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Grade Ten Flashcards > skeletal system 2023 > Flashcards

skeletal system 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

three types of skeletons

A

-hydrostatic
-endoskeleton
-exoskeleton

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2
Q

describe the hydrostatic skeleton

A

-consists of a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles
-fluid provides support against which muscles contract
-hydrostatic skeletons occurs in INVERTEBRATE animals with soft bodies
eg- jellyfish, earthworms, flat worms and round worms

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3
Q

advantages and disadvantages of hydrostatic skeleton

A

animals with a hydrostatic skeleton don’t require a specialised support system

-can’t perform fast movements
-hydrostatic skeletons occur in animals that lives in a moist environment
-limits the size of an animal
-hardly provides protection to the animal

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4
Q

describe the exoskeleton

A

-external skeleton that occurs on the outside of the animals body
-found in invertebrate animals (largest group is the arthropods)
-an exoskeleton consists of a polysaccharide, chitin (sometimes hardened with calcium carbonate)

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5
Q

advantage and disadvantages of the exoskeleton

A

-supports and protects underlying tissue and organs from injury
-makes movement possible
-prevents the body of the animal from desiccation (drying out)

-limits the size of the animal (larger the animal, larger the exoskeleton)
-limits growth
-impermeable to gazes and special respiratory organs with openings to the outside are required

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6
Q

describe the endoskeleton

A

-internal skeleton that occurs inside the animals body
-consists mainly of bone and cartilage that are found in VERTEBRATE animals

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7
Q

what is the advantages and disadvantages of the endoskeleton

A

-provides structural support and gives body shape

-more vulnerable to desiccation, heat and cold than animals with an exoskeleton

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8
Q

inveterate animals

A

doesn’t have a vertebral column (no internal skeleton)
-ab 95% animal species
-invertebrate animals have either hydrostatic skeleton or an exoskeleton

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9
Q

what are the six functions of the human skeleton

A

movement- plays a role in movement together with the muscles and joints
protection- protects sensitive organs such as the brain, heart and lungs

support- gives body strength and shape
mineral storage- calcium and phosphates are stored in bone

hearing- three ear ossicles in each ear transmits sound waves to internal ear which makes hearing possible

blood cell formation- white and red bloods are formed in the red bone marrow

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10
Q

describe the structure of the human skeleton

A

206 bones and is divided into two sections
-axial skeleton
-appendicular skeleton

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11
Q

describe the axial skeleton and what it consists of

A

-forms the central axis that keeps the body upright
-all the other parts of the endoskeleton are attached to it
-it protects the brain, sense organs, spinal cord, heart and lungs

the axial skeleton consists of
-skull
-vertebral column
-rib cage

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12
Q

what two groups of bones does the skull consist of

A

bones of the cranium
facial bones

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13
Q

describe the cranium and it’s function

A

-cranium consists of EIGHT flat bones that are immovably joined to each other with serrated sutures

-cranium encloses the brain and protects it

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14
Q

what does the facial part of the skull consist of

A

consists of fifteen irregular bones that form the forehead, cheeks, nose, temples and upper and lower jaws

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15
Q

how many teeth do adult humans have and it’s arrangement

A

32 permanent teeth
-the human dental formula 2.1.2.3
-———
2.1.2.3

2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
-16 in each upper and lower jaw

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16
Q

describe the vertebral column

A

-consists of 33 bones, the vertebrae, which joined together by ligaments

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17
Q

what are the five different types of vertebrae’s and it’s amounts

A

seven cervical vertebrae
twelve thoracic vertebrae
five lumbar vertebrae
five sacral vertebrae
four vertebrae that form the coccyx

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18
Q

the first 24 vertebrae is known as

A

true vertebrae

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19
Q

the last nine vertebrae is known as

A

false vertebrae

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20
Q

what gives the the vertebral column an s shape

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
-this makes the colour flexible

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21
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column

A

supports the skull
protects spinal cord
place of attachment for ribs, the pectoral and pelvic girdle

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22
Q

what’s the rib cage

A

12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs and sternum

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23
Q

what’s the sternum

A

long, flat dagger shaped bone at the front of the rib cage

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24
Q

where are the 12 pairs of ribs attached

A

attached to the back of vertebral column

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25
Q

what are the first seven ribs

A

attached directly to the sternum and is known as true ribs

26
Q

what are the next three pairs of ribs

A

attached to the preceding rib and is known as false ribs

27
Q

what about the last two pairs of ribs

A

they are not attached to the sternum and are called floating ribs

28
Q

what is the function of the rib cage

A

protects organs (heart and lungs)

29
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
upper lumps
lower limbs

30
Q

what is the pectoral girdle

A

consists of two scapulae at the back and two clavicles in the front

31
Q

what kind of socket does the scapula have

A

a shallow socket known as the glenoid cavity into which they head of the humerus fits to form a ball and socket joint

32
Q

how many bones are the upper limbs made of

A

6 limbs

33
Q

what’s the humerus

A

a long bone that stretches from the pectoral girdle where it forms a ball and socket joint with the scapula

34
Q

what’s the ulna

A

largest bone in the forearm is situated on the PINKY finger side
-c shaped and articulates with the humerus to form an elbow

35
Q

what is the radius

A

the radius is the thinner of the two bones in the forearm and is situated on the THUMB side
-articulates with the carpals form the wrist joint

36
Q

what are the carpals

A

8 small, short bones that are arranged in two rows of four

37
Q

what are metacarpals

A

five small bones that form the palm of the hand

38
Q

what are phalanges

A

forms the fingers and consist of 14 bones, three in each finger expect the thumb

39
Q

what is the pelvic girdle

A

consists of two hip bones that are joined in the middle by a semi movable joint (pubic symphysis)

40
Q

what are the hip bones made of

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

41
Q

what are the hip bones attached to

A

the sacrum

42
Q

how many types of bones is the lower limbs made of

A

7 different types of bones

43
Q

what is the femur

A

longest and largest bone in the body
-the upper end of the femur articulates with the hip bone forming a ball and socket joint
-on the lower end there are two articular condyles that articulate with the tibia to form a HINGE joint of the knee

44
Q

what’s the patella

A

the kneecap
-a triangular bone that occurs in front of the femur and forms part of the knee joint

45
Q

what is the filbila

A

largest bone of the two bones in the lower log

46
Q

what are tarsals

A

seven bones that form the ankle of which the largest bone (calcaneum) the heel bone occurs at the back

47
Q

what muscle is attached to the heel bone

A

the calf muscle

48
Q

what are the metatarsals

A

five bones that form the arch of the foot

49
Q

what are the phalanges

A

toe bones. 14 bones, 3 in each toe expect the big toe

50
Q

what is a joint

A

a junction in the skeleton where two or more bones meet and are joined by ligaments or cartilage

51
Q

how is a joint classified

A

by its degree of movement and it’s categorised into three classes
immovable
semi movable
freely movable

52
Q

what an immovable joint

A

a joint that doesn’t allow movement

53
Q

what’s a semi movable joint

A

allows a slight degree of movement

54
Q

what’s a synovial joint

A

allows free movement

55
Q

what are the three types of synovial joins

A

ball and socket - head of one fits into the socket of another
pivot - one bone rotates around another
gliding - flat articular surface, one bone slides over another

56
Q

how do antagonistic muscles work

A

one contracts, the other relaxes

57
Q

what are rickets

A

deficiency disease where bones become soft
-lack of vitamin D

58
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

disease of the bone density
-lack of calcium

59
Q

what is arthritis

A

disease that causes severe pain and a loss of movement in joints

60
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

bones in a joint grinding against each other causes inflammation

61
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A

synovial membranes in joints thicken and produce too much synovial fluid which causes inflammation

Grade Ten Flashcards (17 decks)

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