Lecture 3 - Examples of Autocrine and Paracrine Regulators

Question 1

• produced by many organs, particularly the liver and cartilages
• for growth and cell division

Answer 1

insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)

Question 2

produces insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)

Answer 2

• liver
• cartilage

Question 3

major actions of insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)

Answer 3

• growth
• cell division

Question 4

• produced by endothelium of blood vessels; neurons; macrophages
• acts in dilation of blood vesses; neural messenger; antibacterial agent

Answer 4

nitric oxide

Question 5

produces nitric oxide

Answer 5

1. endothelium of blood vessels
2. neurons
3. macrophages

Question 6

major actions of nitric oxide

Answer 6

1. endothelium of blood vessels = dilation
2. neurons = neural messenger
3. macrophages = antibacterial agent

Question 7

• produced by endothelium of blood vessels, and other organs
• for constriction of blood vessels and other effects

Answer 7

endothelins

Question 8

produces endothelins

Answer 8

• endothelium of blood vessels
• other organs

Question 9

major actions of endothelins

Answer 9

• constriction of blood vessels
• other effects

Question 10

• produced by platelets; macrophages; vascular smooth muscle cells
• responsible for cell division within blood vessels

Answer 10

platelet-derived growth factor

Question 11

produces platelet-derived growth factor

Answer 11

• platelets
• macrophages
• vascular smooth muscle cells

Question 12

major action of platelet-derived growth factor

Answer 12

cell division within blood vessels

Question 13

• produced by epidermal tissues
• responsible for cell division in wound healing

Answer 13

epidermal growth factos

Question 14

produces epidermal growth factos

Answer 14

epidermal tissues

Question 15

major action of epidermal growth factos

Answer 15

cell division in wound healing

Question 16

• produced by Schwann cells and neurons
• responsible for regeneration of peripheral nerves

Answer 16

neurotrophins

Question 17

produces neurotrophins

Answer 17

• Schwann cells
• neurons

Question 18

major action of neurotrophins

Answer 18

regeneration of peripheral nerves

Question 19

• produced by endothelium blood vessels
• for dilation of blood vessels

Answer 19

bradykinin

Question 20

produces bradykinin

Answer 20

endothelium of blood vessels

Question 21

major actions of bradykinin

Answer 21

dilation of blood vessels

Question 22

• produced by macrophages; lymphocytes
• for regulation of immune system

Answer 22

interleukins (cytokines)

Question 23

produces interleukins (cytokines)

Answer 23

• macrophages
• lymphocytes

Question 24

major actions of interleukins (cytokines)

Answer 24

regulation of immune system

Question 25

• produced by almost all nucleated cells
• can activate or inhibit (prevent) platelet buildup for blood clot formation.
• Cause vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) or vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).
• Cause bronchoconstriction (the narrowing of air passageways) or bronchodilation (widening of air passageways)

Answer 25

Prostaglandins

Question 26

produces prostaglandins

Answer 26

almost all nucleated cells

Question 27

some of the major actions of prostaglandins

Answer 27

• activate or inhibit platelet buildup
• vasodilation or vasoconstriction
• bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation

Question 28

• produced by macrophages; adipocytes
• responsible for a diverse range of signalling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis

Answer 28

TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha)

Question 29

produces TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha)

Answer 29

• macrophages
• adipocytes

Question 30

major functions of TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha)

Answer 30

proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of different cells (ex. neurons, ostioblasts)