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nervous system and the five senses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two branches of nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what is the function of CNS?

A

to integrate and respond to signals from PNS

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3
Q

what are the two components of CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what is the function of PNS?

A

keep in touch with outside environment and respond to it

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5
Q

what is PNS comprised of?

A

nerves outside of brain and spinal cord; motor and sensory neurons

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6
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

part of PNS; responds to stimuli over which we dont have control over.

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7
Q

what are the two branches of autonomic

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

what is sympathetic branch?

A

fight or flight response; response to perceived threats

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9
Q

what does the sympathetic branch secrete

A

adrenaline(epinephrine)

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10
Q

what is a neuron(neurone)

A

a specialized nerve cell;

  • it doesnt undergo mitosis after birth, cannot be replaced
  • conducts action potentials
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11
Q

what are action potentials

A

change in electrical potential with passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell

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12
Q

what is synapse

A

small gap b/w ends of nerves

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13
Q

how do nerve impulses continue when it reaches a synapse?

A

neurotransmitters

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14
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

they transmit nerve impulses across synapses

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15
Q

what are an example of the 5 neurotransmitters

A 
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
adrenaline
endorphins
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16
Q

when does the impulse for release of neurotransmitters occur?

A

at the axon end

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17
Q

4 stages of action potentials?

A
  1. resting potential
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. resting potential
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18
Q

what is a nerve?

A

is a cord made up of bundles of axons, it comprises white matter

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19
Q

what is white matter

A

nerve cords

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20
Q

what is grey matter

A

bodies of nerve cells

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21
Q

where is grey matter mainly found?

A

in the brain and spinal cord, but also in ganglia and some organs.

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22
Q

what is somatic nervous system branch?

A

controls voluntary movements

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23
Q

motor neurons

A

CNS to muscles and glands

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24
Q

sensory neurons

A

sensory organs to CNS

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25
Q

what is cerebrum?

A

cerebrum is the centre of intellegence, morality and problem-solving in the brain

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26
Q

what are the 4 lobar divisons of cerebrum?

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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27
Q

what does frontal lobe of cerebrum do?

A

intellect, movement, speech, sexual behaviour, aggression

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28
Q

what does parietal lobe of cerebrum do?

A

communication, touch, taste, body imaging, abstract reasoning

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29
Q

what does temporal lobe of cerebrum do?

A

smell, memory centre, hearing, language, emotions

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30
Q

what does occipital lobe of cerebrum do?

A

sight

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31
Q

what is the function of brainstem?

A

relay messages b/w body and components of the brain

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32
Q

what are the three components of brainstem?

A

upper brainstem= midbrain
middle brainstem=Pons varoli
lower brainstem=medulla oblongata

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33
Q

what is the function of midbrain?

A

to relay nerve impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum and spinal cord
-and assist in balance

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34
Q

what midbrain made up of?

A

white matter(nerve cords)

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35
Q

what is the function of Pons Varoli?

A
  • pons functions to connect hemispheres of cerebellum

- relay impulses, especially for cranial nerves

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36
Q

what is pons made up of?

A

grey and white matter with opposite configuration to cerebrum

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37
Q

3 functions of cerebrum

A
  • cognitive activity
  • sensory perception
  • voluntary movement
38
Q

what is the function of medulla oblongata

A
  • relay for sensory nerves

- centre for certain autonomic body functions

39
Q

what are the specific autonomic functions of medulla oblongata?

A
  • cardiac
  • respiratory
  • vasomotor(bp)
  • activities like coughing, sneezing, vomitting, swallowing.
40
Q

what is the function of cerebellum

A

to assist in muscle coordination
maintain muscle tone
maintain balance
maintain awareness

41
Q

how is cerebellum connected to the brain?

A

by penducles
superior=connects to midbrain and cerebrum
middle=connects to pons
lower=connects to medulla and spinal cord

42
Q

what is cerebellum made up of

A

outer grey matter and inner white matter, like cerebrum

-white is very branched

43
Q

three organs that are non-cortical grey matter

A
  • basal ganglia
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
44
Q

what is the function of basal ganglia?

A 
influence movement
eye movement
procedural learning/habits
motivation
decision making
working memory/focus
45
Q

what is the function of thalamus

A

pre-processes pain, temp, touch

-involved in self awareness and the senses

46
Q

damage/dysfunction of thalamus can result in…

A

disruption to sleep, consciousness, sensation, and recall.

47
Q

what is the function of hypothalamus

A
  • controls the pituitary gland

- involved in emotions, behaviour, hunger/thirst, and influences the autonomic nervous system

48
Q

disfunction/disruption of the hypothalamus can result in..

A

disruption can result in a wide variety of basic physiological functions.

49
Q

what is the brain ‘housed in”

A

the brain is housed in the cranial

50
Q

what is the spine “housed in”

A

spinal canal

51
Q

what does the forebrain become

A

cerebrum

52
Q

what does the midbrain become

A

midbrain

53
Q

what does the hindbrain become

A

pons varoli
medulla oblongata
cerebellum
spinal cord

54
Q

What is the Somatic NS comprised of?

A

Afferent sensory nerves and efferent motor nerves

55
Q

What are the 3 cranial meninges?

A
  • Dura mater (outer)
  • Arachnoid mater (middle)
  • Pia mater (inner)
56
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid found?

A

in sub-aracnoid space(In-between the the arachnoid mater and the Pia mater)

57
Q

Which meninges is in touch with the skull bone?

A

dura mater

58
Q

What does the brain control?

A
  • Sensory awareness
  • Movement
  • Behaviour
  • Rational thoughts
  • Memory
    etc. ..
59
Q

Where is the grey matter found?

A

In the out areas; the cortex, mostly the bodies.

60
Q

Where is the white matter found?

A

In the inner areas of the brain. Mostly the axons

61
Q

What connects the two brain lobes together?

A

corpus collosum

62
Q

What is the Cerebrum for?

A

The centre of intelligence, morality and problem solving

63
Q

function of cerebrum

A
  • Cognitive activity (to think)
  • Sensory perception
  • Voluntary movement
64
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

To relay messages between the body and the components of the brain. Its located at the top of the spinal cord.

65
Q

What is the midbrain composed of?

A

white matter

66
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum result in?

A

intoxication like symptoms

67
Q

What is the function of the Falx cerebri?

A

Keeps hemispheres slightly apart in cerebrum.

68
Q

What is the function of the Falx cerebelli?

A

A transverse separation of the cerebrum and cerebellum

69
Q

Where is grey and white matter found in the spinal cord?

A

White matter is on the outside

Grey matter is on the inside

70
Q

What is Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) comprised of?

A

Water, proteins, AAs, glucose and salts

71
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

Produced by the choroid plexuses (network of capillaries) in spaces of the brain called ventricles.

72
Q

function of CSF

A
  • Support the brain and spinal cord
  • Maintain uniform pressure
  • Shock absorber
  • Prevent desiccation
  • Flush metabolic waste products into bloodstream
73
Q

what is an action potential

A

A wave of disruption in membrane potential that travels down axons (NOT electricity)

74
Q

What is the threshold of an action potential?

A

-55 mV

75
Q

What is the steps to action potentials?

A 
1. Resting potential; more (-) inside (-70 mV)
Na+/K+ pump
2. Depolarisation; goes positive
Voltage-gated Na+ channel
3. Repolarisation; Tries to rebalance
Voltage-gated K+ channel
4. Resting potential; back to normal
Na+/K+ pump
76
Q

What is the 1st/I cranial nerve?

A

Olfactory

77
Q

What is the 2nd/II cranial nerve?

A

Optic

78
Q

What is the 3rd/III cranial nerve?

A

Oculomotor

79
Q

What is the 4th/IV cranial nerve?

A

trochlear

80
Q

What is the 5th/V cranial nerve?

A

trigeminal

81
Q

What is the 6th/VI cranial nerve?

A

Abducens

82
Q

What is the 7th/VII cranial nerve?

A

facial

83
Q

What is the 8th/VIII cranial nerve?

A

auditory

84
Q

What is the 9th/IX cranial nerve

A

Glossopharyngeal

85
Q

What is the 10th/X cranial nerve?

A

vagus

86
Q

What is the 11th/XI cranial nerve?

A

Spinal accessory

87
Q

What is the 12th/XII cranial nerve?

A

hypoglossal

88
Q

What is a sentence to memorize the 12 cranial nerves?

A

“On Old Olympus’ Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed A Hop

89
Q

acetylcholine is a…

A

neurotransmitter

90
Q

part of the brain concerned with memory is…

A

cerebrum

91
Q

CSF is found between which two layers?

A

aracnoid and pia mater

92
Q

trigeminal nerve is what cranial nerve

A

5

biology (23 decks)

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