Review Quiz Flashcards
study of biological functions of organs and their interrelationships
physiology
regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change
negative feedback
flow of water molecules from the region of higher water potential to lower water potential through a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
Three primary factors influencing impulse transmission
- axon diameter
- myelination
- temperature
physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal durings its life that resutls from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occuring environmental condition
acclimatization
receptive surface that brings signals from other neuros toward the cell body
dendrites
Four key events in signaling of hormones
- reception
- signal transduction
- amplification
- response
Father of Modern Physiology
Claude Bernard
hydrostatic pressure that puts cell walls in tension
turgor pressure
- secreted by neurons at many synapses
- diffuse a very short distance
- bind receptors on target cells
- play a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement
neurotransmitters
- type of intercellular communication where the secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
- relatively slow
endocrine signaling
- chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion
- help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction
local regulators
Six major classes of enzymes
- oxidoreductase
- transferase
- ligase
- lyase
- hydrolase
- isomerase
Subdisciplines of Physiology
- comparative physiology
- environmental physiology
- evolutionary physiology
- developmental physiology
- cell physiology
- conducts signals away from the cell
- carry information for long distances with high fidelity and without loss
axon
- have biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environment
- maintain homeostasis
regulators
- have many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels
- concentration of K+ is greater inside the cell, while concentration of Na+ is greater outside the cell
resting potential
- secreted by neurosecretory cells
- diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream
neurohormones
principal intracellular cation
K+ / potassium ion
- result of a temporary inactivation of Na+ channels
- second acton potential cannot be initiated
refractory period
- study the structure and function of various parts of animals and plants
- design experiments
physiologist
mechanism that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated
positive feedback mechanism
- unable to maintain homeostasis
- environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions
conformers
present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes
adaptive
action potential travels directly from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells via gap junctions
electrical synapses
Three main types of intercellular links
- tight junctions
- adherens junctions
- gap junctions
he coined the term homeostasis to describe this stable internal environment
Walter B. Cannon
True or False:
the lower the temperature, the lower the fluidity and permeability of the cell membrane
true
- enzyme minus its cofactor
- cannot function without its cofactor/coenzyme
apoenzyme
All the different intercellular communication
- endocrine signaling
- neuroendocrine signaling
- paracrine signaling
- autocrine signaling
- neural/synaptic signaling
- direct signaling
(7. juxtacrine signaling - signaling through gap junctions
- signaling through plasmodesmata)
when the graded potential sum to a __, threshold potential is achieved
-55 mV
- electrical potential difference across a cell membrane caused by different concentrations of K+, Na+, and Cl- ions
- localized electrical gradient
membrane potential
Five types of protein in a cell membrane that play special functions
- adhesion proteins
- recognition proteins
- receptor proteins
- enzyme
- transport proteins
examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)
environmental physiology
