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circulatory Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the blood comprised of?

A

55% plasma and 45% cells(rbc, wbc, platelets)

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2
Q

what is the function of blood?

A

transport oxygen to cells, maintain homeostasis, arrest haemorrhage through clotting and defend against disease

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3
Q

what is the function of rbc

A

aka. erythrocytes and they function to transport oxygen to cells from the lungs and take up CO2 from cells and transport it back to the lungs

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4
Q

what are characteristics of rbcs

A

erythrocytes; have no nucleus, few organelles, are disc-shaped and contain hemoglobin. they circulate for 120 days then are broken down in the spleen(hemolysis).

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5
Q

what are immature rbcs called

A

reticulocytes

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6
Q

what is the ratio of rbcs to blood?

A

5 million rbc per mL of blood.

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7
Q

what is the function of wbcs?

A

defend against disease; fight bacterial infection and remove foreign material

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8
Q

what are wbcs called

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

play a role in clotting blood, play a role in wound healing and maintain homeostasis(by preventing blood loss)

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10
Q

what are platelets called

A

thrombocytes

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11
Q

what are some characteristics of platelets?

A

no nucleus, contain granules of clotting factors and other substances. they are not whole cells, but pieces of megakaryocyte cells.

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12
Q

characteristic of wbcs

A

contain a nucleus.

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13
Q

what is the composition of plasma

A

water(90%), protein(8%), mineral salts, nutrients, cellular waste products, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, dissolved gases(O,N CO2)

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14
Q

describe process of blood clotting

A
  1. damaged endothelium
  2. temporary plug formed by platelets; which release thromboplastin
  3. thromboplastin converts prothrombin to thrombin
  4. thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  5. fibrin traps wbcs and rbcs
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15
Q

what is blood clotting called

A

coagulation

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16
Q

what mineral does prothrombin need to convert to thrombin?

A

calcium

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17
Q

describe pathway of blood

A

Deoxygenated blood enters through inferior or superior vc, into right atrium, where it is pumped through tricuspid valve to right ventricle, where it is pumped through pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery, which pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. It comes back through pulmonary veins into left atrium, its pumped through mitral valve, into left ventricle, then through aortic valve, into aorta, where it is pumped to the rest of the body.

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18
Q

describe sequence of events in cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole(atria contact together)
  2. Ventricular systole(ventricles contract together)
  3. diastole(all 4 chambers at rest)

*lasts for 0.8 s and resting HR is usually 72 bpm

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19
Q

describe electrical conduction system of heart

A

Parasympathetic nerves control HR set by SA node(aka. Pace maker)
Resting HR is 72-75 bpm.
Sympathetic nerves innervate SA node, AV node and myocardium(muscular layer)
This increases hr and contractility of ventricles, especially left ventricle.

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20
Q

what is normal systolic bp

A

80-120 mm Hg

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21
Q

what is normal diastolic bp

A

60-80 m Hg

22
Q

what is ‘normal’ level of pressure on vessels in adults?

A

120/80 mmHg

23
Q

what are arteries?

A

carry blood away

24
Q

what are veins?

A

carry blood to heart

25
Q

what are venules

A

very small veins

26
Q

what are arterioles

A

very small arteries

27
Q

what is capillary

A

smallest vessels; they link arterioles and venules; and Has intimate contact with tissues.

28
Q

where does internal respiration occur?

A

in capillaries

29
Q

what is lumen

A

cavity inside an anatomical structure

30
Q

what are the 3 layers of an artery

A
  1. tunica intima(innermost; endothelial layer of squamous epithelial cells
  2. tunica media(smooth muscle and elastin)
  3. tunica adventitia- collagen
31
Q

what do veins have that artieries dont?

A

valves

32
Q

why do veins have valves?

A

to prevent backflow

33
Q

what is internal respiration

A

exchange of oxygena dn carbon dioxide at cellular level; occurs b/w capillaries and tissues

34
Q

larger vessels have more______tissue and less____ tissue

A

have more elastic tissue and less muscle tissue

35
Q

what does hepatic artery do?

A

(off aorta) carries blood to liver

36
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

b/w body and heart

37
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

b/w heart and lungs

38
Q

coronary circulation

A

blood circulation in heart

39
Q

arteries for coronary circulation are?

A

left and right coronary arteries

40
Q

arteries/veins for blood circulation to head

A

left/right external jugular veins
left/ right common carotid arteries
left internal jugular vein

41
Q

portal/hepatic circulation is?

A

doesnt follow direct route to heart, goes to spleen, stomach, liver and so on

42
Q

portal veins do what? for what circulation system?

A

bring deoxygenated blood through liver from spleen, intestines and stomach

43
Q

blood exits the liver via____?

A

hepatic vein

44
Q

what does hepatic vein

A

allow blood to exit liver to go to vena cavas.

45
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries due to athetosclerosis(build up of plaque on artery walls) , can result in heart attack

46
Q

what is heart attack aka

A

myocardial infarction

47
Q

what are the risk factors of coronary heart disease?

A

inheritance, overweight, high blood cholesterol, lack of exercise, smoking, high BP, long-term stress

48
Q

deoxygenated blood come in what side of the heart?

A

right

49
Q

oxygenated blood comes in what side of the heart>

A

left

50
Q

heart is seperated by ..

A

septum

51
Q

blood vessel that collects blood from digestive organs?

A

hepatic portal vein

52
Q

70 bpm

A

is average heart rate

biology (23 decks)

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