Lymphatic System

Question 1

The lymphatic system is composed of

Answer 1

Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland and tonsils. Lymphatic circulation one way only

Question 2

Lymphatic system function

Answer 2

Play an important role in the body’s immune system. It helps the newborn develop its immune system at birth & continues to protect the body from foreign invaders throughout life by producing immune cells, circulating them throughout the body, and filtering out pathogens & dangerous molecules through the lymph nodes & spleen.

Question 3

How many ducts are in the lymphatic system

Answer 3

2. Right lymphatic & thoracic duct.

The right lymphatic collects lymph near the base of your neck, collects lymph from the right side of your arm, chest, neck, and head

The thoracic duct drains the left side of the head, the left arm, the left shoulder, and the left side of the thoracic cavity, all of the abdomen, pelvic region and both legs. It empties into the left subclavian vein (left upper body).

Question 4

lymph

Answer 4

tissue fluid that is found in the cell. It delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells & picks up waste products & picks up protein molecules.

Question 5

Lymph nodes

Answer 5

small bean-shaped filtering node located throughout the body. Up to 700 lymph nodes. Populate with lymphocytes (lymph cells). Lymph flow into the nodes & pathogen the lymph has collect in the body are destroyed.

Question 6

3 major lymph nodes

Answer 6

cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), and inguinal (groin) lymph node

Question 7

lymph capillaries

Answer 7

Function of Lymph capillaries help keep the overall fluid balance in your body. They transport and filter lymphatic fluid (lymph) from your body’s cells and tissues.

Lymphatic capillaries have thin walls, that closed at one end. As lymph capillaries collect interstitial fluid from tissues, the pressure in the lymph capillaries grows. This increasing pressure moves the lymph fluid forward toward the heart.

Question 8

Lymph Cycle Work

Answer 8

Lymph capillaries send lymph into larger tubes called lymphatic vessels.
The lymphatic vessels come together in still-larger tubes called collecting ducts. A series of valves keep the fluid moving one way.
The collecting ducts empty the lymph into the right or left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct).

Returning this lymph to your bloodstream helps to:
Maintain normal blood pressure and volume.
Prevent fluid from building up around tissues (edema).

Question 9

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 9

Located deeper in the tissues. It includes valves to prevent backflow of the lymph. Lymphatic capillaries get progressively larger until it become lymphatic vessels

Question 10

Lymphatic ducts

Answer 10

Lymphatic vessels become larger and eventually join together to form two ducts. Each duct drains a specific body area and returns the lymph to venous circulation.

Question 11

Lymphocytes

Answer 11

Lymph cells. Formed in bone marrow. It is to work to defend against antigens (any substances that body sees as foreign that include viruses, bacteria, toxins and tissues)

As lymphocytes form and mature, it will differentiate (change) into lymphoid tissues throughout the body.
Three kinds of lymphocytes: Natural killer cells, B cells, T cells

Question 12

Natural killer cells

Answer 12

Role in killing cancer cells and cells infected by viruses.

Question 13

B Cells

Answer 13

Known as B lymphocytes. Specialized cells that produce antibodies. Each cell makes a specific antibody that destroys a specific antigen. Most effective against viruses and bacteria.

Question 14

T cells

Answer 14

Known as T lymphocytes. It releases cytokines including interferons and interleukins.
-Interferons: Respond particular to viruses or tumor cells
-Interleukins: Important in directing B & T cells to divide and proliferate.

T-cells protect you by destroying harmful pathogens and by sending signals that help control your immune system’s response to threats

Question 15

Tonsils

Answer 15

It is made up of three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. Help prevent pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through nose or mouth.

There are nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils.

Question 16

Vermiform appendix/ appendix

Answer 16

Located at the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine. Play an important role in the immune system to fight off infection since it has lymphoid cell

Question 17

Spleen

Answer 17

Located at just behind your stomach and under your diaphragm. Mass of lymphoid tissue. It filters microorganisms and other foreign material from blood. It forms lymphocytes. Also destroys worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells). Once destroyed cells release hemoglobin for reuse.

Question 18

Thymus gland

Answer 18

Mass of lymphoid tissue found above heart. Largest during puberty and then decrease in size & function with age. It secretes hormones that stimulate the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells.

Question 19

Antigen

Answer 19

Substances that body regards as being foreign, (virus, bacteria, toxin, or transplanted tissues or organs)

Question 20

Antibodies

Answer 20

Disease-fighting protein created by immune system designed to respond to presence of specific antigen

Question 21

Antigen-antibody reaction:

Answer 21

(immune reaction) Reaction where antibody binds to antigen labeling it as dangerous. In this sense the cells in the immune system can recognize the danger & destroy the foreign body. Antibodies also neutralize the foreign antigen.

Question 22

Immunoglobulins

Answer 22

similar to antibodies

Question 23

Phagocytes

Answer 23

Specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction. It destroys cell debris, pollen, dust, and pathogens. Several types of it.

Question 24

Complement system

Answer 24

Group of proteins that normally circulate in blood in an active form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to defend against the pathogens. Combine with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic foreign cells

Question 25

Immunity

Answer 25

State of being resistant to a specific disease. It can be natural immunity (passive immunity) or through a vaccine

Question 26

Vaccine

Answer 26

Designed to protect against the disease.

Question 27

Hypersplenism

Answer 27

Hypersplenism: Overactive spleen. It removes blood cells too early and too quickly.

Question 28

Splenomegaly

Answer 28

Larger than-normal spleen. Can be caused by malaria, Hodgkin’s disease, leukemia, heart failure, cirrhosis, tumors, infections, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease.

Question 29

Lymphedema

Answer 29

Swelling of the tissues because of an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues. Caused by damage to the lymphatic system so that lymph doesn’t drain properly.

Question 30

Autoimmune disorder/ disease

Answer 30

Any disease characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues or organ for foreign substances or antigens.

Question 31

Allergy

Answer 31

Also call hypersensitivity to allergen. Refer to overreaction by the body to a particular allergen or substance that produces the allergic reaction. The allergen produces an antigen that initiated the immune response. Allergic response can be localized, such as redness, itching, or burning where skin has come into contact with the skin. It can also be systemic, (causing a mild to severe) & potentially fatal reaction, or anaphylactic shock

Question 32

SCID

Answer 32

Severe combined immunodeficiency: An inherited condition in which malfunctioning immune systems cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive. Newborns are normally screened for SCID.

Question 33

HIV

Answer 33

This refers to human immunodeficiency virus. Bloodborne infection where virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system. This leads to a failure of the immune system.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stage of an HIV infection. Though medical advances have helped manage HIV infections and AIDS. AIDS is fatal

Question 34

Lymphadenitis

Answer 34

Known as swollen glands and refers to an inflammation of the lymph nodes or lymph glands.

Question 35

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 35

Any disease process that impacts a lymph node or nodes

Question 36

Lymphangioma

Answer 36

Benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels because of a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system.

Question 37

Tonsillitis

Answer 37

Inflammation of the tonsils leading to swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, tender lymph nodes in the neck, and potentially fever.

Question 38

Celluitis

Answer 38

Bacteria infection that leads to painful, red infection. It can occur anywhere in the body

Question 39

Folliculitis

Answer 39

Infection of hair follicles causing red, swollen bumps similar to pimples.

Question 40

Food Poisoning

Answer 40

Numerous bacteria that cause different type of foodborne illnesses:
-Campylobacter jejuni
-Clostridium botulinum
-Escherichia coli
-Listeria monocytogenes
-Salmonella
-Vibrio