

what does hepatic artery do?

Answer 35

(off aorta) carries blood to liver

Question 36

what is systemic circulation

Answer 36

b/w body and heart

Question 37

pulmonary circulation

Answer 37

b/w heart and lungs

Question 38

coronary circulation

Answer 38

blood circulation in heart

Question 39

arteries for coronary circulation are?

Answer 39

left and right coronary arteries

Question 40

arteries/veins for blood circulation to head

Answer 40

left/right external jugular veins left/ right common carotid arteries left internal jugular vein

Question 41

portal/hepatic circulation is?

Answer 41

doesnt follow direct route to heart, goes to spleen, stomach, liver and so on

Question 42

portal veins do what? for what circulation system?

Answer 42

bring deoxygenated blood through liver from spleen, intestines and stomach

Question 43

blood exits the liver via____?

Answer 43

hepatic vein

Question 44

what does hepatic vein

Answer 44

allow blood to exit liver to go to vena cavas.

Question 45

what is coronary heart disease

Answer 45

narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries due to athetosclerosis(build up of plaque on artery walls) , can result in heart attack

Question 46

what is heart attack aka

Answer 46

myocardial infarction

Question 47

what are the risk factors of coronary heart disease?

Answer 47

inheritance, overweight, high blood cholesterol, lack of exercise, smoking, high BP, long-term stress

Question 48

deoxygenated blood come in what side of the heart?

Answer 48

right

Question 49

oxygenated blood comes in what side of the heart>

Answer 49

left

Question 50

heart is seperated by ..

Answer 50

septum

Question 51

blood vessel that collects blood from digestive organs?

Answer 51

hepatic portal vein

Question 52

70 bpm

Answer 52

is average heart rate