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BIO108 - General Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q
  • internal framework which gives your body support
  • gives your body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for you organs and stores minerals
A

skeletal system

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2
Q

Types of Skeletal System

A
  1. Hydrostatic Skeletal System
  2. Exoskeleton
  3. Endoskeleton
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3
Q

skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called the coelom

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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4
Q

external skeleton that consists of a hard encasement on the surface of an organism

A

exoskeleton

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5
Q

skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms

A

endoskeleton

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6
Q

Significance of the Skeletal System in the human body

A
  1. provides support and shape
  2. protection
  3. allows movement and locomotion
  4. blood cell production
  5. mineral reservoir
  6. endocrine regulation
  7. detoxification
  8. growth and development
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7
Q

Major Components of the Skeletal System

A
  1. bones
  2. ligaments
  3. carilage
  4. joints
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8
Q

types of bones

A
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. flat bones
  4. irregular bones
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9
Q
  • longer than they are wide
  • facilitates movement due to their length
  • most of the upper and lower limb
A

long bones

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10
Q

what are the long bones

A

upper
1. humerus
2. radius
3. ulna
4. metacarpal

lower
5. femur
6. tibia
7. fibula
8. metatarsal

both
9. phalanges

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11
Q

parts of long bones

A
  1. diaphysis
  2. epiphysis
  3. metaphysis
  4. medullary cavity
  5. periosteum
  6. endosteum
  7. articular cartilage
  8. epiphyseal plate
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12
Q

long central shaft

A

diaphysis

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13
Q

ends of the bone

A

epiphysis

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14
Q

region where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis

A

metaphysis

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15
Q

hollow space within the diaphysis

A

medullary cavity

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16
Q

inside the medullary cavity

A
  1. yellow marrow
  2. red marrow
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17
Q

consists mostly of adipose tissue

A

yellow marrow

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18
Q

blood forming cells

A

red marrow

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19
Q

dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones

A

periosteum

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20
Q

thin connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of the bone

A

endosteum

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21
Q

covers the ends of the epiphysis where the bone articulates (joints) with other bones

A

articular cartilage

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22
Q

separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

A

epiphyseal plate

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23
Q
  • approximately as wide as they are long
  • help transfer force between long bones
A

short bones

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24
Q

what are the short bones

A
  1. carpals
  2. tarsals
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25
Q
  • are thin and often slightly curved, serving protective functions
  • protect soft organs
A

flat bones

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26
Q

what are the flat bones

A
  1. cranial bones
  2. ribs
  3. scapulae
  4. sternum
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27
Q
  • have complex shapes that don’t fit into the other categories
  • provide protection and flexibility in regions like the spine
A

irregular bones

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28
Q

what are the irregular bones

A
  1. vertebrae
  2. sacrum
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29
Q

Bone Composition

A
  1. organic components
  2. inorganic components
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30
Q

organic components of bones

A
  1. collagen
  2. proteoglycan
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31
Q

inorganic components of bones

A
  1. calcium
  2. phosphate
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32
Q

classified according to the amount of the bone matrix to bone space

A

bone tissue

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33
Q

Two types of bone tissue

A
  1. compact bone (cortical)
  2. cancellous bone (spongy)
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34
Q

it is dense and has a solid outer layer

A

compact bone (cortical)

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35
Q

parts of compact bone

A
  1. osteons
  2. blood vessels
  3. canaliculi
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36
Q

consist of connective rings of lamellae surrounding central canal

A

osteons

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37
Q
  • run parallel to the long axis of the bone
  • located in the central canals/ haversian canals
A

blood vessels

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38
Q

where are the blood vessels of the compact bone found

A

Haversian canal/ central canal

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39
Q
  • give osteon the appearance of having tiny cracks within the lamella
  • where nutrients are passed
A

canaliculi

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40
Q
  • very porous and is located in the epiphysis of long bones and lines the medullary cavity of long bones
  • less bone matrix
A

cancellous bone (spongy)

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41
Q

delicate interconnecting rods of plates of bones

A

trabeculae

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42
Q

what does the trabeculae add

A

strength to a bone without the added weight

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43
Q

spaces between the trabeculae are filled with __

A

marrow

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44
Q

Two main parts of the major bones of the human body

A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. appendicular skeleton
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45
Q

protects vital organs like the brain and spinal cord

A

axial skeleton

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46
Q

facilitates movement and interaction with the environment

A

appendicular skeleton

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47
Q
  • connect bone to other bones
  • made of a fibrous connective tissue
A

ligaments

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48
Q

function of ligaments

A

hold structures together and keep them stable

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49
Q

strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones.

A

cartilage

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50
Q

Three types of Cartilage

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. fibrocartilage
  3. elastic cartilage
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51
Q
  • most common type of cartilage
  • lines the joints and caps the ends of bones
  • slippery and smooth
  • precursor for bones
A

hyaline cartilage

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52
Q

different types of hyaline cartilage based on where they are found

A
  1. Bronchial
  2. Laryngeal
  3. Articular
  4. Nasal
  5. Costal
  6. Epiphyseal Growth Plates
  7. Tracheal
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53
Q
  • rings in bronchial tree
  • helps keep airways open
  • prevents bronchi from collapsing, especially during expiration
A

bronchial cartilage

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54
Q
  • framework of larynx
  • provides protective covering for vocal cords
A

laryngeal cartilage

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55
Q
  • covers ends of bones
  • provides smooth surface for articulation and reduce friction during movement
  • absorbs shock
A

articular cartilage

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56
Q
  • shapes nose
  • provide support for nasal passage, allowing proper airflow
A

nasal cartilage

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57
Q
  • connects ribs to sternum
  • allows for chest expansion
A

costal cartilage

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58
Q

enables bone growth

A

epiphyseal growth plates

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59
Q
  • rings the trachea
  • provide structural support
  • helps keep airway open
  • acts as protective barrier
A

tracheal cartilage

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60
Q
  • tough cartilage made of thick fibers
  • strongest and least flexible
  • tough enough to hold parts of your body and absorb impact
A

fibrocartilage

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61
Q

example of fibrocartilage

A
  1. intervertebral disc
  2. meniscus
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62
Q
  • most flexible cartilage
  • supports parts of the body that need to bend and move to function
  • can bounce back to its original shape, even after a strong force
A

elastic cartilage

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63
Q

example of elastic cartilage

A
  1. ear
  2. eustachian tube
  3. epiglottis & corniculate cartilage (larynx)
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64
Q

connection between two bones in the skeletal muscle

A

joints

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65
Q

classification of joints by type of tissue

A
  1. fibrous joints
  2. cartilaginous joints
  3. synovial joints
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66
Q
  • bones are formed by fibrous connective tissue
  • require strength and stability over range of movement
A

fibrous joints

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67
Q

three types of fibrous joints

A
  1. sutures
  2. gomphoses
  3. syndesmoses
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68
Q
  • immobile joints (synarthrosis) found only in the cranium
  • at birth, it allows bones in the skull to move
A

sutures

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69
Q

where are sutures found

A

skull

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70
Q

immobile joints

A

synarthrosis

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71
Q
  • immobile joints found only between the teeth and their sockets in the madible and maxillae
  • periodontal ligament is the fibrous tissue connecting the tooth to the socket
A

gomphoses

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72
Q

where are gomphoses found

A

between teeth and socket in the mandible and maxillae

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73
Q

fibous tissue connecting the tooth to the socket

A

periodontal ligament

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74
Q
  • slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
  • held together by interosseous membrane
  • found in middle of radioulnar joint and tibiofibular joint
A

syndesmoses

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75
Q

slighlty movable joints

A

amphiarthroses

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76
Q

where are syndesmoses found

A
  1. middle of radioulnar joint
  2. middle of tibiofibular joint
77
Q

joints united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

A

cartilaginous joints

78
Q

two main types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. synchondroses (primary cartilaginous)
  2. symphyses (secondary cartilaginous)
79
Q
  • bones are connected by hyaline cartilage
  • immovable (synarthrosis)
  • cartilage are ossified after a period of growth
A

synchondroses (primary cartilaginous)

80
Q

where are synchondroses found

A

joint between diaphysis and epiphysis of growing long bone

81
Q
  • bones are united by a layer of fibrocartilage
  • slightly movable
  • usually permanent
  • all are present in the midline of the body
A

symphyses (secondary cartilaginous)

82
Q

example of symphyses

A
  1. pubic symphysis
  2. joints between vertebral bodies
83
Q
  • joint is enclosed in a fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
  • freely movable (diarthrosis)
  • most common joint within the human body
A

synovial joints

84
Q

freely movable

A

diarthrosis

85
Q

six types of synovial joints

A
  1. hinge
  2. pivot
  3. ball and socket
  4. condyloid
  5. saddle
  6. gliding/plane joint
86
Q

different types of movement in joints

A
  1. flexion and extension
  2. adduction and abduction
  3. circumdiction
  4. internal and external rotation
87
Q

decreases the angle between the bones (bending of the joint)

A

flexion

88
Q

increases the angle and straightens the joint

A

extension

89
Q

refers to moving a limb away from the midline of your body.

A

Abduction

90
Q

refers to moving a limb toward the midline of your body.

A

Adduction

91
Q

the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions

A

circumdiction

92
Q

refers to a shoulder or hip motion that causes the associated limb to rotate internally or toward the body.

A

Internal rotation

93
Q

shoulder or hip motion that causes the limb to rotate externally or away from the body

A

External rotation

94
Q
  • uniaxial
  • for flexion and extension
  • elbow, knee
A

hinge joint

95
Q
  • uniaxial
  • rotation of one bone around another
  • top of the neck (atlas, axis)
A

pivot joint

96
Q
  • multiaxial
  • flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, internal and external rotation
  • shoulder, hip
A

ball and socket

97
Q
  • biaxial joints
  • flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction
  • radiocarpal (wrist) joints, metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
A

condyloid joint

98
Q
  • biaxial
  • resemble condyloid joints but allow greater freedom of movement
  • flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction
  • carpometacarpal (CMC) joint at the base of the thumb
A

saddle joint

99
Q
  • multiaxial but restricted by surrounding ligaments
  • gliding
  • intercarpal joints in the hands, intertarsal joints in foot
A

gliding/pivot joint

100
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. support and shape
  2. protection of vital organs
  3. movement facilitation
  4. storage
  5. blood cell production
101
Q

Support and Shape

A
  • skeleton support body against pull of gravity
  • keeps body upright
102
Q

Protection of Vital Organs

A
  • forms bony covering around vital organs
  • prevent physical injury
103
Q

Movement Facilitation

A
  • serve as points of attachment for muscles
  • act as levers
104
Q

Two types of Storage in Skeletal System

A
  1. mineral storage
  2. triglyceride storage
105
Q

mineral storage

A
  • stores calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium which facilitate growth and body repair
  • helps in regulation of nutrients such as vitamin D
106
Q

triglyceride storage

A
  • yellow bone marrow
  • energy reservoir of the body
107
Q

Blood Cell Production

A
  • aka hematopoiesis
  • occurs in bone marrow
108
Q

where does hematopoiesis start with

A

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

109
Q

what are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A
  • proliferative and mulitpotent
  • can become any type of blood cell
110
Q

hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) differentiates into what?

A
  1. myeloid progenitor cell
  2. lymphoid progenitor cell
111
Q

undergo further differentiation and give rise to a variety of cell types involved in immune function, blood clotting, and oxygen transport

A

Myeloid progenitor cell

112
Q

cell types the myeloid progenitor cell differentiate into

A

for
- immune function
- blood clotting
- oxygen transport

113
Q

undergo further differentiateion and give rise to lymphocytes which are essential for adaptive immunity

A

lymphoid progenitor cell

114
Q

Different bone cells

A
  1. osteoblast
  2. osteocyte
  3. osteoclast
  4. bone lining cells (BLC)
115
Q

bone-forming cells that create new bone and help heal and grow existing bones

A

osteoblast

116
Q

mature bone cells that sense mechanical stimuli and translate them into biochemical signals

A

osteocyte

117
Q

cells that break down old or damaged bone tissue, creating space for enw bone growth

A

osteoclast

118
Q

form a protective barrier on the surface of bones, preventing direct contact with osteoclasts

A

bone lining cells

119
Q

refers to the process by which bone tissue is formed

A

ossification

120
Q

Two types of ossification

A
  1. intramembranous ossification
  2. endochondral ossification
121
Q
  • occurs mainly in the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicles
  • bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue)
  • simpler and faster type of ossification
A

intramembranous ossification

122
Q

where does intramembranous ossification mainly occur

A
  • flat bones of skull
  • mandible
  • clavicle
123
Q

where does bone directly form from in intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue)

124
Q
  • occurs in majority of bones, especially long bones
  • involves the replacement of a cartilage model with bone tissue
  • cartilage first forms the framework, and over time, this framework is replaced by bone as the body grows
A

endochondral ossification

125
Q

where does endochondral ossification occur

A

majority of bones, especially long bones

126
Q

endochondral ossification involves the replacement of what?

A

cartilage model with bone tissue

127
Q

process of endochondral ossification

A
  • cartilage first forms framework
  • overtime, this framework is replaced by bone as the body grows
128
Q

what happens to osteoblasts once embedded in bone matrix

A

differentiate into osteocytes

129
Q

small spaces where osteocytes reside

A

lacunae

130
Q

how do osteocytes communicate with each other

A

through canaliculi (tiny channels)

131
Q

what role do osteocytes play

A

detecting mechanical stress and signaling

132
Q

what do osteoclasts release into the bloodstream

A

calcium and phosphate

133
Q

Process of Bone Remodeling

A
  1. activation
  2. resorption
  3. reversal
  4. formation
  5. quiescence
134
Q

osteoclast precursors are recruited to the remodeling site where they differentiate into mature osteoclasts

A

activation

135
Q

mature osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create an acidic environment to dissolve the mineralized bone matrix

A

resorption

136
Q

digests collagen and minerals

A

cathepsin K

137
Q

macrophages help clean up the resorbed area by removing debris, preparing for new bone formation

A

reversal

138
Q

pre-osteoblasts differentate into osteoblasts and begin producing new bone matrix, called osteoid, which is mainly composed of collagen

A

formation

139
Q

new bone matrix

A

osteoid

140
Q

osteoid is mainly composed of what

A

collagen

141
Q

surface is covered by lining cells (flattened osteoblasts), and the area returns to a resting phase until next remodeling cycle

A

quiescence

142
Q
  • continuous process by which old or damaged bone tissue is replaced with new bone
  • process is essential for maintaining bone strength, repairing micro-damage, and regulating calcium levels in the body
A

bone remodeling

143
Q

bone remodeling stages (image)

A
  1. resting state
  2. resorption
  3. reversal
  4. formation
  5. mineralization
  6. resting state
144
Q

factors affecting bone growth

A
  1. genetics
  2. nutrition
  3. hormones
  4. physical activity
145
Q

determines bone size, shape, and density

A

genetics

146
Q

intake of calciu, phosphorus, and vitamin D is essential for bone mineralization

A

nutrition

147
Q

vitamin that is necessary for collagen synthesis

A

vitamin C

148
Q

vitamin that plays a role in bone metabolism

A

vitamin K

149
Q

stimulate bone growth

A

hormones

150
Q

what are the hormones that stimulate bone growth

A
  1. growth hormone
  2. thyroid hormone
  3. sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
151
Q

mechanical stress and weight-bearing exercises stimulate bone remodeling and increase bone density

A

physical activity

152
Q

states that bone in a healthy individual will adapt to the loads under which it is placed

A

Julius Wolff

153
Q

Hormone Regulation

A
  1. parathyroid hormone
  2. calcitonin
  3. vitamin D
154
Q
  • secreted by parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels
  • stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the bloodstream
  • also promotes the conversion of vitamin D into its active form (calcitriol), which enhances calcium absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in the kidneys
A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

155
Q

gland that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

parathyroid glands

156
Q

what do parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote

A

conversion of vitamin D into active form

157
Q

active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

158
Q
  • produced by thyroid gland, acts to lower blood calcium levels when they are too high
  • inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing bone resorption, and promotes calcium deposition into bone
A

calcitonin

159
Q

gland that produce calcitonin

A

thyroid gland

160
Q
  • essential for proper calcium and phosphorus metabolism
  • promotes bone mineralization by aiding in the availability of calcium and phosphate for bone formation
A

vitamin D

161
Q

bone healing process

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodeling
162
Q
  • blood vessels in the bone and surrounding tissue are damaged
  • clot serves as scaffold for the subsequent stages of healing and brings inflamattory cells to the site to clean up debris
A

hematoma formation

163
Q
  • fibroblasts and chondroblasts invade the fracture site and produce a soft callus of collagen and cartilage
  • soft callus bridges the gap between the broken bone ends, providing initial stability
A

fibrocartilaginous callus formation

164
Q

invade the fracture site and produce a soft callus of collagen and cartilage

A

fibroblasts and chondroblasts

165
Q

bridges the gap between the broken bone ends, providing initial stability

A

soft callus bridges

166
Q

soft callus is gradually replaced by a bone (hard) callus as osteoblast begin to deposit bone tissue

A

bony callus formation

167
Q

what happens in bony callus formation

A

soft callus is gradually replaced by bony (hard) callus

168
Q
  • osteoclasts remove excess bone tissue from the fracture site, while osteoblasts refine the bone structure to restore its original shape and strength
  • bone undergo this for a long period
A

bone remodeling

169
Q

Different Skeletal Disorders

A
  1. osteoporosis
  2. scoliosis
  3. rickets
  4. bone fracture
  5. arthritis
170
Q
  • health condition that weakens bones
  • this is due to aging, lack of pysical activity, hormonal changes, and nutritional deficiencies
A

osteoporosis

171
Q

symptoms of osteoporosis

A

none

172
Q

sideways curvature of spine that most often is diagnosed in adolescents

A

scoliosis

173
Q

types of scoliosis

A
  1. idiopathic scoliosis
  2. congenital scoliosis
  3. neuromuscular scoliosis
174
Q
  • most common type of scoliosis
  • cause is unknowen
A

idiopathic scoliosis

175
Q
  • rare spine abnormality that may be detected at birth
  • vertebrae does not form during embryonic development
A

congenital scoliosis

176
Q
  • neurological (nerve) or muscular conditions like and injury
  • due to abnormalities in the muscle and nerves
A

neuromuscular scoliosis

177
Q
  • condition that affects bone development in children
  • causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities
  • lack of vitamin D and calcium
A

rickets

178
Q
  • partial or complete break in the bone
  • classified as open and close
A

bone fracture

179
Q

classification of bone fracture

A

open and close fracture

180
Q

types of bone fracture

A
  1. greenstick
  2. transverse
  3. spiral
  4. oblique
  5. compression
  6. comminuted
  7. segmental
  8. avulsion
181
Q
  • incomplete break
  • commonly occurs due to injuries after a fall on an outstretched arm, and sports injuries
A

greenstick

182
Q
  • break is in a straight line across the bone
  • cause by traumas like falls or car accidents
A

transverse

183
Q
  • break spirals across the bone
  • caused by traumas like sport injuries when your bones are twisted with great force
A

spiral

184
Q
  • break is diagonal across the bone
  • usually caused by landing on your bone at an angle after a fall
A

oblique

185
Q
  • break in a vertebra, it then collapses
  • may be due to trauma or due to weakening of the vertebra
  • most commono cause is osteoporosis
A

compression

186
Q
  • bone has broken into 3 or more places
  • cause by fall from a great height
A

comminuted

187
Q
  • same bone is broken in 2 places
  • caused by accidents that has a great impact to the bones
A

segmental

188
Q
  • bone is broken near a tendon or ligament
  • overuse injuries that develop over time through repetitive stress on the bone, such as running
A

avulsion

189
Q
  • redness and swelling (inflammation) of a joint
  • due to joint injuries, overuse, aging, and muscle weakness
A

arthritis

BIO108 - General Physiology (14 decks)

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