Endocrine system Flashcards
Endocrine System
Endocrine systems produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis in the body.
(Homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal environment. It composed of several organs called glands. Glands secrete hormones
Hormones
Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues. These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it. Hormones are essential for life and your health.
Endocrine System consist of three type of tissue
- Endocrine glands
2.Organs
3.Endocrine-related tissue
Glands
Glands are special tissues in your body that create and release substances. Endocrine glands make and release hormones directly into your bloodstream. Include: ( pineal gland. pituitary gland, thyroid & parathyroid gland, adrenal gland)
Organs
Hypothalamus, Pancreas, ovaries, testicles
Endocrine-related tissue
Placenta, digestive tract (stomach & small intestine), kidneys, liver, heart.
Hypothalamus
Located at forebrain closely to pituitary gland. Function is to control action of pituitary and produce hormones. its a region of brain more than specific structure. Main link between endocrine & nervous system.
Pituitary gland
Located near hypothalamus. Pea-sized & divide into two lobes: anterior and posterior lobe. It creates and release numerous hormones. Check and balance function to maintain homeostasis
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Produce at anterior lobe. Stimulates growth & secretions of adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Produce at anterior lobe. Stimulate secretion of estrogen & growth of ova in ovaries (females). & production of sperm in testicles (males)
growth hormone (GH)
Produce at anterior lobe. Regulates growth of bone, muscle and other body tissue
Lactogenic hormone (LTH)
At anterior lobe. Known as prolactin. Stimulates & maintains secretion of breast milk in mother after child birth
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Anterior lobe. Stimulates ovulation in females. In males its of testosterone
Melanocyte- Stimulating hormone (MSH)
Increase production of melanin in melanocyte leading to the darkening of skin pigmentation
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Posterior lobe. Secreted by hypothalamus & stored in pituitary gland. Control blood pressure by reducing amount of water excreted through kidney.
Oxytocin (OXT)
Posterior lobe. Stimulate uterine contraction during childbirth
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Anterior lobe. Stimulate secretion of hormones by thyroid gland
Pineal Gland
Locate at central portion of the brain, shape like a pine cone. Function: Secrete melatonin. Melatonin influence sleep-wakefulness portion of circadian cycle
Thyroid Gland
Locate on either side of larynx, butterfly shape. It regulate body’s metabolism thorough secretion of thyroxine & triiodothyronine. These two hormone is regulate by TSH. Also secrete calcitonin (help decrease calcium level in blood & moving calcium into storage in bones & teeth.
Parathyroid gland
Locate posterior side of thyroid. It secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium level in the blood . Work with calcitonin to regulate calcium level in blood.
Thymus Gland
Locate anterior portion of thoracic cavity behind sternum and superior of heart. Thymus glands produce hormones (thymosin) that function as part of the immune system to help the body’s immune response before birth & into childhood.
After puberty, it slowly turns into fatty tissue
Pancreas
It functions both in the digestive & endocrine system. It includes pancreatic islets, (small masses within the pancreas body. Located on top of the small intestine and behind the stomach
In the endocrine function, the pancreas work to control blood glucose level and glucose metabolism
Glucagon
Glucagon: Hormone that responds to low levels of glucose in the blood. It increase the glucose level by stimulating liver to convert glycogen(stored glucose) into glucose (blood sugar)
Insulin
Pancreas also secretes hormone insulin. When energy is needed, insulin allows glucose to enter cells in the body so that it can be used as a fuel source for energy. If energy is not needed, insulin stimulate liver to convert glucose into glycogen
Adrenal Gland
Located on top of each kidney. Main function is to control electrolyte level in body, metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, release to stress . Development of sex characters.
adrenal glands are composed of two parts: the cortex (outer region) and the medulla (inner part )
electrolyte
Minerals that help regulate metabolism and body’s response to stress. (calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium)
Androgens
sex hormones. Produce in adrenal cortex
Corticosteroids
Steroid hormones. Produce in adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
Regulate sodium and water levels in body. Produce in adrenal cortex
Cortisol
Performs anti-inflammatory function & help to regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteinsto turn into energy. Produce in adrenal cortex
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Secrete by adrenal medulla. Stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or stress.
nonrepinephrine
Play an important role in “fight-or flight” response. Produce in medulla.plays an essential role in the regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions.
Placenta
Only develop in uterus during pregnancy in female. It attach to wall of the uterus & attaching to baby through umbilical cord. Function is to provide oxygen & nutrients from mother’s blood to growing baby. Also remove waste products in baby’s blood
Ovaries
Attached to fallopian tube which is the extension of uterus for female. Ovaries protect and shelter the egg that female are born with. Produce female hormones (estrogen & progesterone relaxin and inhibin). It develops adult female characteristics and functions in the menstrual cycle.
Relaxin & inhibin are hormone that function during pregnancy, labor, and delivery
Testicles
There are two egg-shaped testicles that sit beneath penis. Scrotum is a sac of skin that hangs outside of the body under penis. It surrounds & protects the testicle. It’s important for production and storage of sperm until mature for ejaculation
Testosterone
Hormone that responsible for male sex drive, fertility, puberty, and development of muscle and bone mass
Pinealoma
tumor in pineal gland. It can disrupt production of melatonin causing insomnia and circadian rhymes
thymitis
inflammation of thymus gland
hypergonadism
condition cause by excess secretion of hormones by sex glands
hypogonadism
condition cause by deficient secretion of hormones by sex glands
hyperpituitarium
over secretion of pituitary hormones
short stature
deficient secretion of growth hormone. Also known as dwarfism
acromegaly
rare chronic disease where there is abnormal enlargement of hand and feet caused by too much secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Gigantism
abnormal growth of entire body that caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
galactorrhea
condition caused by an excess of prolactin causing breast to produce milk spontaneously before child birth
prolactinoma
benign tumor that causes the gland to produce too much prolactin. Can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men
diabetes insipidus
condition results from an insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone ADH or inability of kidneys to respond to ADH resulting in too much fluid excreted by kidney.
Hyperparathyroidism
over production of parathyroid hormones causing hypercalcemia(is a condition in which the calcium level in your blood is above normal)
hypoparathyroidism
condition caused by an insufficient or even absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone
hyperthyroidism
condition of overproduction of thyroid hormone leading to increase metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness and weight loss
Grave’s disease
disorder caused when immune system attack thyroid gland cause it to produce excessive thyroid hormone. That can result goiter(enlarge thyroid), (bulging eyes)exophthalmos or bothH
Hashimoto’s disease
Autoimmune disease where body’s own antibodies attack and destroy cells of the thyroid gland leading to hypothyroidism. Also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
Cretinism
Congenital form (exist at birth) of hypothyroidism resulting in arrested physical and mental development
Myxedema
Known as adult hypothyroidism and results from an extreme deficiency of thyroid hormone secretion.
Insulinoma
Benign tumor cause hypoglycemia by secreting excess insulin
pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreas. often cause by long-term alcoholism
hypoglycemia
abnormally low concentration of glucose in blood
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyphagia
excessive hunger
polyuria
excessive urination
hyperinsulinism
excessive secretion insulin into bloodstream
Latent autoimmune diabetes
Know as Type 1.5 diabetes where type 1 diabetes develops in adult
Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder cause by destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells resulting in insulin deficiency
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin is produced by pancreas but body does not fully use it effectively. Related to obesity. Also call insulin resistance disorder.
addison’s disease
Disease when gland does not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone hormone. Usually show signs of severe fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low BP, and weight loss
adrenalitis
inflammation of adrenal glands
Conn’s Syndrome (KON) or aldosteronism
Disorder of adrenal glands caused by excessive production of aldosterone causing weakness, cramp, and convulsion or an imbalance of electrolyes
Cushing’s Syndrome
Caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol from overproduction of cortisol or prolonged use of corticosteroids.
