Muscular System Flashcards
process or the state of changing place or position of the body or a body part from one position to another
movement
three types of movement
- amoeboid movement
- ciliary and flagellar movement
- muscular movement
- involves the formation of pseurodpodia (false feet)
- result from localized contraction brought about by actin and myosin
- crawling motion
amoeboid movement
organisms with amoeboid movement
- microorganisms and cells (amoeba)
- white blood cells
- hairlike and has motile processes
- moves back and forth like oars, generating force in a direction perpendicular to its axis
cilia
where are cilia found
- ciliate protist
- trachea
- reproductive system
- whiplike; present singly or in small numbers
- moves with a whipping motion creating a force in the same direction as its axis
flagella
organisms with flagella
- unicellular eukaryotes
- sperm cell
- when muscles contract, they pull on skeletal elements, causing movement
- muscles work in pairs
muscular movement
organisms with muscular movement
all animals, except sponges
insects have strong, fast-beating flight muscles
invertebrate muscles (fibrillar muscle)
- supply force for movement
- restrain motion
- act on the viscera to affect their actiity
- heat production
vertebrate muscles
mechanism of muscular contraction
sliding filament theory
explains how muscle fibers contract
sliding filament theory
proposed the sliding filament theory
- Andrew Huxley
- Rolf Niedergerke
1954
two types of filaments
- actin
- myosin
actin
thin filaments
myosin
thick filaments
- organized contractile units
- basic unit of muscle contraction, spanning from one Z-line to another
sarcomere
regions in the sarcomere
- A-band
- I-band
- H-zone
where actin and myosin overlap
A-band
actin only
I-band
myosin only
H-zone
regulatory proteins in action potential
- tropomyosin
- troponin
blocks muscle contraction
tropomyosin
promotes muscle contraction
troponin
what happens during action potential in muscles
- influx of Ca2+
- binds with troponin molecules
- causes change to actin that exposes myosin binding sites
Steps in Sliding Filament Theory
- detachment
- hydrolysis
- cross bridge
- power stroke
- repeat
- ATP binds to myosin head
- myosin detached from actin
detachment
what happens in detachment
- ATP binds to myosin head
- myosin detached from actin
- ATP splits into ADP+Pi
- causes myosin head to change to the ready position
hydrolysis
what happens during hydrolysis
- ATP splits into ADP+Pi
- causes myosin head to change to the ready position
myosin binds to actin
cross-bridge formation
what happens during cross-bridge formation
myosin binds to actin
- lose ADP+Pi
- myosin head performs power stroke
power stroke
what happens during power stroke
- lose ADP+Pi
- myosin head performs power stroke
cycle continues as long as calcium ions are present and ATP is available, resulting in the shortening of sarcomeres and muscle contraction
repeat
Factors where the force generated during muscular contraction depends on
- no. of cross-bridges formed
- frequency of stimulation (rate coding)
- initial length of muscle fibers (length-tension relationship)
muscles contract faster when ligher loads are applied and slower under heavier loads due to increased resistance against contraction
shortening velocity
shortening velocity in ligher loads
faster
shortening velocity in heavier loads
slower
Functions of the Muscular System
- movement of the body
- maintainance of posture
- respiration
- production of body heat
- constriction of organs and vessels
- contraction of the heart
contraction of muscle is responsible for overall movement
movement of the body
keep you sitting and standing upright
postural muscles
keep you breathing
respiratory muscles
continuously pumps
heart muscles
muscles constantly maintain tone
maintainance of posture
muscles of the thorax carry out breathing movements
respiration
when muscles contract, heat is given off as by-product
production of body heat
General Properties of Muscle Tissue
- contractability
- excitability/irritability
- extensibility
- elasticity
- ability of the muscle to shorten forcefully/contract
- causes the strutures to which they are attached to move
- some forces oppose contraction that cause muscle to lengthen
contractability
contraction = ?
resting phase + shortening of muscles
capacity of muscles to respond to a stimulus
excitability/irritability
stimulus to contract is from nerves that we consciously control
skeletal muscle
- muscle fibers contract spontaneously
- also receive involuntary neural signals and hormonal signals to modulate force/rate of contraction
smooth and cardiac muscle
- muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract
extensibility
- ability of muscle to recoil to its original resing length after it has been stretched
- recoil of muscle to go back to resting phase
elasticity
muscle fibers that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses
muscle tissue
Two General Types of Muscles
- striated
- non-striated
What are the different muscle tissues
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
- fibers: striated, tubular and multi nucleated
- voluntary
- usually attached to skeleton
skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle fiber
- striated
- tubular
- multi nucleated
- fibers: non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated
- involuntary
- usually covering wall of internal organs
smooth muscle
smooth muscle fiber
- non-striated
- spindle-shaped
- uninucleated
- fibers: striated, branched and uninucleated
- involuntary
- only covering walls of the heart
cardiac muscle
cardiac muscle fiber
- striated
- irregular branched
- uninucleated
what is the striation due to
organization of actin and myosin filaments
Parts of skeletal muscle tissue
- fascicles
- perimysium
- endomysium
- epimysium
- myofibrils
- sarcolemma
- sarcoplasm
group of muscle fibers is “bundled” as a unit within the whole muscle
fascicles
surrounds the fascicles
perimysium
encases each muscle fiber inside each fascicle
endomysium
the outer layer of dense, irregular connective tissue around the whole muscle
epimysium
repeating untis of sarcomeres
myofibrils
plasma membrane surrounding skeletal muscle fibers
sarcolemma
- cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
- contains myofibrils
sarcoplasm
functions of skeletal muscle tissue
- chewing and swallowing
- expanding and contracting your chest cavity
- maintaining body posture
- moving the bones in different parts of your body
- protecting joints and holding them in place
synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor neuron and a muscle
neuromuscular junctions
Parts of the neuromuscular junctions
- motor neuron
- axon terminal
- sarcolemma
- acetylcholine (ACh)
- synaptic cleft
stimulate muscles to contract
motor neuron
presynaptic membrane
axon terminal
postsynaptic membrane
sarcolemma
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
space betweent the presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber membrane
synaptic cleft
condition wherein the receptors are blocked by antibodies, reducing muscle contraction
Myasthenia gravis
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- slow oxidative fibers
- fast oxidative fiber
- fast glycolytic fiber
- red muscles
- for slow, sustained contractions without fatigue
- contain extensive blood supply
- abundant stored myoglobin
- important in maintaining posture in terrestrial vertebrates
slow oxidative fibers (red muscles)
slow oxidative fibers are abundant in what
stored myoglobin
importance of slow oxidative fibers (red muscles)
maintaining posture in terrestrial vertebrates
- extensive blood supply
- high density of mitochondria and myoglobin
- function aerobically
- for rapid, sustained activities
fast oxidative fiber
fast oxidative fiber have high density of what?
- mitochondria
- myoglobin
function of fast oxidative fiber
aerobically, rapid sustained activities
involves continuous movement fueled by oxygen from the air you breathe
Aerobic exercise
- lacks efficient blood supply
- pale in color
- function anaerobically
- fatigue rapidly
fast glycolytic fiber (white muscles)
function of fast glycolytic fiber (white muscles)
anaerobically
results from a single action potential in a motor neuron
muscle twitch
muscle twitch diagram
- latent period
- contraction period
- relaxation period
- gradual increase in muscular contraction due to rapidly repeated stimulation
- occurs when the muscle is stimulated a second time immediately after the relaxation phase has ended
treppe
results mainly from the inability of the contractile and metabolic processes of muscle fiber to continue supplying the same work output
fatigue
- specialized, organized type of tissue that only exists in the wall of heart
- under the control of the autonomic nervous system
- consists of cells called cardiomyocytes
- syncytium
cardiac muscle tissue
controls the cardiac and smooth muscle tissue
autonomic nervous system
cells in the cardiac muscle tissue
cardiomyocytes
all muscle cells are connected and behave as a single unit
syncytium
- specialized junctions between cardiac muscle fibers (cardiomyocytes) that allow for rapid electric transmission, called an action potential, and nutrient exchange
- are important because they allow for the cells in our hearts to beat as one
Intercalated discs
creates the striation in cardiomyocytes
- myofibrils
- sarcomere
muscle of the heart
myocardium
helps spread action potential from the surface to deep inside the cells making the excitation-coupling contraction faster
T-tubules
what do specialized junction in the cardiac muscle fibers allow
- rapid electrical transmission (action potential)
- nutrient exchange
Three components of the intercalated disc
- Fascia adherens
- Desmosomes
- Gap junctions
- considered as anchoring junctions
- anchor cells firmly by lingking the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton
- protects the heart tissue and allows the heart to beat as one unit
Fascia adherens
fascia adheres are considered as what?
anchoring junctions
how does fascia adherens anchor cells
linking the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton
what does the fascia ahderens protect and allow
- protect heart tissue
- allow heart to beat as one unit
- also called Macula adherens
- prevent separation during contraction by binding intermediate filaments, anchoring the cell membrane to the intermediate filament network, joining the cells together
Desmosomes
other term for desmosomes
Macula adherens
how do desmosomes prevent separation during contraction
by binding intermediate filaments
how do desmosomes bind intermediate filament
anchoring cell membrane to the intermediate filament network
- considered as communicating junctions
- allow impulses to spread from one cardiac muscle cell to another, allowing sodium, potassium, and calcium ions to flow between adjacent cells, propagating the action potential, and ensuring coordinated contractions
Gap junctions
Gap junctions are considered as what?
communicating junctions
function of gap junctions
- allow impulses to spread, allowing sodium, potassium, and calcium ions to flow between adjacent cells
- propagate action potential
- ensure coordinated contractions
involved in force transmission between cardiac muscle cells
Fascia adherens
responsible fo mechanical stability and preventing cell separation
Desmosomes
enable electrical coupling for synchronized contraction
Gap junctions
Two Types of Cardiac Muscle Cells
- conducting cells
- contractile cells
- responsible for generating and transmitting electrical impulses that initiate and coordinate heart contractions
- found in specialized areas of the heart, such as the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node
- make up a small percentage of cardiac muscle cells
conducting cells
conducting cells are responsibe for what?
generating and transmitting electrical impulses
where are conducting cells found
- sinoatrial (SA) node
- atrioventricular (AV) node
- make up the majority of cardiac muscle cells
- responsible for the actual contraction of the heart muscle
contractile cells
contractile cells are responsible for what?
actual contraction of heart muscle
Two types of Syncytium
- Atrial syncytium
- Ventricular syncytium
makes the wall of atria
atrial syncytium
makes the wall of ventricles
ventricular syncytium
- separates the two syncytium in the heart
- non-conductve to electrical impulse
atrioventricular ring
- point where the impulse are passed from the atria to the ventricle
- takes impulase from the SA node to ventricle after a delay to initiate ventricular contraction after the atria emptied their blood to the ventricle
A-V bundle
how do cardiac muscle fibers contract
via excitation-contractoin coupling
mechanism unique to cardiac muscle
calcium-induced calcium release
describes the process of converting an electrical stimulus (action potential) into a mechanical response (muscle contraction)
excitation-contraction coupling
process whereby calcium can trigger release of further calcium from the muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium-induced calcium release
where are calcium further released from
muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum
Pathway of Cardiac Muscle Contraction
- Action potential is conducted to contractile cardiomyocytes through gap junctions
- As action potential travels between sarcomeres, it activates calcium channels in T-tubules, resulting in influx of calcium ions into the cardiomyocyte
- Calcium in cytoplasm binds to troponin-C which moves the troponin complex away from actin freeing the actin and allowing to be bound by myosin and initiates contraction
where does the calcium in cytoplasm bind to
cardiac troponin-C
- found throughout the body
- under the control of the autonomic nervous system
- contract more slowly than skeletal muscle when stimulated by neurotransmitter from nervous system
smooth muscle tissue
location of smooth muscles
- Skin
- Tracks found in reproductive, respiratory, and urinary systems
- Organs that are hollow
- Vessels
- Eyes
smooth muscle nuclei
one, central portion
skeletal muscle nuclei
multiple, around peripheral
cardiac muscle nuclei
one or two, central portion
Smooth muscle layers of intestine
- longitudinal layer
- circular layer
- oblique layer
runds along the whole length in a long way of the organ as the outermost smooth muscle layer, helping it become shorter during contraction
longitudinal layer
- runs in a perpendicular direction and forms around the organ circumference in a circular direction
- narrow or constrict the organ during contraction
circular layer
helps to further break down food before it reaches the intestine
oblique layer
why does smooth muscle not contain striations
abscence of sarcomeres and myofibrils
attach to the sarcolemma, which is the smooth muscle cells outer sheath, and they work much like the z discs in the sarcomere
dense bodies
dense bodies also allow for the attachment of what intermediate filaments
- desmin
- vimentin
Subtypes of Smooth Muscle Tissue
- single-unit smooth muscle
- multi-unit smooth muscle
- also called as unitary smooth muscle, innervated by one or very few nerve fibers per bundle
- can contract an entire sheet of smooth muscle in unison due to the presence of gap junctions, which allow the electrical signal to spread rapidly to all of the adjoining smooth muscle cells
- primarily found in the hollow organ such as the intestines
single-unit smooth muscle
gap junctions in single-unit smooth muscle
many, allowing electrical signal to spread rapidly
- contain fewer gap junctions, electrical impulses spread less efficiently between individual cells
- multiple nerve fibers found here to deliver that impulse
- found more in the skin, eyes, blood vessels
multi-unit smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscle Disorders
- arthritis
- tetanus
refers to inflammation of the joints that can cause pain and stiffness, affecting mobility
arthritis
serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani that affects the nervous system and leads to painful muscle stiffness and spasms
tetanus
causes tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Cardiac muscle disorders
- myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- stress cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome)
occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to heart muscle tissue
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
temporary heart condition often triggered by extreme emotional or physical stress that mimics a heart attack
stress cardiomyopathy
Smooth Muscle Disorders
- irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits, including diarrhea and constipation
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
chronic digestive condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)