Skeletal System Flashcards
How many total bones in human body ? Skeletal system is divided into ?
206 bones. 80 bones is for axial skeletal, 126 is for appendicular skeletal
Axial Skeletal System
Composed of bone of skull, spinal column, hyoid bone in the throat, bones of middle ear (ossicles), and rib cage. Total of 80 bones.
Appendicular skeletal system
126 bones in total. Consist of upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis
Vertebrae
spinal column region. It is to protect the spinal nerves of nervous system. Divided into 5 regions.
The 5 regions of spinal column
- cervical- (c1-c7)
- thoracic-(t1-t12)
- lumbar (L1-L5)
- sacrum: slightly curved triangular bony structure of the lower back. Formed by five vertebrae fused together.
5.coccyx- tailbone. Form by 3-5 vertebrae fused together.
Bone consist of
blood vessels, nerve supply & outside covering (periosteum)
4 types of bone
flat, long, short, and irregular bone
Skeletal system function
- Form the framework of the body
- Support internal organ, structure and work together with muscle to protect them
3.Bones connect to each other with ligaments and work together with muscles and tissues of the muscular system to form joints. (Joints allow movement of the body)
4.Calcium is vital mineral stored in bones and required for normal nerve and muscles function
5.Red bone marrow is important in formation of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.
(Red blood cells carry oxygen from lung to body tissue and CO2 from tissues to be eliminated through the lung.)
Joint
When bone are join together. Also known as articulations
Fibrous joints
Inflexible layers of dense connective tissue and hold bones tightly together. (joint of skull/ sutures)
Cartilaginous joints
Allow only slight movement and connect bones with cartilages. (site where ribs connect to sternum and pubic symphysis)
Ligaments
bands of fibrous tissues that connect to bones, holding them together at the joint.
Bursa
A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas where there is a lot of friction.
Synovial Joint ? Ball-and socket joints? Hinge joints?
Synovial joints: Joints are where two bones connect to allow a wide range of motion. These joints contain a synovial capsule, synovial membrane lining the capsule and synovial fluid that keeps the joint lubricated. There are several types:
1.Ball-and-socket joints: in the hips and shoulders
2. Hinge joints: At the knees and elbows.
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure
Arthrosclerosis
Stiffness of the joint and is common in the elderly
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa or cushioning sac in joint, causing pain
Chondromalacia
Abnormal softening of cartilage in joint causing pain with movement
Synovitis
Inflammation of synovial membrane of joint resulting in pain and swelling
Dislocation
Known as luxation. Occurs when there is total displacement of bone from its joint. common location of dislocations are: shoulders, elbows, fingers, kneecaps, knees, hips, jaws, and wrists
subluxation
Partial displacement of a bone from its joint
arthritis
Have various type. Inflammatory condition of joint. Over 100 type of it
Osteoarthritis
Associated with wear- and tear because of overuse, sports, or aging. Considered to be a degenerative joint disease since it wears down articular cartilage within joint
Spondylosis
Known as spinal osteoarthritis; describes the loss of normal spinal structure and function
Gout (gouty arthritis)
Caused by deposits of uric acid crystals in joint which can make the joint painful, red and warm. Often begins in the big toe.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Chronic autoimmune disorder attacking not only the joints but other organ as well
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis: Form of RA leading to inflammation of joints between vertebrae
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disorder affects children ages 16 or younger, Symptoms include pain, swelling at joint, stiffness, rash, fever, fatigue, and stunted growth.
herniated disk
Slipped or ruptured dish. The intervertebral disk breaks apart resulting in pressure on associated spinal nerve
Lumbago
Low back pain or pain in the lumbar region of the spine.
Spondylolisthesis
Slipping movement of the body of one of lower lumbar vertebrae on vertebra or sacrum in forward direction
Spina bifida
Congenital defect that occurs early in pregnancy. Spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord resulting in lack of protection. Lack of folic acid during early stages of pregnancy has been linked to occurrence of spina bifida.
scoliosis
An abnormal lateral or sideways, curvature of spine
Lordosis
Abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine. Known as swayback
Kyphosis
Abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine if viewed from the side. Common as humpback or dowager’s hump. Relate to aging.
Craniostenosis
Problem with formation of skull where there is a premature closure of cranial suture after birth
osteitis
inflammation of bone.
Periostitis
Inflammation of periosteum of bone. It is surrounding lining of bone
Rickets
Deficiency of vitamin D in children. Vitamin D required to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in bone . Lack of it can result in problematic bone growth
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bone in adults. Usually caused by deficiency of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent bone cause by bacterial infection
Paget’s Disease
Chronic bone disease characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone starting in pelvis, skull, spine and legs. New bone can form but usually it is enlarged, weak and oddly shaped.
Osteoporosis
Loss of bone density resulting in increase porosity of bone often associated with aging
Osteopenia
Bone density that is thinner than normal. The person does not have osteoporosis but has higher risk of it
Compression Fractures
Often seen in people with osteoporosis. Typically occurs in vertebral column where bone is pressed together resulting in loss of height, pain and spinal curvature abnormalities
Colles’ Fracture
Associated with osteoporosis. Occurs in the lower end of radius often when people try to break a fall and land on their hands.
fracture
broken bone
closed fracture
Closed fracture: Simple fracture. When bone is broken but does not puncture skin
Comminuted fracture
Comminuted fracture: Fracture where bone is crushed or splintered into small pieces
Spiral fracture
Spiral fracture: When bone is twisted around it axis
Oblique
Occurs when break across the bone at an angle
Open fracture
Compound fracture. Bone is broken & the skin is breaking forming a wound in tissue
Greenstick fracture
Greenstick fracture: Bone is only partially broken. Usually occurs in children prior to complete bone development
Pathologic fracture
Pathologic fracture: When bone is weakened because of disease or with excessive impact, overuse or injury
Transverse fracture
Occurs straight across the bone
Avulsed fracture
When part of bone is chipped away at the end
Segmental fracture
When bone is broken into multiple pieces.
Bone tumor
Abnormal bone cell growth.
Primary Bone cancer
Malignant tumor that originated in the bone. (Malignant: It becomes progressively worse and risk of death is high)
Myeloma
cancer of plasma cells. Occurs in blood-making cells found in red bone marrow. Often fatal and causes pathologic fracture
Osteochondroma
Benign bony projection covered with cartilage
Osteosarcoma
Type of bone cancer. It begins in the cells that form the bones and its typically found in long bones often in the legs
Bone Marrorw Transplants (BMT)
Used to treat leukemia and lymphomas which affect the bone marrow. BMT process includes first destroying cancer cells and the patient’s bone marrow using high-intensity radiation and chemotherapy. Then healthy bone marrow stem cells are transfused into the patient’s blood. These stem cells migrate to the spongy bone and eventually multiply to form red bone marrow that is now cancer free. There are two types of BMT
Allogenic BMT
Method uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor. There must be a perfect match to avoid rejection by patient’s body
Autologous BMT
Method uses patient’s own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleaned, treated, and stored before bone marrow is destroyed.
