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ZZZ - BIO108 - General Physiology > Lecture 3 - Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

1
Q
  • system that conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons
  • these signals regulate other cells
A

nervous system

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1
Q

what are the regulatory mechanisms

A
  1. nervous system
  2. endocrine system
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2
Q

specialized cells in the nervous system

A

neurons

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3
Q

secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses including reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth, and behavior

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

example of what the endocrine system coordinates

A
  • reproduction
  • development
  • energy metabolism
  • growth
  • behavior
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5
Q
  • chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body
  • reach all parts of the body, but only target cells are equiped to respond
A

hormones

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6
Q

only cell that respond to hormones

A

target cells

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7
Q

example of a process that is regulated by hormones

A

metamorphosis

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8
Q

two types of glands

A
  1. exocrine glands
  2. endocrine glands
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9
Q

secrete chemicals into ducts and the effect is where the duct empties

A

exocrine glands

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10
Q

ex. of exocrine glands

A

sweat glands

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11
Q

secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors

A

endocrine glands

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12
Q

what regulates the development of humans

A

various signaling pathways

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13
Q

activates signaling pathways

A

specific signaling molecules

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14
Q

where do hormones and other signaling molecules bind to

A

target receptors

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15
Q

Different Intercellular Communication

A
  1. endocrine signaling
  2. paracrine signaling
  3. direct signaling
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16
Q
  • secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
  • relatively slow
A

endocrine signaling

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17
Q

signaling under endocrine signaling

A

neuroendocrine signaling

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18
Q

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

A

neuroendocrine signaling

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19
Q
  • secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells
  • quick response
A

paracrine signaling

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20
Q

signaling under paracrine signaling

A
  1. autocrine signaling
  2. synaptic/neuronal signaling
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21
Q

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

A

autocrine signaling

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22
Q

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues

A

synaptic/neuronal signaling

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23
Q
  • for some signals to be recieved, the cells must be in direct contact
  • signals are send either via interacting membrane proteins on two different cells, or through special cell-cell junctions
A

direct signaling

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24
Q

signaling under direct signaling

A
  1. Juxtacrine signaling
  2. signaling through gap junctions
  3. signaling through plasmodesmata
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25
Q

involves contact between cells, in which a ligand on one cell surface binds to a receptor on the other.

A

juxtacrine signaling

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26
Q

types of secreted signaling molecules

A
  1. local regulators
  2. neurotransmitters
  3. neurohormones
  4. pheromones
  5. hormones
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27
Q
  • chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion
  • help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction
A

local regulators

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28
Q

what do local regulators help regulate

A
  • blood pressure
  • nervous system function
  • reproduction
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29
Q

two types of local regulators

A
  1. paracrine signals
  2. autocrine signals
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30
Q

act on cells near the secreting cell

A

paracrine signals

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31
Q

act on the secreting cell itself

A

autocrine signals

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32
Q

example of local regulators

A
  1. growth factors
  2. cytokines
  3. nitric oxide (NO)
  4. prostaglandins (PGs)
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33
Q

proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation

A

growth factors

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34
Q
  • proteins that bind to receptors on the surface of cells to activate the cells for proliferation and or differentiation
  • rapid reproduction of a cell, part, or organism
A

proliferation

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35
Q
  • small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells
  • play a role in immune respones
A

cytokines

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36
Q
  • acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons
  • kills bacteria and cancer cells when secreted by WBCs
  • dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by endothelial cells
A

nitric oxide (NO)

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37
Q

nitric oxide (NO) when secreted by neurons

A

acts as a neurotransmitter

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38
Q

where are neutrotransmitters transmitted

A

across the synaptic cleft

39
Q

nitric oxide (NO) when secreted by WBCs

A

kills bacteria and cancer cells

40
Q

nitric oxide (NO) when secreted by endothelial cells

A

dilates the walls of blood vessels

41
Q

form a single cell layer that lines all blood vessels and regulates exchanges between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues.

A

Endothelial cells

42
Q

where is nitric oxide released during erection

A

corpus cavernosum

43
Q

forms most of the penis and contains blood vessels that fill with blood to help make an erection

A

corpus cavernosum

44
Q

enhances the effect of nitric oxide

A

sildenafil (viagra)

45
Q

what does sildenafil (viagra) do

A

inhibit phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)

46
Q

function of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)

A

degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

47
Q

what is the role of cGMP

A
  1. reduce concentration of Ca++
  2. smooth muscle relaxation
  3. increased blood flow into penis
  4. erection
48
Q
  • modified fatty acids
  • secreted by the placenta which stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth
  • promote fever and inflammation and intensify the sensation of pain
  • regulate aggregation of platelets (early step in blood clot formation)
A

prostaglandins (PGs)

49
Q

different functions of prostaglandins (PGs)

A
  1. stimulate uterine contractions
  2. promote fever and inflammation
  3. intensify sensation of pain
  4. regulate aggregation of platelets (for blood clotting)
50
Q
  • secreted by neurons at many synapses
  • diffuse a very short distance
  • bind receptors on target cells
  • play a role in sensation, memory, congition, and movement
A

neurotransmitters

51
Q

example of roles that neurotransmitters play

A
  • sensation
  • memory
  • cognition
  • movement
52
Q

example of a neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

53
Q

some examples of the functions of Acetylcholine

A
  • memory
  • muscle contraction
54
Q
  • secreted by neurosecretory cells
  • diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream
A

neurohormones

55
Q

secretes neurohormones

A

neurosecretory cells

56
Q

example of a neurohormone

A

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

57
Q

function of Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • increase water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts
  • causes vasoconstriction
58
Q

chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communciate with other individuals in the species

A

pheromones

59
Q

example of function of pheromones

A
  1. mark trails leading to food
  2. defining territories
  3. warning of predators
  4. attracting potential mates
60
Q
  • chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants
  • body’s chemical messenger
  • regulate growth and development
  • control the function of various tissues
  • support reproductive functions
  • regulate metabolism
  • slow acting but long lasting
61
Q

hormones are slow __ but long __

A

slow acting, long lasting

62
Q

two types of feedback regulation

A
  1. negative feedback
  2. positive feedback
63
Q

inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

A

negative feedback

64
Q

reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response

A

positive feedback

65
Q

the same hormone may have __ __ on target cells

A

different effects

66
Q

how can hormones have different effects on target cells

A

different
1. receptors
2. signal transduction pathway
3. proteins for carrying out the response

67
Q

effect of epinephrine in liver cell vs skeletal muscle blood vessel (same receptors)

A

liver cell = glycogen breaks down, glucose released

skeletal muscle blood vessel = dilation

68
Q

effect of epinephrine in skeletal muscle blood vessel vs intestinal blood vessel (different receptors)

A

skeletal (α receptor) = dilation
intestinal (β receptor) = constriction

69
Q

different signal-transduction pathways in different cells can lead to __ __ to the same signal

A

different responses

70
Q

example of different response to the same signal due to differences in signal-transduction pathways

A

acetylcholine

  1. skeletal muscle contraction
  2. heart muscle relaxation
  3. endocrine cell secretion
71
Q

Three major classes of hormones in vertebrates

A
  1. polypeptides
  2. amines
  3. steroid
72
Q

polypeptide hormone example

A
  • oxytocin
  • insulin
73
Q

amine hormone examples

A
  • norepinephrine
  • triiodothyronine
74
Q

steroid hormones example

75
Q

water-soluble hormones

A
  • polypeptides
  • amines
76
Q

lipid-soluble hormones

A
  • steroid hormones
  • other largely non-polar hormones
77
Q

secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

A

water-soluble hormones

78
Q

how are water-soluble hormones secreted

A

exocytosis

79
Q

how do water-soluble hormones travel

A

freely in the bloodstream

80
Q

how are water-soluble hormones received

A

bind to cell-surface receptors

81
Q
  • diffuse across cell membrane
  • travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins
  • diffuse through the membrane of target cells
A

lipid-soluble hormones

82
Q

how do lipid-soluble hormones exit cells

A

diffusion across cell membrane

83
Q

how do lipid-soluble hormones travel

A

bound to transport proteins in the bloodstream

84
Q

how are lipid-soluble hormones received

A

diffuse through membrane of target cells

85
Q

where do water-soluble hormones bind

A

receptors in plasma membrane of target cells

86
Q

where do lipid-soluble hormones bind

A

receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells

87
Q

response caused by water-soluble hormones

A

triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes

88
Q

response caused by lipid-soluble hormones

A
  • change in gene expression
  • transcriptional regulator of specific target genes
89
Q

Four key events in signaling of hormones

A
  1. reception
  2. signal transduction
  3. amplification
  4. response
90
Q

detection of a signal in the environment

91
Q

increase in the intracellular concentration of a secondary messenger molecule

A

amplification

92
Q

activating a series of proteins inside the cell

A

signal transduction

93
Q

change in behavior that occurs inside the cell

94
Q

refers to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormone by half

A

half life of a hormone

95
Q

two factors influencing the hormone concentrations in the blood

A

rate of hormone secretion and removal in the blood

96
Q

rate of removal of the hormones from the blood

A

metabolic clearance rate

ZZZ - BIO108 - General Physiology (18 decks)

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