skeletal system 2023 Flashcards by Kulthum Chogle

three types of skeletons

-hydrostatic
-endoskeleton
-exoskeleton

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describe the hydrostatic skeleton

-consists of a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles
-fluid provides support against which muscles contract
-hydrostatic skeletons occurs in INVERTEBRATE animals with soft bodies
eg- jellyfish, earthworms, flat worms and round worms

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advantages and disadvantages of hydrostatic skeleton

animals with a hydrostatic skeleton don’t require a specialised support system

-can’t perform fast movements
-hydrostatic skeletons occur in animals that lives in a moist environment
-limits the size of an animal
-hardly provides protection to the animal

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describe the exoskeleton

-external skeleton that occurs on the outside of the animals body
-found in invertebrate animals (largest group is the arthropods)
-an exoskeleton consists of a polysaccharide, chitin (sometimes hardened with calcium carbonate)

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advantage and disadvantages of the exoskeleton

-supports and protects underlying tissue and organs from injury
-makes movement possible
-prevents the body of the animal from desiccation (drying out)

-limits the size of the animal (larger the animal, larger the exoskeleton)
-limits growth
-impermeable to gazes and special respiratory organs with openings to the outside are required

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describe the endoskeleton

-internal skeleton that occurs inside the animals body
-consists mainly of bone and cartilage that are found in VERTEBRATE animals

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what is the advantages and disadvantages of the endoskeleton

-provides structural support and gives body shape

-more vulnerable to desiccation, heat and cold than animals with an exoskeleton

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inveterate animals

doesn’t have a vertebral column (no internal skeleton)
-ab 95% animal species
-invertebrate animals have either hydrostatic skeleton or an exoskeleton

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what are the six functions of the human skeleton

movement- plays a role in movement together with the muscles and joints
protection- protects sensitive organs such as the brain, heart and lungs

support- gives body strength and shape
mineral storage- calcium and phosphates are stored in bone

hearing- three ear ossicles in each ear transmits sound waves to internal ear which makes hearing possible

blood cell formation- white and red bloods are formed in the red bone marrow

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describe the structure of the human skeleton

206 bones and is divided into two sections
-axial skeleton
-appendicular skeleton

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describe the axial skeleton and what it consists of

-forms the central axis that keeps the body upright
-all the other parts of the endoskeleton are attached to it
-it protects the brain, sense organs, spinal cord, heart and lungs

the axial skeleton consists of
-skull
-vertebral column
-rib cage

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what two groups of bones does the skull consist of

bones of the cranium
facial bones

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describe the cranium and it’s function

-cranium consists of EIGHT flat bones that are immovably joined to each other with serrated sutures

-cranium encloses the brain and protects it

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what does the facial part of the skull consist of

consists of fifteen irregular bones that form the forehead, cheeks, nose, temples and upper and lower jaws

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how many teeth do adult humans have and it’s arrangement

32 permanent teeth
-the human dental formula 2.1.2.3
-———
2.1.2.3

2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
-16 in each upper and lower jaw

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describe the vertebral column

-consists of 33 bones, the vertebrae, which joined together by ligaments

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what are the five different types of vertebrae’s and it’s amounts

seven cervical vertebrae
twelve thoracic vertebrae
five lumbar vertebrae
five sacral vertebrae
four vertebrae that form the coccyx

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the first 24 vertebrae is known as

true vertebrae

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the last nine vertebrae is known as

false vertebrae

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what gives the the vertebral column an s shape

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
-this makes the colour flexible

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what is the function of the vertebral column

supports the skull
protects spinal cord
place of attachment for ribs, the pectoral and pelvic girdle

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what’s the rib cage

12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs and sternum

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what’s the sternum

long, flat dagger shaped bone at the front of the rib cage

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where are the 12 pairs of ribs attached

attached to the back of vertebral column

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what are the first seven ribs

attached directly to the sternum and is known as true ribs

what are the next three pairs of ribs

attached to the preceding rib and is known as false ribs

what about the last two pairs of ribs

they are not attached to the sternum and are called floating ribs

what is the function of the rib cage

protects organs (heart and lungs)

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of

pectoral girdle pelvic girdle upper lumps lower limbs

what is the pectoral girdle

consists of two scapulae at the back and two clavicles in the front

what kind of socket does the scapula have

a shallow socket known as the glenoid cavity into which they head of the humerus fits to form a ball and socket joint

how many bones are the upper limbs made of

6 limbs

what’s the humerus

a long bone that stretches from the pectoral girdle where it forms a ball and socket joint with the scapula

what’s the ulna

largest bone in the forearm is situated on the PINKY finger side -c shaped and articulates with the humerus to form an elbow

what is the radius

the radius is the thinner of the two bones in the forearm and is situated on the THUMB side -articulates with the carpals form the wrist joint

what are the carpals

8 small, short bones that are arranged in two rows of four

what are metacarpals

five small bones that form the palm of the hand

what are phalanges

forms the fingers and consist of 14 bones, three in each finger expect the thumb

what is the pelvic girdle

consists of two hip bones that are joined in the middle by a semi movable joint (pubic symphysis)

what are the hip bones made of

ilium ischium pubis

what are the hip bones attached to

the sacrum

how many types of bones is the lower limbs made of

7 different types of bones

what is the femur

longest and largest bone in the body -the upper end of the femur articulates with the hip bone forming a ball and socket joint -on the lower end there are two articular condyles that articulate with the tibia to form a HINGE joint of the knee

what’s the patella

the kneecap -a triangular bone that occurs in front of the femur and forms part of the knee joint

what is the filbila

largest bone of the two bones in the lower log

what are tarsals

seven bones that form the ankle of which the largest bone (calcaneum) the heel bone occurs at the back

what muscle is attached to the heel bone

the calf muscle

what are the metatarsals

five bones that form the arch of the foot

what are the phalanges

toe bones. 14 bones, 3 in each toe expect the big toe

what is a joint

a junction in the skeleton where two or more bones meet and are joined by ligaments or cartilage

how is a joint classified

by its degree of movement and it’s categorised into three classes immovable semi movable freely movable

what an immovable joint

a joint that doesn’t allow movement

what’s a semi movable joint

allows a slight degree of movement

what’s a synovial joint

allows free movement

what are the three types of synovial joins

ball and socket - head of one fits into the socket of another pivot - one bone rotates around another gliding - flat articular surface, one bone slides over another

how do antagonistic muscles work

one contracts, the other relaxes

what are rickets

deficiency disease where bones become soft -lack of vitamin D

what is osteoporosis

disease of the bone density -lack of calcium

what is arthritis

disease that causes severe pain and a loss of movement in joints

what is osteoarthritis

bones in a joint grinding against each other causes inflammation

what is rheumatoid arthritis

synovial membranes in joints thicken and produce too much synovial fluid which causes inflammation