cytology and DNA Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 10 characteristics of life?
A
absorption assimilation circulation digestion excretion growth movement respiration reproduction responsiveness
2
Q
what do all living things require?
A
water
oxygen
food
heat
3
Q
what is the smallest unit of all living organisms?
A
a cell
4
Q
what is the most basic functional unit of a living organism
A
the cell
5
Q
what is a tissue
A
collection of similarly specialized cells that are adapted to perform a specific function
6
Q
what is the study of a cell
A
cytology
7
Q
what is the study of tissues?
A
histology
8
Q
what is an organ
A
two or more tissue types combined together to perform a specific function
9
Q
what is a system
A
group of organs that work together
10
Q
what is the outer boundary of an animal cell called
A
cell membrane
11
Q
if a cell membrane allows only certain substances to pass through, it is…
A
semi-permeable
12
Q
water molecules moving from low salt conc to high is called…
A
osmosis
13
Q
the organelle that is the controlling body of the cell is the ….
A
nucleus
14
Q
the organelle which is the site of protein synthesis is…
A
ribosomes
15
Q
how many pairs of chromosomes does each human body cell contain
A
23
16
Q
the process by which a cell creates two identical daughter cells is called…
A
meiosis
17
Q
nucleus
A
- encloses the DNA
- this is where genes are TRANSCRIBED
18
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum
A
- storage of the important substances
- transport DNA transcripts out of the nucleus.
19
Q
Ribosomes
A
- translate DNA transcripts into PROTEIN
- where protein synthesis occurs
20
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
directs DNA products to stay in or go out of the cell
21
Q
Mitochondria
A
produces ATP for the cell; aka powerhouse of the cell
22
Q
lysosomes
A
breakdown of cell waste or substances toxic to the cell
23
Q
vacuoles
A
storage of substances in the cell; think how ‘vacuums’ store stuff
24
Q
cytoskeleton
A
provides structural support for the cell and its organelles influencing shape; transport system for substances w/in the cell
25
centrosome
produces microtubules
26
centriole
a bundle of microtubules near the centrosome
27
cytoplasm
- is the fluid that consists of all the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell.
- fluid part of protoplasm
- nucleus is not included in the cytoplasm
28
protoplasm
colourless material consisting of the living part of the cell
-collection of cell membrane, cytoplasm AND NUCLEUS
29
plasma layer
lipid bi-layer, has hydrophilic and hydrophobic sides, only permeable to certain substances via diffusion or passive/active transport
30
what is each layer of plasma membrane called...
leaflet
31
hydrophobic side of leaflet is...
on the inside, hiding from the aqueous environment
32
hydrophilic side of the leaflet is...
on the outside
33
diffusion
doesnt require energy
34
4 kinds of diffusion
1. lipid soluble through phospholipid matrix
2. water soluble through protein channels-gated or non gated
3. carrier mediated transport- ex.facilitated diffusion
4. osmosis of water through protein channels.
35
active transport
requires energy(atp)
36
2 types of active transport
1. direct active transport..ex sodium-potassium pump
| 2. Indirect active transport- ex. co-transport
37
phagocytosis is..
devouring cell action
| ex. white blood cells killing dangerous toxic bacterium.
38
motor proteins
live inside nerve cells, travels through cell using cytoskeleton. Road is like cytoskeleton in cell and traffic is like the travelling proteins.
39
3 parts of cytoskeleton
1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments
40
deoxyribonucleic acid
- Provides instructions to produce proteins that our body need
- protected in the nucleus
- double-stranded helix
- strands held together by hydrogen bonds
- complimentary and anti parallel strands
41
4 types of deoxyribonucleotides
1. adenine
2. thymine
3. guanine
4. cytosine
42
DNA
- encodes heritable, replicable, biological instructions for protein production
- packaged into chromatin and chromosomes at certain points in the cell cycle
43
gene
a DNA sequence that encodes a particular protein
44
how many sets of chromosomes does humans have in their somatic cells
2 sets of 23 different chromosomes
45
humans have how many autosomes and how many sex chromosomes
22 sets of chromosomes and 1 set of sex chromosomes?
46
sodium potassium pump ...
is a direct active transport
47
dna polymerase
- 'the builder'
| - adds new nucleotides to replicate what the helicase unzipped
48
Helicase
unzips helix strand
49
Lipase
'the gluer' helps glue DNA fragments together
50
primase
'the initializer' makes primer so DNA polymerase knows to build
51
DNA transcription
dna transcription by RNA polymerase turns individual genes into fragments of RNA
52
what allows DNA transcription to occur
RNA polymerase
53
RNA
- is single-stranded
- contains uracil instead of thymine
- RNA nucleotides have slightly different structure than DNA.
54
the 'messanger' RNA (mRNA) fragment acts as...
a copy of the DNA coding strand made from the non-coding strand
55
What is the main function of Translation?
to READ DNA, to make proteins
56
What does Primase do in DNA replication?
It lays down the first nucleotides (RNA) to get it started, continuously (5' -> 3')
57
what regulates the cell cycle?
cyclins (D, E, A, B)
58
autosomes are
non-sex chromosomes
59
which plasma membrane transport requires energy
active transport
60
what direction does kinesin sace travel on microtubule
outwards
61
what id facilitated diffusion?
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels, no energy required
62
what is the function of ribosomes
Translates DNA into Proteins
63
where does TRANSLATION occur?
in the CYTOPLASM
64
what does helicase do in DNA replication?
Unzips DNA
65
what is the order of DNA replication?
1. Helicase
2. SSB proteins
3. Primase
4. DNA polymerase 3
5. DNA polymerase 1
6. Ligase
66
how many chromosomes does meiosis end with?
23
67
how many cells does meiosis produces?
4 cells
68
what is SSB and what does it do in DNA replication
"Single stranded binding", it keeps the strands apart
69
what is assimilation
Taking what you've absorbed and putting it where it is needed
70
function of cell membrane
- detection of foreign substances
- interaction with other substances via a system of markers and receptors
- keeping cell as individual entity, separate from adjacent cells
- maintaining homeostasis(balancing internal environment)
- protection against foreign invaders
- transportation of nutrients into oxygen cell
- transportation of products manufactured by the cell, out of the cell
- transportation of waste products and carbon dioxide out of cells.
71
where do motor proteins live?
in nerve cells
72
what is DNA transcription
turning individual genes into fragments of RNA(mRNA) this is done by RNA polymerase
73
what is DNA translation
mRNA into protein
74
what is DNA replication
creates two identical replicas of DNA from one originating DNA molecule
75
where does DNA transcription occur?
in the nucleus
76
where does DNA translation occur
in the cytoplasm
77
what is RNA and how is different than DNA
RNA is single stranded
RNA contains URACIL instead of thymine
RNA nucleotides have a slightly different structure than DNA
78
what is mRNA made from
non-coding strand of DNA
79
what is cell cycle
-cells produce proteins, carry out general functions and duplicate all the DNA during Interphase,
80
what does cell cycle consist of
interphase(where all DNA is duplicated):
- G1(duplication of cellular contents, growth)
- S phase(duplication of CHROMOSOMES)
- G2 (DNA repair, growth, checkpoints throughout interphase halt cell if chromosomes damaged or critical step hasnt been accomplished)
and mitosis
81
what is the cell cycle at G0
cell cycle at rest(dies)
82
What regulates the cell cycle?
cyclins(A,D,E,B)
83
what is mitosis?
Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells.
84
what are the 6 stages of mitosis
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Cytokinesis
85
what is meiosis
The making of gametes (Sex cells)
86
how many cells does meiosis produce
4 cells
87
how many chromosomes does mitosis and meiosis start with?
46
88
how many chromosomes does meiosis end with?
23
89
how many chromosomes does meiosis end with?
46
90
what is the direction of DNA replication
5' to 3'
91
what are DNA strands held together by?
hydrogen-bonding
92
part of the cell that controls all cell activity
nucleus
93
meiosis is ..
division of sex cells
94
metaphase of mitosis is..
when chromosomes line up at the middle
95
sperm cells have ...
22 chromosomes and either x or y chromosomes
