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integumentary system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 main structures of which the body is composed of?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve

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2
Q

what are the subtypes of epithelial structure

A
  • simple
    • cuboidal
    • columanr
    • ciliated
    • squamous
  • compound
    • stratified
      1. keratinised
      2. non-keratinised
    • transitional
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3
Q

what are the subtypes of connective structure

A 
solid
    -bone
         -cancellous
         -compact
    -cartilage
       -hyaline
       -white fibre
       -yellow elastic
semisolid
      1.loose apeclar
      2.white fibre
      3. yellow elastic
      4.adipose
      5. lymphoid
liquid
    -blood
    -lymph
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4
Q

what are the muscle subtypes

A
  • smooth
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
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5
Q

what are the nerve subtypes

A

nerve

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6
Q

briefly describe the structure of epidermis

A

a special layer of epithelium

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7
Q

briefly describe the structure of the dermis

A

(aka. corium) comprised of vascular, dense connective tissue

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8
Q

describe the epidermal layers

A 
stratum corneum
stratum lucideum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale(aka. stratum germinativum)
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9
Q

what is stratum corneum

A

comprised of many layers of keratinised dead cells that are flattened and nonnucleated; cornified… only layer that doesnt contain langerhan cells in the epidermis

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10
Q

what is stratum lucideum

A

thin, clear layer of epidermis that is only found on lips, palms and soles.

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11
Q

what is stratum granulosum

A

one or more layers of granular cells which contain fibres of keratin and shriveled nuclei

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12
Q

what is stratum spinosum

A

several layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei, and spine-like processes ; limited mitosis

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13
Q

what is stratum basale

A

aka. stratum germinativum. singular layer of cuboidal cells in contact with basement membrane that undergoes mitosis; contains pigment-producing melanocytes

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14
Q

what are two special cells in the epidermis

A
  • langerhan cells

- melanocytes

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15
Q

what are langerhan cells and what do they do?

A

langerhan cells are specialized dendritic cells, not epithelial cell. they have some characteristics of macrophages

  - engulf invading microorganisms
  - migrate to lymph nodes to present to T-cells
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16
Q

what are melanocytes?

A

are specialized dendritic cells, not epithelial cells.

  • they are found in and slightly below stratum basale and branch into stratum spinosum.
  • they DO NOT keratinize
  • they contain tyrosinase enzyme, which produces melanin
  • distributes melanin to surrounding cells.
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17
Q

the appearance of epidermal layers is a result of….

A

the movement of epithelial cells from deep to superficial layers, from living to dead layers.

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18
Q

new cells are produced in which layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum germinativum/ basale(lowest epidermal layer)

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19
Q

what layer does keratinization occur in epidermis?

A

stratum granulosum(bottom of horny layer, but in middle of epidermis)

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20
Q

what does the nails grow from?

A

the matrix

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21
Q

deep wrinkles are caused by …

A

change in structure of collagen fibres

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22
Q

flat scaly epithelial cells are…

A

squamous epithelial cells

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23
Q

simple cuboidal cells are found…

A

kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands

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24
Q

describe epidermal lipids(ceramides, squalene, cholesterol, fatty acids), their origin and how they work in function with the skin barrier.

A

the sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM which lubricates the skin and hair.

  • sebum contains FA’s, cholesterol, and other lipids.
  • Sebaceous glands originate in the dermis.
  • Sebum plays a role in protection against invasion by microorganisms.
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25
Q

describe the process of keratinization

A

keratinization is the process where keratin replaces the normal living cytoplasm of the cell until it dies.

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26
Q

what is the function of keratin

A

keratin is a substance that contains nitrogen, amino acids, and some sulphur.
-its the fundamental substance of the skin and nails as well as the keratinised layers of the skin.

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27
Q

soft keratin occurs…

A

in the skin

28
Q

hard keratin occurs…

A

in hair and nails

29
Q

describe the structure of the dermis

A
  • Papillary layer which contains sub-papillary plexus(supplies blood to stratum basale)
  • reticular layer that is main fibrous bed of the dermis, made of coarse, dense fibres(mainly collagen w/ few intermingeled strands of reticulin and elastic fibres…Collagen fibres comprise 75% of fibres in the dermis.
30
Q

describe papillary layer

A

lays in the top of the dermis and contains papillae(finger-like projections) that contain capillary loops, or nerve endings. it composed of a matrix with thin fibres in extensive network of fibres of collagen, reticulin and elastin fibres.
-contains sub-papillary plexus, which supplies epidermis with blood

31
Q

describe reticular layer

A

main fibrous bed of the dermis, composed of coarse, dense fibres, that are mainly of collagen with few intermingled reticulin and elastin fibres

32
Q

describe hypodermis

A

contains dermal-hypodermal vascular plexus, which supplies blood to the hair follicle

33
Q

describe the nerves in the dermis

A

nerve endings reach the stratum basale(stratum Germinativum) and sense pressure and temperature.

  • afferent nerves bring signals to CNS
  • efferent nerves bring signals from CNS
34
Q

what are corpuscles

A

nerve ending clusters that sense touch, pressure, vibration and temperature

35
Q

what are some appendages in the skin of the dermis

A

sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and erector pili muscles.

36
Q

list some nerves in the dermis

A

meissner’s corpuscle, corpuscle of merkle, free nerve endings, pacinian corpuscle, corpuscle of ruffini

37
Q

order of veins, nerve and artery in hypodermis

A

vein
artery
nerve

38
Q

list the 8specialized cells in the dermis

A 
histiocytes
mast cells
macrophage
fibroblasts
type I collagen
elastin
extracellular matrix
reticulin
39
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

fibroblasts are specialized cells in the dermis that are stimulated by tissue damage, additionally they produce collagen, and play a crucial role in inflammation, due to microbial invasion and wound healing.

40
Q

what are macrophages?

A

specialized immune cells in the dermis that engulf invading microorganisms

41
Q

what are mast cells?

A

specialized immune cells that secrete histamine, which induces an immune response.

42
Q

what are chromatophores?

A

cells in the dermis that have been stained(pigmented)by nearby melanocytes.

43
Q

what are histiocytes?

A

specialized immune cells in the dermis that produce reticulin(sub-group of collagen, that forms basement membrane)
-also performs typical functions of macrophages

44
Q

what is extracellular matrix

A

semi-liquid substance secreted by fibroblasts. ECM is primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans(GAG’s), such as hyaluronic acid.

45
Q

what is type 1 collagen

A

produced by fibroblasts. It functions to support protein that provides tensile strength

46
Q

what is elastin?

A

produced by fibroblasts, provides elasticity

47
Q

what is reticulin

A

produced by fibroblasts, and is a sub-group of collagen(type 3 collagen), which is more delicate than type 1 collagen.
-It forms the basement membrane and supportive framework for some organs

48
Q

the apperance of the epidermis is the result of…

A

the movement of epithelial cells from deep to superficial layers, from living to dead.

49
Q

what are sweat glands aka

A

sudoriferous glands

50
Q

what are the two types of sweat glands

A
  • eccrine

- apocrine

51
Q

what are apocrine glands

A

type of Sudoriferous gland that empties into hair follicle

  • sebum+sweat= ‘acid mantle’
  • active in puberty
  • profuse in areas with hair follicles;armpits, groin and scalp
  • excrete greater proportions of lipids and waste products.
  • skin bacteria act on the sweat to produce body odor
52
Q

what are eccrine glands

A

type of sudoriferous gland that empties directly onto skin surface

  • profuse in palms and soles
  • functions to maintain proper body temperature
  • secretes water, electolytes/salts and cellular waste products
53
Q

describe sebaceous gland

A

aka. pilo-sebaceous unit.
- contains oily droplets(sebum)which are released into hair follicle as gland breaks down(holocrine secretion)
- lubricates skin and hair
- associated with hair follicles, but also on back, chest and face.
- max activity at puberty
- sebum contains FA’s, cholersterol, and other lipids and plays a role in protection again microbial invasion.

54
Q

describe hair growth

A

it is determined by two factors:

  • intrinisic(genetics and hormones)
  • extrinsic(nutrition, age, drugs, health)

growth phases are:
anagen(active phase;longest phase; when you lose the hair)
catogen(dormant phase, when papilla and matrix seperate)
telogen(when papilla and matrix start to reconnect)

55
Q

describe the structure of hair

A
  • medulla(innermost)
  • cortex(middle)
  • Cuticle(outermost)
56
Q

describe function of hair

A

to maintain homeostasis, maintain body temperature

57
Q

how is pilo-sebaceous unit associated with hair

A

sebaceous glands are constricted from epithelium, their structure is closely related to hair follicle. therefore the hair follicle and sebaceous gland form pilo-sebaceous unit

58
Q

-list hair types and indicate distribution. Discuss the composition and significance of the acid mantle and the pH of the skin

A
  • *follicle shape determine texture
    - straight
    - wavy
    - curly
    - spiral coiled
    • *follicle size determines thickness
      • thick or thin
    • *acid mantle is formed from sebum and sweat glands and by the keratinization process… acid mantle(b/w 4.5 and 5.5) functions to prevent against bacteria.
59
Q

what are the 8 functions of skin

A
  • Sensation
    • excretion(ex.sweat)
    • secretion(ex. Sebum, vitamin d)
    • prevents dessication
    • physical barrier
    • temperature regulation
    • production of vitamin d
    • absorption(limited)
60
Q

list factors that affect skin thickness

A
  • age
  • genetic predisposition
  • area of the body
  • gender
61
Q

what is telogen effluvium

A

often caused by serious stress, hair sheds for up to 6 months

62
Q

anagen effluvium

A

shedding of hair during anagen phase(wrong phase), the shaft is narrow and breaks easily

63
Q

androgenic alopecia

A

more common in men, basically just balding as you age

64
Q

alopecia areata

A

loss of hair in circular pattern, surrounding hair is short and less pigmented

65
Q

hair shaft breakage

A

caused by over-processing and skin infections

66
Q

trichotillomania

A

deliberta twisting and pulling of hair, can lead to permanent hair loss.

67
Q

describe common hair removal methods

A

non-permanent at the surface(shaving and depilartories)
non-permanent at the root(waxing, sugaring, tweezing, threading)
permanent at the root(LASER, IPL, electrolysis)

biology (23 decks)

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