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Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

How many total bones in human body ? Skeletal system is divided into ?

A

206 bones. 80 bones is for axial skeletal, 126 is for appendicular skeletal

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1
Q

Axial Skeletal System

A

Composed of bone of skull, spinal column, hyoid bone in the throat, bones of middle ear (ossicles), and rib cage. Total of 80 bones.

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2
Q

Appendicular skeletal system

A

126 bones in total. Consist of upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis

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3
Q

Vertebrae

A

spinal column region. It is to protect the spinal nerves of nervous system. Divided into 5 regions.

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4
Q

The 5 regions of spinal column

A
  1. cervical- (c1-c7)
  2. thoracic-(t1-t12)
  3. lumbar (L1-L5)
  4. sacrum: slightly curved triangular bony structure of the lower back. Formed by five vertebrae fused together.
    5.coccyx- tailbone. Form by 3-5 vertebrae fused together.
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5
Q

Bone consist of

A

blood vessels, nerve supply & outside covering (periosteum)

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6
Q

4 types of bone

A

flat, long, short, and irregular bone

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7
Q

Skeletal system function

A
  1. Form the framework of the body
  2. Support internal organ, structure and work together with muscle to protect them
    3.Bones connect to each other with ligaments and work together with muscles and tissues of the muscular system to form joints. (Joints allow movement of the body)
    4.Calcium is vital mineral stored in bones and required for normal nerve and muscles function
    5.Red bone marrow is important in formation of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.
    (Red blood cells carry oxygen from lung to body tissue and CO2 from tissues to be eliminated through the lung.)
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8
Q

Joint

A

When bone are join together. Also known as articulations

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9
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Inflexible layers of dense connective tissue and hold bones tightly together. (joint of skull/ sutures)

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10
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Allow only slight movement and connect bones with cartilages. (site where ribs connect to sternum and pubic symphysis)

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11
Q

Ligaments

A

bands of fibrous tissues that connect to bones, holding them together at the joint.

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12
Q

Bursa

A

A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas where there is a lot of friction.

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13
Q

Synovial Joint ? Ball-and socket joints? Hinge joints?

A

Synovial joints: Joints are where two bones connect to allow a wide range of motion. These joints contain a synovial capsule, synovial membrane lining the capsule and synovial fluid that keeps the joint lubricated. There are several types:
1.Ball-and-socket joints: in the hips and shoulders
2. Hinge joints: At the knees and elbows.

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14
Q

ankylosis

A

loss or absence of mobility in joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure

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15
Q

Arthrosclerosis

A

Stiffness of the joint and is common in the elderly

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16
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa or cushioning sac in joint, causing pain

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17
Q

Chondromalacia

A

Abnormal softening of cartilage in joint causing pain with movement

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18
Q

Synovitis

A

Inflammation of synovial membrane of joint resulting in pain and swelling

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19
Q

Dislocation

A

Known as luxation. Occurs when there is total displacement of bone from its joint. common location of dislocations are: shoulders, elbows, fingers, kneecaps, knees, hips, jaws, and wrists

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20
Q

subluxation

A

Partial displacement of a bone from its joint

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21
Q

arthritis

A

Have various type. Inflammatory condition of joint. Over 100 type of it

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22
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Associated with wear- and tear because of overuse, sports, or aging. Considered to be a degenerative joint disease since it wears down articular cartilage within joint

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23
Q

Spondylosis

A

Known as spinal osteoarthritis; describes the loss of normal spinal structure and function

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24
Q

Gout (gouty arthritis)

A

Caused by deposits of uric acid crystals in joint which can make the joint painful, red and warm. Often begins in the big toe.

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25
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Chronic autoimmune disorder attacking not only the joints but other organ as well

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26
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Ankylosing spondylitis: Form of RA leading to inflammation of joints between vertebrae

27
Q

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disorder affects children ages 16 or younger, Symptoms include pain, swelling at joint, stiffness, rash, fever, fatigue, and stunted growth.

28
Q

herniated disk

A

Slipped or ruptured dish. The intervertebral disk breaks apart resulting in pressure on associated spinal nerve

29
Q

Lumbago

A

Low back pain or pain in the lumbar region of the spine.

30
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Slipping movement of the body of one of lower lumbar vertebrae on vertebra or sacrum in forward direction

31
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital defect that occurs early in pregnancy. Spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord resulting in lack of protection. Lack of folic acid during early stages of pregnancy has been linked to occurrence of spina bifida.

32
Q

scoliosis

A

An abnormal lateral or sideways, curvature of spine

33
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine. Known as swayback

34
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine if viewed from the side. Common as humpback or dowager’s hump. Relate to aging.

35
Q

Craniostenosis

A

Problem with formation of skull where there is a premature closure of cranial suture after birth

36
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of bone.

37
Q

Periostitis

A

Inflammation of periosteum of bone. It is surrounding lining of bone

38
Q

Rickets

A

Deficiency of vitamin D in children. Vitamin D required to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in bone . Lack of it can result in problematic bone growth

39
Q

osteomalacia

A

abnormal softening of bone in adults. Usually caused by deficiency of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate

40
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent bone cause by bacterial infection

41
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Chronic bone disease characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone starting in pelvis, skull, spine and legs. New bone can form but usually it is enlarged, weak and oddly shaped.

42
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone density resulting in increase porosity of bone often associated with aging

43
Q

Osteopenia

A

Bone density that is thinner than normal. The person does not have osteoporosis but has higher risk of it

44
Q

Compression Fractures

A

Often seen in people with osteoporosis. Typically occurs in vertebral column where bone is pressed together resulting in loss of height, pain and spinal curvature abnormalities

45
Q

Colles’ Fracture

A

Associated with osteoporosis. Occurs in the lower end of radius often when people try to break a fall and land on their hands.

46
Q

fracture

A

broken bone

47
Q

closed fracture

A

Closed fracture: Simple fracture. When bone is broken but does not puncture skin

48
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Comminuted fracture: Fracture where bone is crushed or splintered into small pieces

49
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Spiral fracture: When bone is twisted around it axis

50
Q

Oblique

A

Occurs when break across the bone at an angle

51
Q

Open fracture

A

Compound fracture. Bone is broken & the skin is breaking forming a wound in tissue

52
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Greenstick fracture: Bone is only partially broken. Usually occurs in children prior to complete bone development

53
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Pathologic fracture: When bone is weakened because of disease or with excessive impact, overuse or injury

54
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Occurs straight across the bone

55
Q

Avulsed fracture

A

When part of bone is chipped away at the end

56
Q

Segmental fracture

A

When bone is broken into multiple pieces.

57
Q

Bone tumor

A

Abnormal bone cell growth.

58
Q

Primary Bone cancer

A

Malignant tumor that originated in the bone. (Malignant: It becomes progressively worse and risk of death is high)

59
Q

Myeloma

A

cancer of plasma cells. Occurs in blood-making cells found in red bone marrow. Often fatal and causes pathologic fracture

60
Q

Osteochondroma

A

Benign bony projection covered with cartilage

61
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Type of bone cancer. It begins in the cells that form the bones and its typically found in long bones often in the legs

62
Q

Bone Marrorw Transplants (BMT)

A

Used to treat leukemia and lymphomas which affect the bone marrow. BMT process includes first destroying cancer cells and the patient’s bone marrow using high-intensity radiation and chemotherapy. Then healthy bone marrow stem cells are transfused into the patient’s blood. These stem cells migrate to the spongy bone and eventually multiply to form red bone marrow that is now cancer free. There are two types of BMT

63
Q

Allogenic BMT

A

Method uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor. There must be a perfect match to avoid rejection by patient’s body

64
Q

Autologous BMT

A

Method uses patient’s own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleaned, treated, and stored before bone marrow is destroyed.

Anatomy (17 decks)

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