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biology > cytology and DNA > Flashcards

cytology and DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 10 characteristics of life?

A 
absorption
assimilation
circulation
digestion
excretion
growth
movement
respiration
reproduction
responsiveness
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2
Q

what do all living things require?

A

water
oxygen
food
heat

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3
Q

what is the smallest unit of all living organisms?

A

a cell

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4
Q

what is the most basic functional unit of a living organism

A

the cell

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5
Q

what is a tissue

A

collection of similarly specialized cells that are adapted to perform a specific function

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6
Q

what is the study of a cell

A

cytology

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7
Q

what is the study of tissues?

A

histology

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8
Q

what is an organ

A

two or more tissue types combined together to perform a specific function

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9
Q

what is a system

A

group of organs that work together

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10
Q

what is the outer boundary of an animal cell called

A

cell membrane

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11
Q

if a cell membrane allows only certain substances to pass through, it is…

A

semi-permeable

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12
Q

water molecules moving from low salt conc to high is called…

A

osmosis

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13
Q

the organelle that is the controlling body of the cell is the ….

A

nucleus

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14
Q

the organelle which is the site of protein synthesis is…

A

ribosomes

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15
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes does each human body cell contain

A

23

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16
Q

the process by which a cell creates two identical daughter cells is called…

A

meiosis

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17
Q

nucleus

A
  • encloses the DNA

- this is where genes are TRANSCRIBED

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18
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • storage of the important substances

- transport DNA transcripts out of the nucleus.

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19
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • translate DNA transcripts into PROTEIN

- where protein synthesis occurs

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20
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

directs DNA products to stay in or go out of the cell

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces ATP for the cell; aka powerhouse of the cell

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22
Q

lysosomes

A

breakdown of cell waste or substances toxic to the cell

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23
Q

vacuoles

A

storage of substances in the cell; think how ‘vacuums’ store stuff

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24
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides structural support for the cell and its organelles influencing shape; transport system for substances w/in the cell

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25
Q

centrosome

A

produces microtubules

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26
Q

centriole

A

a bundle of microtubules near the centrosome

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27
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • is the fluid that consists of all the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell.
  • fluid part of protoplasm
  • nucleus is not included in the cytoplasm
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28
Q

protoplasm

A

colourless material consisting of the living part of the cell
-collection of cell membrane, cytoplasm AND NUCLEUS

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29
Q

plasma layer

A

lipid bi-layer, has hydrophilic and hydrophobic sides, only permeable to certain substances via diffusion or passive/active transport

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30
Q

what is each layer of plasma membrane called…

A

leaflet

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31
Q

hydrophobic side of leaflet is…

A

on the inside, hiding from the aqueous environment

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32
Q

hydrophilic side of the leaflet is…

A

on the outside

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33
Q

diffusion

A

doesnt require energy

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34
Q

4 kinds of diffusion

A
  1. lipid soluble through phospholipid matrix
  2. water soluble through protein channels-gated or non gated
  3. carrier mediated transport- ex.facilitated diffusion
  4. osmosis of water through protein channels.
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35
Q

active transport

A

requires energy(atp)

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36
Q

2 types of active transport

A
  1. direct active transport..ex sodium-potassium pump

2. Indirect active transport- ex. co-transport

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37
Q

phagocytosis is..

A

devouring cell action

ex. white blood cells killing dangerous toxic bacterium.

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38
Q

motor proteins

A

live inside nerve cells, travels through cell using cytoskeleton. Road is like cytoskeleton in cell and traffic is like the travelling proteins.

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39
Q

3 parts of cytoskeleton

A
  1. microtubules
  2. microfilaments
  3. intermediate filaments
40
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A
  • Provides instructions to produce proteins that our body need
  • protected in the nucleus
  • double-stranded helix
  • strands held together by hydrogen bonds
  • complimentary and anti parallel strands
41
Q

4 types of deoxyribonucleotides

A
  1. adenine
  2. thymine
  3. guanine
  4. cytosine
42
Q

DNA

A
  • encodes heritable, replicable, biological instructions for protein production
  • packaged into chromatin and chromosomes at certain points in the cell cycle
43
Q

gene

A

a DNA sequence that encodes a particular protein

44
Q

how many sets of chromosomes does humans have in their somatic cells

A

2 sets of 23 different chromosomes

45
Q

humans have how many autosomes and how many sex chromosomes

A

22 sets of chromosomes and 1 set of sex chromosomes?

46
Q

sodium potassium pump …

A

is a direct active transport

47
Q

dna polymerase

A
  • ‘the builder’

- adds new nucleotides to replicate what the helicase unzipped

48
Q

Helicase

A

unzips helix strand

49
Q

Lipase

A

‘the gluer’ helps glue DNA fragments together

50
Q

primase

A

‘the initializer’ makes primer so DNA polymerase knows to build

51
Q

DNA transcription

A

dna transcription by RNA polymerase turns individual genes into fragments of RNA

52
Q

what allows DNA transcription to occur

A

RNA polymerase

53
Q

RNA

A
  • is single-stranded
  • contains uracil instead of thymine
  • RNA nucleotides have slightly different structure than DNA.
54
Q

the ‘messanger’ RNA (mRNA) fragment acts as…

A

a copy of the DNA coding strand made from the non-coding strand

55
Q

What is the main function of Translation?

A

to READ DNA, to make proteins

56
Q

What does Primase do in DNA replication?

A

It lays down the first nucleotides (RNA) to get it started, continuously (5’ -> 3’)

57
Q

what regulates the cell cycle?

A

cyclins (D, E, A, B)

58
Q

autosomes are

A

non-sex chromosomes

59
Q

which plasma membrane transport requires energy

A

active transport

60
Q

what direction does kinesin sace travel on microtubule

A

outwards

61
Q

what id facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels, no energy required

62
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

Translates DNA into Proteins

63
Q

where does TRANSLATION occur?

A

in the CYTOPLASM

64
Q

what does helicase do in DNA replication?

A

Unzips DNA

65
Q

what is the order of DNA replication?

A
  1. Helicase
  2. SSB proteins
  3. Primase
  4. DNA polymerase 3
  5. DNA polymerase 1
  6. Ligase
66
Q

how many chromosomes does meiosis end with?

A

23

67
Q

how many cells does meiosis produces?

A

4 cells

68
Q

what is SSB and what does it do in DNA replication

A

“Single stranded binding”, it keeps the strands apart

69
Q

what is assimilation

A

Taking what you’ve absorbed and putting it where it is needed

70
Q

function of cell membrane

A
  • detection of foreign substances
  • interaction with other substances via a system of markers and receptors
  • keeping cell as individual entity, separate from adjacent cells
  • maintaining homeostasis(balancing internal environment)
  • protection against foreign invaders
  • transportation of nutrients into oxygen cell
  • transportation of products manufactured by the cell, out of the cell
  • transportation of waste products and carbon dioxide out of cells.
71
Q

where do motor proteins live?

A

in nerve cells

72
Q

what is DNA transcription

A

turning individual genes into fragments of RNA(mRNA) this is done by RNA polymerase

73
Q

what is DNA translation

A

mRNA into protein

74
Q

what is DNA replication

A

creates two identical replicas of DNA from one originating DNA molecule

75
Q

where does DNA transcription occur?

A

in the nucleus

76
Q

where does DNA translation occur

A

in the cytoplasm

77
Q

what is RNA and how is different than DNA

A

RNA is single stranded
RNA contains URACIL instead of thymine
RNA nucleotides have a slightly different structure than DNA

78
Q

what is mRNA made from

A

non-coding strand of DNA

79
Q

what is cell cycle

A

-cells produce proteins, carry out general functions and duplicate all the DNA during Interphase,

80
Q

what does cell cycle consist of

A

interphase(where all DNA is duplicated):

  • G1(duplication of cellular contents, growth)
  • S phase(duplication of CHROMOSOMES)
  • G2 (DNA repair, growth, checkpoints throughout interphase halt cell if chromosomes damaged or critical step hasnt been accomplished)

and mitosis

81
Q

what is the cell cycle at G0

A

cell cycle at rest(dies)

82
Q

What regulates the cell cycle?

A

cyclins(A,D,E,B)

83
Q

what is mitosis?

A

Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells.

84
Q

what are the 6 stages of mitosis

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
85
Q

what is meiosis

A

The making of gametes (Sex cells)

86
Q

how many cells does meiosis produce

A

4 cells

87
Q

how many chromosomes does mitosis and meiosis start with?

A

46

88
Q

how many chromosomes does meiosis end with?

A

23

89
Q

how many chromosomes does meiosis end with?

A

46

90
Q

what is the direction of DNA replication

A

5’ to 3’

91
Q

what are DNA strands held together by?

A

hydrogen-bonding

92
Q

part of the cell that controls all cell activity

A

nucleus

93
Q

meiosis is ..

A

division of sex cells

94
Q

metaphase of mitosis is..

A

when chromosomes line up at the middle

95
Q

sperm cells have …

A

22 chromosomes and either x or y chromosomes

biology (23 decks)

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