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BIO108 - General Physiology > Introduction to General Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to General Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

study of the biological functions of organs and their interrelationships

A

physiology

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2
Q

what does physiology study

A

interplay of factors that affect growth (connectedness)

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3
Q

Physiological difference between plants and animals:

Plants

A
  1. mostly producers
  2. unlimited scheme of growth
  3. non-motile. Must rely on immediate nutrient source
  4. use large amounts of CO2
  5. conserve nitrogen
  6. transport fluids/flood through vascular tissues
  7. grow throughout their lifetime
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4
Q

Physiological difference between plants and animals:

Anima

A
  1. consumers
  2. limited scheme of growth
  3. motile
  4. give off CO2
  5. gives of nitrogen as waste
  6. transport food via bloodstream
  7. reach a certain age and growth more or less stops
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5
Q

Father of modern physiology

A

Claude Bernard (1813-1878)

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6
Q

What did Claude Bernard observe

A

internal environment remains remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the external environment

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7
Q

in 1932, he coined the term homeostasis to describe this stable internal environment

A

Walter Cannon

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8
Q

when did Walter Cannon coin the term homeostasis

A

1932

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9
Q

Two themes of Physiology

A
  1. integration
  2. homeostasis
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10
Q

takes in oxygen and removes waste gases

A

respiratory system

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11
Q

responsible for delivering the oxygen to all parts of our bodies

A

cardiovascular system

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12
Q

distributes nutrients and oxygen

A

blood

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13
Q

eliminates metabolic wastes

A
  • Urinary system
  • Respiratory system
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14
Q

unabsorbed matter

A

feces

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15
Q

nitrogen-containing metabolic waste products

A

urine

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16
Q

Biological Hierarchy

A
  1. Molecule
  2. Organelle
  3. Cell and tissue
  4. Organ
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17
Q

What are the four tissue types

A
  1. connective tissue
  2. muscle (contractile) tissue
  3. nerve tissue
  4. epithelial tissue
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18
Q

binds together or supports cells, other tissues/ organs

A

connective tissue

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19
Q
  • contracts on stimulation
  • movement, posture, and heat production
A

muscle (contractile) tissue

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20
Q

conducts nerve impulses throughout the body

A

nerve tissue

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21
Q
  • covers all body surfaces
  • lines all cavities
  • forms glands
  • protective barrier against the environment
A

epithelial tissue

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22
Q

What are the Major Organ Systems

A
  1. integumentary
  2. skeletal
  3. muscular
  4. circulatory
  5. lymphatic
  6. respiratory
  7. digestive
  8. urinary
  9. reproductive
  10. nervous
  11. endocrine
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23
Q

Definitions of homeostasis

A
  1. dynamic equilibrium inspite of multiple stimuli
  2. maintained by negative feedback
24
Q

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

A

homeostasis

25
Q

what state is the internal environment of the body in

A

dynamic state of equilibrium

26
Q

factors that interact to maintain homeostasis

A
  • chemical
  • thermal
  • neural
27
Q

the body function within relatively __ __

A

narrow limits

28
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

A
  1. receptor (sensor)
  2. control center
  3. effector
29
Q

produces change in variable

A

stimulus

30
Q

detects change

A

receptor

31
Q

information sent along afferent pathway to control center

A

input

32
Q

what pathway does the input pass to go to the control center

A

afferent pathway

33
Q

information sent along efferent pathway to effector

A

output

34
Q

what pathway does the output pass to go to the effector

A

efferent pathway

35
Q

Organ systems that accomplish regulation of homeostasis

A
  1. nervous system
  2. endocrine system
36
Q

detects changes (stimuli) in the body

A

receptor

37
Q

determines a set point for a normal range

A

control center

38
Q

causes the response determined by the control center

A

effector

39
Q

Different types of feedback

A
  1. negative feedback
  2. positive feedback
40
Q

regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change

A

negative feedback

41
Q

what does negative feedback do to the intensity of the stimulus

A

decreases or eliminates it

42
Q

negative feedback causes the organ systems to what?

A

change in opposite direction from stimulus

43
Q

example of negative feedback

A

regulation of blood glucose levels

44
Q

decrease blood sugar level

A

insulin

45
Q

increase blood sugar level

A

glucagon

46
Q

enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated

A

positive feedback mechanism

47
Q

why is positive feedback considered positive?

A

results in change occuring in the same direction as the original stimulus

48
Q

what do positive feedback mechanisms usually control

A

infrequent events

49
Q

example of positive feedback

A
  • blood clotting
  • childbirth
50
Q

positive feedback usually does not maintain __

A

homeostasis

51
Q

characteristic of positive feedback

A
  • short in duration
  • infrequent
52
Q

cause homeostatic imbalances

A

most diseases

53
Q

example of homeostatic imbalances

A
  • chills
  • fevers
  • elevated white blood count
54
Q

reduces our ability to maintain homeostasis

A

aging

55
Q

occurs when the body cannot get rid of excess heat

A

Heat stress

56
Q

what happens when a disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium is not corrected

A

illness

BIO108 - General Physiology (9 decks)

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