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BIO108 - General Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

process or the state of changing place or position of the body or a body part from one position to another

A

movement

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2
Q

three types of movement

A
  1. amoeboid movement
  2. ciliary and flagellar movement
  3. muscular movement
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3
Q
  • involves the formation of pseurodpodia (false feet)
  • result from localized contraction brought about by actin and myosin
  • crawling motion
A

amoeboid movement

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4
Q

organisms with amoeboid movement

A
  • microorganisms and cells (amoeba)
  • white blood cells
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5
Q
  • hairlike and has motile processes
  • moves back and forth like oars, generating force in a direction perpendicular to its axis
A

cilia

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6
Q

where are cilia found

A
  • ciliate protist
  • trachea
  • reproductive system
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7
Q
  • whiplike; present singly or in small numbers
  • moves with a whipping motion creating a force in the same direction as its axis
A

flagella

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8
Q

organisms with flagella

A
  • unicellular eukaryotes
  • sperm cell
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9
Q
  • when muscles contract, they pull on skeletal elements, causing movement
  • muscles work in pairs
A

muscular movement

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10
Q

organisms with muscular movement

A

all animals, except sponges

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11
Q

insects have strong, fast-beating flight muscles

A

invertebrate muscles (fibrillar muscle)

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12
Q
  • supply force for movement
  • restrain motion
  • act on the viscera to affect their actiity
  • heat production
A

vertebrate muscles

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13
Q

mechanism of muscular contraction

A

sliding filament theory

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14
Q

explains how muscle fibers contract

A

sliding filament theory

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15
Q

proposed the sliding filament theory

A
  • Andrew Huxley
  • Rolf Niedergerke
    1954
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16
Q

two types of filaments

A
  • actin
  • myosin
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17
Q

actin

A

thin filaments

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18
Q

myosin

A

thick filaments

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19
Q
  • organized contractile units
  • basic unit of muscle contraction, spanning from one Z-line to another
A

sarcomere

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20
Q

regions in the sarcomere

A
  1. A-band
  2. I-band
  3. H-zone
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21
Q

where actin and myosin overlap

A

A-band

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22
Q

actin only

A

I-band

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23
Q

myosin only

A

H-zone

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24
Q

regulatory proteins in action potential

A
  1. tropomyosin
  2. troponin
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25
Q

blocks muscle contraction

A

tropomyosin

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26
Q

promotes muscle contraction

A

troponin

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27
Q

what happens during action potential in muscles

A
  1. influx of Ca2+
  2. binds with troponin molecules
  3. causes change to actin that exposes myosin binding sites
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28
Q

Steps in Sliding Filament Theory

A
  1. detachment
  2. hydrolysis
  3. cross bridge
  4. power stroke
  5. repeat
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29
Q
  • ATP binds to myosin head
  • myosin detached from actin
A

detachment

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30
Q

what happens in detachment

A
  • ATP binds to myosin head
  • myosin detached from actin
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31
Q
  • ATP splits into ADP+Pi
  • causes myosin head to change to the ready position
A

hydrolysis

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32
Q

what happens during hydrolysis

A
  • ATP splits into ADP+Pi
  • causes myosin head to change to the ready position
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33
Q

myosin binds to actin

A

cross-bridge formation

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34
Q

what happens during cross-bridge formation

A

myosin binds to actin

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35
Q
  • lose ADP+Pi
  • myosin head performs power stroke
A

power stroke

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36
Q

what happens during power stroke

A
  • lose ADP+Pi
  • myosin head performs power stroke
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37
Q

cycle continues as long as calcium ions are present and ATP is available, resulting in the shortening of sarcomeres and muscle contraction

A

repeat

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38
Q

Factors where the force generated during muscular contraction depends on

A
  1. no. of cross-bridges formed
  2. frequency of stimulation (rate coding)
  3. initial length of muscle fibers (length-tension relationship)
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39
Q

muscles contract faster when ligher loads are applied and slower under heavier loads due to increased resistance against contraction

A

shortening velocity

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40
Q

shortening velocity in ligher loads

A

faster

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41
Q

shortening velocity in heavier loads

A

slower

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42
Q

Functions of the Muscular System

A
  1. movement of the body
  2. maintainance of posture
  3. respiration
  4. production of body heat
  5. constriction of organs and vessels
  6. contraction of the heart
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43
Q

contraction of muscle is responsible for overall movement

A

movement of the body

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44
Q

keep you sitting and standing upright

A

postural muscles

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45
Q

keep you breathing

A

respiratory muscles

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46
Q

continuously pumps

A

heart muscles

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47
Q

muscles constantly maintain tone

A

maintainance of posture

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48
Q

muscles of the thorax carry out breathing movements

A

respiration

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49
Q

when muscles contract, heat is given off as by-product

A

production of body heat

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50
Q

General Properties of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. contractability
  2. excitability/irritability
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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51
Q
  • ability of the muscle to shorten forcefully/contract
  • causes the strutures to which they are attached to move
  • some forces oppose contraction that cause muscle to lengthen
A

contractability

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52
Q

contraction = ?

A

resting phase + shortening of muscles

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53
Q

capacity of muscles to respond to a stimulus

A

excitability/irritability

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54
Q

stimulus to contract is from nerves that we consciously control

A

skeletal muscle

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55
Q
  • muscle fibers contract spontaneously
  • also receive involuntary neural signals and hormonal signals to modulate force/rate of contraction
A

smooth and cardiac muscle

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56
Q
  • muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract
A

extensibility

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57
Q
  • ability of muscle to recoil to its original resing length after it has been stretched
  • recoil of muscle to go back to resting phase
A

elasticity

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58
Q

muscle fibers that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses

A

muscle tissue

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59
Q

Two General Types of Muscles

A
  1. striated
  2. non-striated
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60
Q

What are the muscle tissues

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
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61
Q
  • fibers: striated, tubular and multi nucleated
  • voluntary
  • usually attached to skeleton
A

skeletal muscle

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62
Q

skeletal muscle fiber

A
  • striated
  • tubular
  • multi nucleated
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63
Q
  • fibers: non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated
  • involuntary
  • usually covering wall of internal organs
A

smooth muscle

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64
Q

smooth muscle fiber

A
  • non-striated
  • spindle-shaped
  • uninucleated
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65
Q
  • fibers: striated, branched and uninucleated
  • involuntary
  • only covering walls of the heart
A

cardiac muscle

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66
Q

cardiac muscle fiber

A
  • striated
  • irregular branched
  • uninucleated
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67
Q

what is the striation due to

A

organization of actin and myosin filaments

68
Q

Parts of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  1. fascicles
  2. perimysium
  3. endomysium
  4. epimysium
  5. myofibrils
  6. sarcolemma
  7. sarcoplasm
69
Q

group of muscle fibers is “bundled” as a unit within the whole muscle

A

fascicles

70
Q

surrounds the fascicles

A

perimysium

71
Q

encases each muscle fiber inside each fascicle

A

endomysium

72
Q

the outer layer of dense, irregular connective tissue around the whole muscle

A

epimysium

73
Q

repeating untis of sarcomeres

A

myofibrils

74
Q

plasma membrane surrounding skeletal muscle fibers

A

sarcolemma

75
Q
  • cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
  • contains myofibrils
A

sarcoplasm

76
Q

functions of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  1. chewing and swallowing
  2. expanding and contracting your chest cavity
  3. maintaining body posture
  4. moving the bones in different parts of your body
  5. protecting joints and holding them in place
77
Q

synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor neuron and a muscle

A

neuromuscular junctions

78
Q

Parts of the neuromuscular junctions

A
  1. motor neuron
  2. axon terminal
  3. sarcolemma
  4. acetylcholine (ACh)
  5. synaptic cleft
79
Q

stimulate muscles to contract

A

motor neuron

80
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

axon terminal

81
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

sarcolemma

82
Q

neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

83
Q

space betweent the presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber membrane

A

synaptic cleft

84
Q

condition wherein the receptors are blocked by antibodies, reducing muscle contraction

A

Myasthenia gravis

85
Q

Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

A
  1. slow oxidative fibers
  2. fast oxidative fiber
  3. fast glycolytic fiber
86
Q
  • red muscles
  • for slow, sustained contractions without fatigue
  • contain extensive blood supply
  • abundant stored myoglobin
  • important in maintaining posture in terrestrial vertebrates
A

slow oxidative fibers (red muscles)

87
Q

slow oxidative fibers are abundant in what

A

stored myoglobin

88
Q

importance of slow oxidative fibers (red muscles)

A

maintaining posture in terrestrial vertebrates

89
Q
  • extensive blood supply
  • high density of mitochondria and myoglobin
  • function aerobically
  • for rapid, sustained activities
A

fast oxidative fiber

90
Q

fast oxidative fiber have high density of what?

A
  • mitochondria
  • myoglobin
91
Q

function of fast oxidative fiber

A

aerobically, rapid sustained activities

92
Q

involves continuous movement fueled by oxygen from the air you breathe

A

Aerobic exercise

93
Q
  • lacks efficient blood supply
  • pale in color
  • function anaerobically
  • fatigue rapidly
A

fast glycolytic fiber (white muscles)

94
Q

function of fast glycolytic fiber (white muscles)

A

anaerobically

95
Q

results from a single action potential in a motor neuron

A

muscle twitch

96
Q

muscle twitch diagram

A
  1. latent period
  2. contraction period
  3. relaxation period
97
Q
  • gradual increase in muscular contraction due to rapidly repeated stimulation
  • occurs when the muscle is stimulated a second time immediately after the relaxation phase has ended
A

treppe

98
Q

results mainly from the inability of the contractile and metabolic processes of muscle fiber to continue supplying the same work output

A

fatigue

99
Q
  • specialized, organized type of tissue that only exists in the wall of heart
  • under the control of the autonomic nervous system
  • consists of cells called cardiomyocytes
  • syncytium
A

cardiac muscle tissue

100
Q

controls the cardiac and smooth muscle tissue

A

autonomic nervous system

101
Q

cells in the cardiac muscle tissue

A

cardiomyocytes

102
Q

all muscle cells are connected and behave as a single unit

A

syncytium

103
Q
  • specialized junctions between cardiac muscle fibers (cardiomyocytes) that allow for rapid electric transmission, called an action potential, and nutrient exchange
  • are important because they allow for the cells in our hearts to beat as one
A

Intercalated discs

104
Q

creates the striation in cardiomyocytes

A
  • myofibrils
  • sarcomere
105
Q

muscle of the heart

A

myocardium

106
Q

helps spread action potential from the surface to deep inside the cells making the excitation-coupling contraction faster

A

T-tubules

107
Q

what do specialized junction in the cardiac muscle fibers allow

A
  • rapid electrical transmission (action potential)
  • nutrient exchange
108
Q

Three components of the intercalated disc

A
  1. Fascia adherens
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
109
Q
  • considered as anchoring junctions
  • anchor cells firmly by lingking the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton
  • protects the heart tissue and allows the heart to beat as one unit
A

Fascia adherens

110
Q

fascia adheres are considered as what?

A

anchoring junctions

111
Q

how does fascia adherens anchor cells

A

linking the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton

112
Q

what does the fascia ahderens protect and allow

A
  • protect heart tissue
  • allow heart to beat as one unit
113
Q
  • also called Macula adherens
  • prevent separation during contraction by binding intermediate filaments, anchoring the cell membrane to the intermediate filament network, joining the cells together
A

Desmosomes

114
Q

other term for desmosomes

A

Macula adherens

115
Q

how do desmosomes prevent separation during contraction

A

by binding intermediate filaments

116
Q

how do desmosomes bind intermediate filament

A

anchoring cell membrane to the intermediate filament network

117
Q
  • considered as communicating junctions
  • allow impulses to spread from one cardiac muscle cell to another, allowing sodium, potassium, and calcium ions to flow between adjacent cells, propagating the action potential, and ensuring coordinated contractions
A

Gap junctions

118
Q

Gap junctions are considered as what?

A

communicating junctions

119
Q

function of gap junctions

A
  1. allow impulses to spread, allowing sodium, potassium, and calcium ions to flow between adjacent cells
  2. propagate action potential
  3. ensure coordinated contractions
120
Q

involved in force transmission between cardiac muscle cells

A

Fascia adherens

121
Q

responsible fo mechanical stability and preventing cell separation

A

Desmosomes

122
Q

enable electrical coupling for synchronized contraction

A

Gap junctions

123
Q

Two Types of Cardiac Muscle Cells

A
  1. conducting cells
  2. contractile cells
124
Q
  • responsible for generating and transmitting electrical impulses that initiate and coordinate heart contractions
  • found in specialized areas of the heart, such as the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node
  • make up a small percentage of cardiac muscle cells
A

conducting cells

125
Q

conducting cells are responsibe for what?

A

generating and transmitting electrical impulses

126
Q

where are conducting cells found

A
  • sinoatrial (SA) node
  • atrioventricular (AV) node
127
Q
  • make up the majority of cardiac muscle cells
  • responsible for the actual contraction of the heart muscle
A

contractile cells

128
Q

contractile cells are responsible for what?

A

actual contraction of heart muscle

129
Q

Two types of Syncytium

A
  1. Atrial syncytium
  2. Ventricular syncytium
130
Q

makes the wall of atria

A

atrial syncytium

131
Q

makes the wall of ventricles

A

ventricular syncytium

132
Q
  • separates the two syncytium in the heart
  • non-conductve to electrical impulse
A

atrioventricular ring

133
Q
  • point where the impulse are passed from the atria to the ventricle
  • takes impulase from the SA node to ventricle after a delay to initiate ventricular contraction after the atria emptied their blood to the ventricle
A

A-V bundle

133
Q

how do cardiac muscle fibers contract

A

via excitation-contractoin coupling

134
Q

mechanism unique to cardiac muscle

A

calcium-induced calcium release

135
Q

describes the process of converting an electrical stimulus (action potential) into a mechanical response (muscle contraction)

A

excitation-contraction coupling

136
Q

process whereby calcium can trigger release of further calcium from the muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium-induced calcium release

137
Q

where are calcium further released from

A

muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum

138
Q

Pathway of Cardiac Muscle Contraction

A
  1. Action potential is conducted to contractile cardiomyocytes through gap junctions
  2. As action potential travels between sarcomeres, it activates calcium channels in T-tubules, resulting in influx of calcium ions into the cardiomyocyte
  3. Calcium in cytoplasm binds to troponin-C which moves the troponin complex away from actin freeing the actin and allowing to be bound by myosin and initiates contraction
139
Q

where does the calcium in cytoplasm bind to

A

cardiac troponin-C

140
Q
  • found throughout the body
  • under the control of the autonomic nervous system
  • contract more slowly than skeletal muscle when stimulated by neurotransmitter from nervous system
A

smooth muscle tissue

141
Q

location of smooth muscles

A
  1. Skin
  2. Tracks found in reproductive, respiratory, and urinary systems
  3. Organs that are hollow
  4. Vessels
  5. Eyes
142
Q

smooth muscle nuclei

A

one, central portion

142
Q

skeletal muscle nuclei

A

multiple, around peripheral

143
Q

cardiac muscle nuclei

A

one or two, central portion

144
Q

Smooth muscle layers of intestine

A
  1. longitudinal layer
  2. circular layer
  3. oblique layer
145
Q

runds along the whole length in a long way of the organ as the outermost smooth muscle layer, helping it become shorter during contraction

A

longitudinal layer

146
Q
  • runs in a perpendicular direction and forms around the organ circumference in a circular direction
  • narrow or constrict the organ during contraction
A

circular layer

147
Q

helps to further break down food before it reaches the intestine

A

oblique layer

148
Q

why does smooth muscle not contain striations

A

abscence of sarcomeres and myofibrils

149
Q

attach to the sarcolemma, which is the smooth muscle cells outer sheath, and they work much like the z discs in the sarcomere

A

dense bodies

150
Q

dense bodies also allow for the attachment of what intermediate filaments

A
  • desmin
  • vimentin
151
Q

Subtypes of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A
  1. single-unit smooth muscle
  2. multi-unit smooth muscle
152
Q
  • also called as unitary smooth muscle, innervated by one or very few nerve fibers per bundle
  • can contract an entire sheet of smooth muscle in unison due to the presence of gap junctions, which allow the electrical signal to spread rapidly to all of the adjoining smooth muscle cells
  • primarily found in the hollow organ such as the intestines
A

single-unit smooth muscle

153
Q

gap junctions in single-unit smooth muscle

A

many, allowing electrical signal to spread rapidly

154
Q
  • contain fewer gap junctions, electrical impulses spread less efficiently between individual cells
  • multiple nerve fibers found here to deliver that impulse
  • found more in the skin, eyes, blood vessels
A

multi-unit smooth muscle

155
Q

Skeletal Muscle Disorders

A
  1. arthritis
  2. tetanus
156
Q

refers to inflammation of the joints that can cause pain and stiffness, affecting mobility

A

arthritis

157
Q

serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani that affects the nervous system and leads to painful muscle stiffness and spasms

A

tetanus

158
Q

causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

159
Q

Cardiac muscle disorders

A
  1. myocardial infarction (heart attack)
  2. stress cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome)
160
Q

occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to heart muscle tissue

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

161
Q

temporary heart condition often triggered by extreme emotional or physical stress that mimics a heart attack

A

stress cardiomyopathy

162
Q

Smooth Muscle Disorders

A
  1. irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  2. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
163
Q

gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits, including diarrhea and constipation

A

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

164
Q

chronic digestive condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

BIO108 - General Physiology (14 decks)

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