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Grade Ten Flashcards > skeletal system 2023 > Flashcards

skeletal system 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

three types of skeletons

A

-hydrostatic
-endoskeleton
-exoskeleton

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2
Q

describe the hydrostatic skeleton

A

-consists of a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles
-fluid provides support against which muscles contract
-hydrostatic skeletons occurs in INVERTEBRATE animals with soft bodies
eg- jellyfish, earthworms, flat worms and round worms

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3
Q

advantages and disadvantages of hydrostatic skeleton

A

animals with a hydrostatic skeleton don’t require a specialised support system

-can’t perform fast movements
-hydrostatic skeletons occur in animals that lives in a moist environment
-limits the size of an animal
-hardly provides protection to the animal

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4
Q

describe the exoskeleton

A

-external skeleton that occurs on the outside of the animals body
-found in invertebrate animals (largest group is the arthropods)
-an exoskeleton consists of a polysaccharide, chitin (sometimes hardened with calcium carbonate)

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5
Q

advantage and disadvantages of the exoskeleton

A

-supports and protects underlying tissue and organs from injury
-makes movement possible
-prevents the body of the animal from desiccation (drying out)

-limits the size of the animal (larger the animal, larger the exoskeleton)
-limits growth
-impermeable to gazes and special respiratory organs with openings to the outside are required

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6
Q

describe the endoskeleton

A

-internal skeleton that occurs inside the animals body
-consists mainly of bone and cartilage that are found in VERTEBRATE animals

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7
Q

what is the advantages and disadvantages of the endoskeleton

A

-provides structural support and gives body shape

-more vulnerable to desiccation, heat and cold than animals with an exoskeleton

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8
Q

inveterate animals

A

doesn’t have a vertebral column (no internal skeleton)
-ab 95% animal species
-invertebrate animals have either hydrostatic skeleton or an exoskeleton

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9
Q

what are the six functions of the human skeleton

A

movement- plays a role in movement together with the muscles and joints
protection- protects sensitive organs such as the brain, heart and lungs

support- gives body strength and shape
mineral storage- calcium and phosphates are stored in bone

hearing- three ear ossicles in each ear transmits sound waves to internal ear which makes hearing possible

blood cell formation- white and red bloods are formed in the red bone marrow

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10
Q

describe the structure of the human skeleton

A

206 bones and is divided into two sections
-axial skeleton
-appendicular skeleton

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11
Q

describe the axial skeleton and what it consists of

A

-forms the central axis that keeps the body upright
-all the other parts of the endoskeleton are attached to it
-it protects the brain, sense organs, spinal cord, heart and lungs

the axial skeleton consists of
-skull
-vertebral column
-rib cage

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12
Q

what two groups of bones does the skull consist of

A

bones of the cranium
facial bones

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13
Q

describe the cranium and it’s function

A

-cranium consists of EIGHT flat bones that are immovably joined to each other with serrated sutures

-cranium encloses the brain and protects it

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14
Q

what does the facial part of the skull consist of

A

consists of fifteen irregular bones that form the forehead, cheeks, nose, temples and upper and lower jaws

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15
Q

how many teeth do adult humans have and it’s arrangement

A

32 permanent teeth
-the human dental formula 2.1.2.3
-———
2.1.2.3

2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
-16 in each upper and lower jaw

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16
Q

describe the vertebral column

A

-consists of 33 bones, the vertebrae, which joined together by ligaments

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17
Q

what are the five different types of vertebrae’s and it’s amounts

A

seven cervical vertebrae
twelve thoracic vertebrae
five lumbar vertebrae
five sacral vertebrae
four vertebrae that form the coccyx

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18
Q

the first 24 vertebrae is known as

A

true vertebrae

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19
Q

the last nine vertebrae is known as

A

false vertebrae

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20
Q

what gives the the vertebral column an s shape

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
-this makes the colour flexible

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21
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column

A

supports the skull
protects spinal cord
place of attachment for ribs, the pectoral and pelvic girdle

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22
Q

what’s the rib cage

A

12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs and sternum

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23
Q

what’s the sternum

A

long, flat dagger shaped bone at the front of the rib cage

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24
Q

where are the 12 pairs of ribs attached

A

attached to the back of vertebral column

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25
what are the first seven ribs
attached directly to the sternum and is known as true ribs
26
what are the next three pairs of ribs
attached to the preceding rib and is known as false ribs
27
what about the last two pairs of ribs
they are not attached to the sternum and are called floating ribs
28
what is the function of the rib cage
protects organs (heart and lungs)
29
what does the appendicular skeleton consist of
pectoral girdle pelvic girdle upper lumps lower limbs
30
what is the pectoral girdle
consists of two scapulae at the back and two clavicles in the front
31
what kind of socket does the scapula have
a shallow socket known as the glenoid cavity into which they head of the humerus fits to form a ball and socket joint
32
how many bones are the upper limbs made of
6 limbs
33
what’s the humerus
a long bone that stretches from the pectoral girdle where it forms a ball and socket joint with the scapula
34
what’s the ulna
largest bone in the forearm is situated on the PINKY finger side -c shaped and articulates with the humerus to form an elbow
35
what is the radius
the radius is the thinner of the two bones in the forearm and is situated on the THUMB side -articulates with the carpals form the wrist joint
36
what are the carpals
8 small, short bones that are arranged in two rows of four
37
what are metacarpals
five small bones that form the palm of the hand
38
what are phalanges
forms the fingers and consist of 14 bones, three in each finger expect the thumb
39
what is the pelvic girdle
consists of two hip bones that are joined in the middle by a semi movable joint (pubic symphysis)
40
what are the hip bones made of
ilium ischium pubis
41
what are the hip bones attached to
the sacrum
42
how many types of bones is the lower limbs made of
7 different types of bones
43
what is the femur
longest and largest bone in the body -the upper end of the femur articulates with the hip bone forming a ball and socket joint -on the lower end there are two articular condyles that articulate with the tibia to form a HINGE joint of the knee
44
what’s the patella
the kneecap -a triangular bone that occurs in front of the femur and forms part of the knee joint
45
what is the filbila
largest bone of the two bones in the lower log
46
what are tarsals
seven bones that form the ankle of which the largest bone (calcaneum) the heel bone occurs at the back
47
what muscle is attached to the heel bone
the calf muscle
48
what are the metatarsals
five bones that form the arch of the foot
49
what are the phalanges
toe bones. 14 bones, 3 in each toe expect the big toe
50
what is a joint
a junction in the skeleton where two or more bones meet and are joined by ligaments or cartilage
51
how is a joint classified
by its degree of movement and it’s categorised into three classes immovable semi movable freely movable
52
what an immovable joint
a joint that doesn’t allow movement
53
what’s a semi movable joint
allows a slight degree of movement
54
what’s a synovial joint
allows free movement
55
what are the three types of synovial joins
ball and socket - head of one fits into the socket of another pivot - one bone rotates around another gliding - flat articular surface, one bone slides over another
56
how do antagonistic muscles work
one contracts, the other relaxes
57
what are rickets
deficiency disease where bones become soft -lack of vitamin D
58
what is osteoporosis
disease of the bone density -lack of calcium
59
what is arthritis
disease that causes severe pain and a loss of movement in joints
60
what is osteoarthritis
bones in a joint grinding against each other causes inflammation
61
what is rheumatoid arthritis
synovial membranes in joints thicken and produce too much synovial fluid which causes inflammation

Grade Ten Flashcards (17 decks)

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