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bio term 2 (bio chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

what are organic molecules and list a few examples

A

complex molecules made up of living organisms - CHO ( carbon hydrogen oxygen )

examples:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid
vitamins

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2
Q

what are inorganic molecules

A

many simple molecules, occur without living organisms and mostly do not contain carbon atoms.

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3
Q

define cell wall

A

rigid, non living layer found outside the cell membrane and surrounds the cell
- cell membranes only occur in plant cells
-the cell wall consists of cellulose

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4
Q

functions of the cell wall

A

its a support structure that protects living contents
- permeable to water and mineral cells

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5
Q

cell membrane

A

forms the outer living boundary of the cytoplasm
-double layer of phospholipid molecules with large protein molecules embedded in the layer of phospholipid.
-animal and plant cells have cell membranes

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6
Q

function of the cell membrane

A

selectively permeable and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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7
Q

what is diffusion

A

spontaneous movement of molecules of a liquid or gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
-passive process = no energy needed

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8
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from a high area of water potential to an area of low water potential, through a selectively permeable membrane.

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9
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of molecules from a low to a high concentration (against the concentration gradient) through membranes.
-energy is needed

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10
Q

nucleus

A

consists of double nuclear membrane with pores, the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus and tangled threads known as the chromatin network

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11
Q

functions of the nucleus

A

controls cell activity
contains chromosomes that carry hereditary characteristics

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12
Q

cytoplasm

A

some of the cytoplasm is a liquid form and some is a jelly like substance
-contains dissolved nutrients and waste products
-all the organelles are in the cytoplasm except the nucleolus.

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13
Q

function of the cytoplasm

A

stores substances
- substances circulate through the movement of the cytoplasm

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14
Q

mitochondrion

A

occurs in plant and animal cells, found in the cytoplasm.
-it is cylindrically shaped and enclosed by a double membrane
-inner membrane contains folds known as cristae.
mitochondrion is filled with a semi fluid called the matrix.

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15
Q

function of mitochondrion

A

releases energy during cellular respiration

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16
Q

ribosomes

A

small round structures that occur within plant and animal cells
-they are found in the cytoplasm and may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, forming the cytoplasm.
-consists of RNA and proteins

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17
Q

function of ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis

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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

membranous network found in plant and animal cells
-rough ER- has ribosomes on its surface
-smooth ER- has no ribosomes on its surface

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19
Q

function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

transports substances from one part of the cytoplasm to another.

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20
Q

golgi body

A

stack of flat membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
-found near the nucleus and ER

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21
Q

function of the golgi body

A

produces and processes secretations - saliva and mucus
-it prepares proteins for transport to other parts of the cell

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22
Q

plastids

A

only occur in plant cells
chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts

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23
Q

function of plastids

A

The process of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts
-Chromoplasts give the yellow, orange and red colour to flowers, leaves and
fruit
-Leucoplasts store food.

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24
Q

vacuoles

A

Vacuoles are fluid-filled organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of most plant
cells but are very small or completely absent in animal cells.
* A vacuole is enclosed by a selectively permeable membrane called the
tonoplast.
* Vacuoles are filled with a liquid called cell sap consisting of water, mineral salts,
sugars and amino acids.

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25
function of vacuoles
The vacuole plays an important role in digestion and excretion of cellular waste and storage of water and organic and inorganic substances. * The vacuole takes in and releases water by osmosis in response to changes in the cytoplasm, as well as in the environment around the cell. * The vacuole is also responsible for maintaining the shape of plant cells. When the cell is full of water, the vacuole exerts pressure outwards, pushing the cell membrane against the cell wall. This pressure is called turgor pressure.
26
list two other types of vacuoles
Vesicles - small, spherical sacs which facilitate the metabolism, transport and storage of molecules. * Lysosomes - small vesicles, mainly found in animal cells, that are filled with digestive enzymes. These powerful enzymes can digest cell structures and food molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins.
27
what are the differences between plant and animal cells
plant cells: animal cells: Cell wall present Cell wall absent Plastids present Plastids absent Large vacuole present Vacuole small or absent
28
what are carbs made up of and their monosaccharides
saccharides (CHO) monosaccharides- glucose (building block for carbs) -frustose -galactose
29
what are carbs disaccharides
maltose = glucose + glucose sucrose = glucose + fructose lactose = glucose + galactose
30
what are carbs polysaccharides
they are a long chain of monosaccharides -starch = glucose stored in a plant -glycogen = excess glucose stored in the liver - cellulose = structural component of cell walls
31
test for glucose with benedict’s solution
blue = no glucose presence orange/red = glucose present
32
test for starch with iodine solution
blue/black = iodine is present
33
what are lipids and their properties
They are fats and oils (CHO) 1 glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules - hydrophobic and soluble in alcohol and absorb fat soluble vitamins
34
what are saturated fats
they are fats derived from animals and are solid and room temperature
35
what are unsaturated fats
derived from plants (oils) and are liquid a room temperature and
36
test for fats
greasy translucent spot = fat present
37
what are proteins
(CHON) monomers- amino acids
38
what are peptide bonds
two amino acids are peptide bonds dipeptide- 2 amino acids linked by a peptide bond
39
what are enzymes
proteins that accelerate chemical reactions in cells
40
what is a biological catalyst
substance that accelerates reactions
41
what are the two chemical reactions
anabolic -complex molecule built up from simple molecules catabolix-complex molecules broken down into simple molecules
42
what does the enzyme act on
the substrate
43
what are nucleic acids and it’s types
CHO with nitrogen and phosphorus DNA RNA
44
what are vitamins
essential for metabolism, growth and development
45
list the water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
water soluble- B&C fat- ADEK
46
what is vitamin C and it’s properties
water soluble vitamin citrus fruit scurvy
47
who were the two men who experimented with lenses in a tube
zaccharias jansen and his son Hans in 1590
48
what is a light microscope
view objects with a naked eye
49
what is a prokaryotic cell
cell without a nucleus
50
what is a eukaryotic cell
cell with a nucleus
51
what occurs in plant cells that doesn’t occur in animal cells
cell wall plastids ( chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll) vacuoles
52
what is diffusion
passive process allows liquids or gases to move in or out of cells no energy required
53
what is osmosis
passive process whereby water moves across permeable membranes no energy needed
54
what is active transport
goes against gradient energy required
55
what is the interphase and list it’s stages
the period between two cell divisions Prophase- nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappears Metaphase - chromosomes line up on the equator and spindle fibres attach to the centrioles Anaphase - centromere divides and the chromosomes splits and the spindle fibres contract and pull to the opposite poles Telophase - nucleolus and nuclear membrane reforms. the chromatid is now a chromosome
56
what is the biosphere
consists of the lithosphere atmosphere and hydrosphere
57
what is a biome
an area with particular climate and living organisms
58
list two biomes
terrestrial and aquatic
59
what is the fynbos biome
a terrestrial biome that occurs exclusively in the south western part of Western Cape it has a cool wet winter and dry hot summers sandy and not fertile
60
what is an ecosystem
area where biotic and abiotic factors interact
61
what are the physiographic factors
Slope - determines run off rate (steep slope faster run off = infertile and shallow) (gradual = soil erosion Aspect - slope direction (north facing slopes get more direct sunlight Altitude - height above sea level experiences more extreme weather
62
autotrophic
producers
63
heterotrophic
consumers
64
saprotrophic
decomposers
65
what are the nutrient cycles
water - continuous cyclic movement of water between earth and the atmosphere nitrogen - building blocks for amino acids oxygen - oxygen circulates through the ecosystem and biosphere carbon - component for organic compounds
66
what is ecotourism
tourism towards natural environments protects biodiversity
67
what is the two kingdom system and who created it
carlos linnaeus plantae and animalia
68
what is the five kingdom system and who created it
robert whitaker monera- prokaryotic bacteria protista - fungi - molds animalia - all animals plantae - advanced eukaryotic cells
69
what are the rocky shore producers consumers and decomposers
producers - algae and seaweed consumers- grazer - predator - scavengers -filter feeders decomposers- bacteria
70
what do eukaryotic cells that prokaryotic doesn’t
true nuclear membrane true organelles true nuclei
71
what is the function of water
solvent a transporting agent chemical reactions
72
how to work out mean
adding all data points and dividing by the number of data points.
73
list the macro elements
calcium phosphorus magnesium sodium potassium chlorine
74
list the micro elements
iron copper zinc fluorine iodine
75
what are the trace elements
bromine chrome nickel

Grade Ten Flashcards (17 decks)

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