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BIO108 - General Physiology > Lecture 1 - Principles of Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Principles of Physiology Flashcards

1
Q
  • study of the biological functions of organs and their inter-relationships
  • studies interplay of factors that affect growth
A

physiology

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2
Q

brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment

A

integrative science

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3
Q

what do physiologists do

A
  • study (structure and function of various parts of animals and plants)
  • design experiments
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4
Q

hallmark of physiology

A

diversity

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5
Q

what resulted in meeting the demands of survival

A

evolutionary variations

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6
Q

unifying themes of physiological processes

A
  1. obey physical and chemical laws
  2. regulate to maintain internal conditions and trigger appropriate response
  3. phyiological state of animal is part of its phenotype which arise from genotype, and its interaction with the environment
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7
Q

Subdisciplines of Physiology

A
  1. comparative physiology
  2. environmental physiology
  3. evolutionary physiology
  4. developmental physiology
  5. cell physiology
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8
Q

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

A

comparative physiology

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9
Q

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

A

environmental physiology

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10
Q

techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

A

evolutionary physiology

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11
Q

how physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood

A

developmental physiology

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12
Q

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological reponses of tissues, organs, and organ systems

A

cell physiology

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13
Q

Central Themes in Physiology

A
  1. structure/function relationships
  2. adaptation, acclimitization, and acclimation
  3. homeostasis
  4. feedback - control systems
  5. conformity and regulation
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14
Q

where is function based on

A

structure

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15
Q

form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organisms

A

structure/function relationships

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16
Q

where is the structure-function relationship clear in terms of shape of bird wing

A

aerodynamic efficiency

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17
Q

where does the biological function at each level of organization depend on

A

structure of that level and the levels below

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18
Q
  • four-chambered stomach with large rumen
  • long small and large intestine
A

ruminant herbivore

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19
Q
  • short intestine and colon
  • small cecum
A

carnivore

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20
Q

where is the physiology of an organism well matched

A

environment it occupies, ensuring its survival

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21
Q
  • evolution through natural selection leading to an organism whose physiology, anatomy, and behavior are matched to the demands of its environment
  • generally irreversible
A

adaptation

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22
Q

how is a physiological process adaptive

A
  • present at high frequency
  • results in higher probability of survival and reproduction
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23
Q

present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes

A

adaptive

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24
Q

genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection

A

physiological and anatomic adaptations

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25
Q
  • physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occuring environemental condition
  • animal in migrate to high altitude
A

acclimatization

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26
Q

example of acclimatization

A

animal migrates to high altitude

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27
Q
  • refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator
  • animal placed in hypobaric chamber
A

acclimation

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28
Q

the tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability

A

homeostasis

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29
Q
  • “constancy of the interal environment is the condition of free life”
  • the milieu interieur
  • the ability of animals to survive in often stressful and varying environments directly reflects their ability to maintain a stable internal environment
A

Claude Bernard (1872)

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30
Q

the bodily fluids regarded as an internal environment in which the cells of the body are nourished and maintained in a state of equilibrium.

A

milieu interieur

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31
Q
  • “homeostasis” - tendency towards internal stability
  • extended notion of internal consistency to the organization and function of cells, tissues, and organs
A

Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)

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32
Q

how is homeostasis maintained

A

negative feedback

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33
Q

homeostasis is the ability to __ _ __ __ __ __ in an ever-changing outside world

A

maintain a relatively stable internal environment

34
Q

the internal environment of the body is in a __ __ __ __

A

dynamic state of equilibrium

35
Q

interact to maintain homeostasis

A
  • chemical
  • thermal
  • neural factors
36
Q

the body functions within relatively __ __

A

narrow limits

37
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

A
  1. receptor (sensor)
  2. control center
  3. effector
38
Q

regulation of homeostasis is accomplished through what systems

A
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
39
Q

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
40
Q

has clusters of endocrine islets of Langerhans with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

A

pancreas

41
Q

produce glucagon

A

alpha cells

42
Q

produce insulin

A

beta cells

43
Q

cell clusters in the pancreas that consist of different types of cells, including insulin-secreting β-cells, glucagon-secreting α-cells, and somatostatin-secreting δ-cells

A

Islets of Langerhans

44
Q

deficiency of insulin due either to inadequate secretion of the hormone by the pancreas or to inadequate treatment of diabetes mellitus.

A

hypoinsulinism

45
Q

two types of diabetes

A
  1. type I diabetes mellitus
  2. type II diabetes mellitus
46
Q
  • insulin-dependent diabetes
  • autoimmune disorder
  • usually appears in childhood
  • treatment: insulin injections
A

Type I diabetes mellitus

47
Q
  • non-insulin-dependent diabetes
  • usually due to target cells have a decreased responsiveness to insulin
  • usually occurs after age 40 - risk increases with age
  • accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases
A

Type II diabetes mellitus

48
Q

example of effect of growth hormone

A

acromegaly

49
Q

animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

A

euryhaline

50
Q

organisms can tolerate only a relatively-narrow range of salinity

A

stenohaline

51
Q

ability of selected organisms to lose almost all water and enter a state of reversible ametabolism.

A

Anhydrobiosis

52
Q

example of animals capable of anhydrobiosis

A

tardigrade

53
Q

detects changes (stimuli) in the body

A

receptor

54
Q

determines a set point fo a normal range

A

control center

55
Q

causes the reponse determined by the control center

A

effector

56
Q

where do regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in the cells of a multicellular organisms depend on

A

feedback

57
Q

return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable

A

feedback

58
Q

Two types of feedback

A
  1. Negative feedback
  2. Positive feedback
59
Q

regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change

A

negative feedback

60
Q

negative feedback mechanism __ the intensity of the stimulus or __ it

A
  • decreases
  • eliminates
61
Q

ex. of negative feedback

A

cooling down when it is too hot

62
Q

most homeostatic control mechanisms

A

negative feedback mechanisms

63
Q

enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated

A

positive feedback mechanism

64
Q

why is positive feedback considered positive

A

change occur in same direction as original stimulus

65
Q

what do positive feedback mechanisms usually control

A

infrequent events

66
Q

ex. of positive feedback

A
  • blood clotting
  • childbirth
67
Q

characteristic of positive feedback

A
  • does not maintain homeostasis
  • short in duration, and infrequent
68
Q

what do most diseases cause

A

homeostatic imbalances

69
Q

reduces our ability to maintain homeostasis

A

aging

70
Q

what happens if a disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s equilibrium is not corrected

A

illness

71
Q

Two ways an organism can respond when confronted with changes in its environment

A
  1. conformity
  2. regulation
72
Q
  • environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions
  • unable to maintain homeostasis
A

conformers

73
Q

organisms that keep their internal fluids isotonic to their environment, that is, they maintain an internal salinity similar to their ambient conditions

A

Osmoconformers

74
Q

example of osmoconformers

A
  • shark
  • starfish
75
Q

organisms that cannot maintain their respiration independent of environmental oxygen concentration

A

oxyconformers

76
Q

example of oxyconformers

A

annelid worms

77
Q
  • biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a borad range of external environmental changes
  • maintain homeostasis
A

regulators

78
Q

maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa

A

osmoregulators

79
Q

zone where homeostasis is maintained

A

zone of stability

80
Q

based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

osmoregulation

81
Q

where do seagulls secrete excess salt

A

nostril

BIO108 - General Physiology (14 decks)

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