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ZZZ - BIO108 - General Physiology > Group 6 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Group 6 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

network of different organs, mainly glands that secrete various chemicals called hormones that regulate or manage different bodily functions

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

what does the endocrine system secrete

A

hormones

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3
Q

where does the endocrine system mainly revolve around

A
  1. control
  2. development
  3. management
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4
Q

endocrine system is the core organ system of what?

A
  1. homeostasis
  2. cell communication and signaling
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5
Q

Three parts of the endocrine system

A
  1. endocrine cells
  2. hormones
  3. receptors
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6
Q

recognizes hormonse

A

receptor

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7
Q

any factors that trigger response

A

stimuli

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8
Q

specialized protein that protrudes through the surface of a cell membrane, receiving different molecules called stimuli

A

receptors

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9
Q

molecules which receptors receive

A

stimuli / ligand

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10
Q
  • specialized cells that are the producer or secretor of hormones
  • produce different hormoes that are specified to certain cells depending on what type of hormone
  • can be found in different parts of the body
A

endocrine cells

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11
Q
  • specialized hybrid of endocrine cell and neurons
  • can respons to electric signals like a neuron, but releases hormones as a response like an endocrine cell
  • also produces neurotransmitters that is used as a hormone
A

neuroendocrine cell

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12
Q

eg. of neurotransmitters neuroendocrine cells release

A
  1. epinephrine
  2. oxytocin
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13
Q

tend to act like endocrine system but they are mostly on supporting other existing body parts

A

exocrine

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14
Q

why do endocrine glands secrete hormones

A

response to change or imbalance in the body

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15
Q
  • signaling molecules are released via circulation to reach to other body sites
  • molecules are then received by receptors
A

endocrine signaling

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16
Q

free hormone + binding protein

A

hormone-protein complex

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17
Q

how hormones goes around the body

A
  1. paracrine signaling
  2. autocrine signaling
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18
Q

releases hormones around the perimeter in nearby cells

A

paracrine signaling

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19
Q

releases hormones aroung the perimeter to stimulate the same cell

A

autocrine signaling

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20
Q

Two main ways as to what happens to the hormones afterward

A
  1. metabolize
  2. excretion
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21
Q
  • hormones that are attached to the cells will be taken inside the cell
  • they will be degraded or broken apart to be used for other cellular processes
A

metabolize

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22
Q

how are hormones taken inside the cell

A

via receptor-mediated endocytosis

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23
Q
  • hormones will eventually separate to the receptor and be broken down by enzymes such as the liver
  • eventually be filtered out by the kidney as metabolic waste
A

excretion

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24
Q

how do hormones separate from the receptor

A

via desensitization or degradation

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25
Q

specialized organs that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

specialized organs

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26
Q

involves outside of the brain

A

peripheral

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27
Q

involves glands found in the brain

A

central

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28
Q

Different endocrine glands

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary gland
  3. thyroid gland
  4. parathyroid gland
  5. adrenal glands
  6. pancreas
  7. testes
  8. ovaries
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29
Q

located in the brain, control the pituitary gland and regulats many bodily functions

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

often called the “master gland”, it secretes hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

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31
Q

term used to the pituitary gland

A

master gland

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32
Q

located in the neck, it produces hormones that regulate metabolism

A

thyroid gland

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33
Q

four small glands located near the thyroid, they control calcium levels in the blood

A

parathyroid glands

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34
Q

situated on top of the kidneys, they produce hormones that manage stress, blood pressure, and metabolism

A

adrenal glands

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35
Q

located in the abdomen, it produces insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood sugar levels

A

pancreas

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36
Q

produce testosterone, a hormone that influences male sexual development and characteristics

A

testes

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37
Q

produce estrogen and progesterone, hormones that control the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

A

ovaries

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38
Q

Three main classes of hormones

A
  1. amines
  2. peptides and proteins
  3. steroids
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39
Q

where are hormone receptors found

A
  1. cell surface (water-soluble)
  2. cytoplasm or nucleus (lipid-soluble)
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40
Q

Two types of action

A
  1. water-soluble action
  2. lipid-soluble action
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41
Q
  • cannot directly cross the cell membrane
  • bind to receptor proteins embedded in the cell
  • binding initiates a series of events known as a signal transduction pathway
A

water-soluble action

42
Q

water-soluble hormones

A
  • peptides
  • proteins and amines
43
Q

what is initiated in the binding of water-soluble action

A

signal transduction pathway (uses 2° messenger like cAMP)

44
Q
  • can directly cross the cell membrane
  • bind to intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell
A

lipid-soluble actions

45
Q

lipid-soluble hormones

A
  • steroids
  • thryoid hormones
46
Q

what do lipid-soluble hormones influence

A

gene expression

47
Q

Function of hormone receptors

A
  1. initiation of cellular responses
  2. regulation of gene expression
  3. maintenance of homeostasis
48
Q

Different stimuli for hormonal secretion

A
  1. neural
  2. hormonal
  3. humoral
49
Q

hormone secretion may be stimulated by neural input to the endocrine cells

50
Q

another hormone also act on the endocrine cell

51
Q
  • changes in the plasma concentrations of mineral ions
  • organic nutrient directly controls the secretion of several horomones
52
Q

secretion of hormone is stimulated or inhibited by a change in the level of a specific extracellular parameter

A

physiological response-driven feedback loop

53
Q

involves a three-tiered configuration

A

endocrine axis-driven feedback loop

54
Q

Three-tiered configuration of the endocrine axis-driven feedback loop

A
  1. hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons
  2. pituitary glands
  3. peripheral endocrine gland
55
Q

control blood glucose level

A

pancreatic islet cells

56
Q

control of blood calcium ion and inorganic phosphate levels

A

parathyroid gland and kidneys

57
Q

control blood osmolarity

A
  • hypothalamus
  • posterior pituitary gland
58
Q

Endocrine axis-driven feedback loop

A
  1. hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons
  2. releasing hormone
  3. pituitary gland
  4. tropic hormone
  5. peripheral endocrine gland
  6. hormone
  7. target organs
  8. physiological effects
59
Q

first tier

A

hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons secrete releasing hormones

60
Q

second tier

A

releasing hormones stimulate/inhibit the production/secretion of tropic hormones from pituitary gland

61
Q

hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones by endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormones

62
Q

third tier

A

tropic hormones stimulate production and secretion of hormones from the pituitary endocrine glands

63
Q

contrls the amount of hormone in the system

A

hormone axis

64
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • oxytocin

into the circulation at neurohypophysis

65
Q

Hormones of Hypothalamus

A
  1. Thyrotropsin-releasing Hormone (TRH)
  2. Corticotropic releasing Hormone (CRH)
  3. Gonadotropin releasing Hormone (GNRH)
  4. Growth Hormone releasing hormone
  5. Somatostatine (growth hormone inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
  6. Dopamine (prolactin- inhibiting Hormone) (PIH)
66
Q
  • works as a unit with the hypothalamus
  • stores and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced in the hypothalamus
A

posterior pituitary gland

67
Q
  • secretes hormones that control a wide range of bodily activities
  • regulated by hypothalamus’ releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
A

anterior pituitary gland

68
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete that regulates the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. releasing hormones
  2. inhibiting hormones
69
Q

hormones of the pituitary gland

A
  1. neurohypophysis
  2. adenohypophysis
70
Q
  • regulates metabolism
  • promotes tissue growth especially of bones and muscles
A

growth hormone (GH)

71
Q

stimulates growth and activity of thyroid gland and secretion of T3 and T4

A

thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)

72
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

73
Q

stimulates growth of breast tissue and milk production

A

prolactin (PRL)

74
Q
  • stimulates production of sperm in the testes
  • stimulates secretion of oestrogen by the overies
  • maturation of ovarian follicles
  • ovulation
A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

75
Q
  • stimulates secretion of testosterone by the testes
  • stimulates secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum
A

luteinising hormone (LH)

76
Q
  • sits on thyroid cartilage of larynx
  • consists of 2main lobes connected by the isthmus
  • controls metabolism
  • involved in calcium homeostasis
A

thyroid gland

77
Q

bridge of tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

78
Q

produced by thyroid gland to control metabolism

A
  1. thyroxine (T4)
  2. triiodothyronine (T3)
79
Q

essential for the formation of thyroid hormones

80
Q

process where thyroid gland selectively takes up iodine from the blood

A

iodine trapping

81
Q

stimulates the release of T3 and T4 into the blood

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary

82
Q

causes simple goiter

A

iodine deficiency

83
Q

function of T3 and T4

A

normal growth and development, esp. of skeleton and nervous system

84
Q

produced in response to stress

A
  1. cortisol
  2. adrenaline
85
Q

how is the cortisol produced

A
  1. hypothalamus -> corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. pituitary glands -> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. cortisol production
86
Q

cortisol to liver

A

produce glucose

87
Q

cortisol to immune cells

A
  • change responses or
  • temporarily inhibit immune response
88
Q

effects of over-exposure of cortisol

A
  1. weight gain
  2. depression or anxiety
  3. headaches
  4. sleep problems
89
Q

hormone stress response mainly for fight or flight

A

adrenaline

90
Q

adrenaline are more responsible to what

A

faster reactions

91
Q

hormone for regulation of blood sugar levels

92
Q

how is glucose regulated

A
  1. pancreatic beta cells receives glucose
  2. ATP synthesis
93
Q

why is insulin released

A
  1. overproduction of ATP
  2. induce multiple potassium channels that depolarize cell
  3. activates calcium channels as response
  4. massive release of insulin
94
Q

important proteins to remember in insulin pathway

A
  1. IRS - insulin-receptor substrate
  2. PI3K - phosphoinositide-3 kinase
  3. PIP3 - phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate
  4. Akt - protein kinase B (PKB)
95
Q

Two categories of endocrine disorder

A
  1. secretion
  2. responsiveness
96
Q

secretion disorder

A
  1. hyposecretion
  2. hypersecretion
97
Q

responsiveness disorder

A
  1. hyporesponsiveness
  2. hyperresponsiveness
98
Q

Different endocrine disorders

A
  1. Cushing’s syndrome
  2. Addison’s disease
  3. Grave’s disease
  4. Insulin resistance
99
Q
  • cortisol hypersecretion
  • result to long-term effect of exposure to cortisol throughout the body
  • can be caused by medicine, or tumors in the adrenal glands
  • high blood pressure, increased mass and bruising
A

Cushing’s syndrome

100
Q
  • hyposecretion of adrenal hormones that may be due to damaged glands or by genetics
  • low hormone counts usually include cortisol and aldosterone
  • have less but noticable effect on body ranging from loss of weight, problems with GI or skin color changes
A

Addison’s disease

101
Q
  • thyroid hyperresponsibeness
  • autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid to be overstimulated
  • done by overproduction of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobins (TSI)
  • receptors of thyroid is exposed with antibodies and keeps producing thyroid hormones
  • cause hyperthyroidism and more
A

Grave’s disease

102
Q
  • insulin hyporesponsiveness
  • long-term disorder that involves overexposure to insulin
  • occurs over time where too much insulin leads to less sensitivity of receptors
  • glucose stays and more insulin in produced
  • core cause of Type II diabetes
A

insulin resistance

ZZZ - BIO108 - General Physiology (18 decks)

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