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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system’s role

A

Circulate nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2), hormones and waste through out the body. It also maintain blood pressure

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2
Q

how many blood vessels are there and what each does

A

(1) arteries ( which carries the blood from the heart)
(2) veins (which take oxygen- depleted blood back to the heart)
(3) capillaries (which carry the oxygen-rich blood to our cells)

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3
Q

Arteries

A

Large blood vessels that always carry blood AWAY from the heart. It have thick-walled and elastic so it can expand and contract with blood pressure
Largest artery is aorta. Aorta take oxygenated blood from heart to body
Pulmonary arteries: Take oxygen-poor blood from heart back to lungs to be re-oxygenated
Arterioles: Arteries get smaller and small that eventually become arterioles. It delivers blood to capillaries.

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4
Q

Veins

A

Large blood vessels that carry blood TO the heart. Largest veins are superior and inferior and vena cava. Veins form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart.
Also contain valves to keep blood flowing to the heart minimizing back flow.
Superior and Inferior vena cava bring oxygen-poor blood from body into the heart.
Pulmonary veins: Bring oxygenated from lungs into heart

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny vessels are the smallest vessels in the body. It forms a network of vascular beds linking the arterial system with the venous system.

Capillaries are the connectors between the veins and the arteries. Smaller branches of the arteries, arterioles, are thin enough to carry blood to the capillaries. Then the capillaries take the oxygen-rich blood from the arteries and send waste, such as CO2, to the veins. Capillaries are thin-walled and tiny; designed to reach the body’s cells. The walls of these vessels are only one endothelial cell thick so that the oxygen, nutrients, and waste products can pass into and out of the bloodstream.

Blood exiting the capillaries goes into venules, or small veins, and then into the veins themselves.
Capillaries are the smallest blood or lymphatic vessels. Blood capillaries are very thin to allow gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the blood and the tissues. Lymph capillaries collect lymph fluid from the tissues and carry it to larger lymph vessels.

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6
Q

Venules

A

Smaller veins linking to capillaries

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7
Q

Heart

A

It weight about a pound roughly. It takes oxygen in and out of the heart by sending it to the lung and pump the oxygenated blood back through the body.

It is located at the thoracic cavity that and about the size of a human’s fist. Hollow muscular organ.

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8
Q

Pericardium (pericardial sac)

A

It’s a double walled membranous sac encloses and protects the heart. Between membranes is pericardial fluid that acts as a lubricant to reduce friction when the heart moves

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9
Q

Muscular walls of heart include

A

(1) epicardium: Outer layer of the heart. The covering itself is a double-layer sac called the pericardium (membrane enclosing the heart). The epicardium is the inside layer of this sac, also called the visceral pericardium (inner layer of the serous pericardium). The outside layer of the sac is parietal pericardium (outer layer of the pericardium). Between the two layers of the sac is about 15 ml of pericardial fluid that lubricates membranes and prevents friction as the heart beats.

(2) myocardium: It is the middle layer of the heart. It is thick, composed of cardiac muscle, and produces the contractions responsible for pushing blood through the vessels.

(3) endocardium: It is the smooth inner lining of the heart. Made up of endothelial cells, it lines the heart’s interior as well as the heart’s valves. Its role is to prevent friction as the blood circulates through the heart’s chambers.

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10
Q

What does septum do

A

it divide into left and right chamber

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11
Q

Heart compose of how may chambers

A

4 chambers (2 atrium & 2 ventricle) Right atrium→ right ventricle→left atrium→left ventricle→aorta

Right atrium: The receiving chamber of the heart. The right atrium takes in oxygen-poor blood from superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and then sends it to the right ventricle

Left atrium: After being oxygenated by the lungs, the blood goes back to the heart through the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium. In turn, the left atrium sends the oxygenated blood to the left ventricle.

Left Ventricle: From the left ventricle the oxygenated blood goes through the aorta and into the rest of the body. The left ventricle is the thickest and the strongest of the four chambers because it must push the blood out of the aorta and through the body.

Right Ventricle: Right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from right atrium and sends the blood to the blood to the pulmonary artery and on the lungs for re-oxygenation.

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12
Q

Heart’s Electrical System

A

Heart has its own electrical system composed of sinoatrial node (SA node), atrioventricular node (AV node), bundle of HIS, and the Purkinje fibers.
It ensures heart beat constantly to move blood through body

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13
Q

Cardiovascular System consist of how many circulation

A

1.Pulmonary Circulation: It is between the heart and the lungs, brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygen and then brings the oxygenated blood back to the heart.
2.Systemic Circulation: It pumps the oxygenated blood out to tissues and cells throughout the body.

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14
Q

Pulse ? Blood Pressure? Systolic Pressure ? Diastolic Pressure ?

A

Pulse: Rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery when heart contracts
Blood Pressure: Measurement of amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against walls of arteries
Systolic Pressure: Occurs when ventricles of heart contract. Highest pressure of blood on the artery wall.
Diastolic Pressure: Occur when ventricles relax. Lowest pressure of blood on the artery wall.

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15
Q

Blood

A

Blood: Fluid tissue of body.

Formed elements: Cells include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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16
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Known as platelets. Important in blood clotting

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17
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs) and are components of the body’s immune system defending against pathogens and foreign substances. These include: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.

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18
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells (RBCs) produced in red bone marrow. Its job is to transport oxygen to tissues.

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19
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen-carrying proteins in RBC that attaches oxygen molecules

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20
Q

Serum

A

Blood Plasma forms about 55% of blood. Formed elements for the other 45% of blood
Plasma: Straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products from metabolic reaction in body and respiration. It’s about 91% water and 9% of proteins (fibrinogen)

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21
Q

Serum

A

Serum: Plasma fluid after blood cells and proteins have been removed

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22
Q

Heart Valves

A

Four valves within the heart act as “gatekeepers” to manage the flow of blood. Placed at the ventricles’ entrances and exits, these four valves ensure that the blood moves only forward and doesn’t flow back into the chambers when heart muscle relaxes.

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23
Q

Tricuspid Valve, Pulmonary Valve

A

Tricuspid Valve: Also known as Atrioventricular valve (AV). The tricuspid valve opens to allow the deoxygenated blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The is the only valve with three cusps or flaps

Pulmonary Valve: It is the next valve that the blood encounters. This valve opens to allow blood to enter the pulmonary artery and flow to the lungs. This is a semilunar valve meaning that it resembles a half moon.

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24
Q

Mitral Valve, Aortic Valve

A

Mitral Valve: Left side of the heart is the mitral valve, which sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Just as the AV does, the mitral valve keeps the blood from flowing backwards into the left atrium. The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve, given that it has two cusps

Aortic Valve: Left ventricle contracts to pump the blood through the aortic valve. This semilunar valve opens into the aorta, which sends the oxygenated blood out to the body.

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25
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Angina Pectoris is a condition in which a deficiency of oxygen to the heart causes a sensation of pressure or constriction and severe pain

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26
Q

Arrhythmia

A

It describes a “fluttery” feeling. Arrhythmia is an irregularity in the heartbeat (it is a-rhythmic). Most people experience arrhythmias, as they age. Most of them are non-fatal.

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27
Q

Bundle Branch Block (BBB)

A

When electrical impulse in one or both of the bundle branches are slowed or blocked , the ventricles beat at a different rate than the atria. Also called a heart block, the bundle branch block can be caused by heart attack. A pacemaker can be implanted if both bundle branches are diseased

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28
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

The heart stops beating completely during an arrhythmia. The arrhythmia can be caused by coronary heart disease, a heart attack, electrocution, choking, or an unknown cause, This is not to be confused with a myocardial infarction, or heart attack.

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29
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Refer to a disease of the myocardium. Heart muscle is weakened or deformed, resulting in a decreased pumping force and inefficient blood circulation.

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30
Q

Congenital Septal Defect (CSD)

A

It is a cardiovascular defect that is present at birth. In short, it is a hole in the septum between the two heart chambers. It results in oxygen-rich blood mixing with oxygen-poor blood. The condition forces the heart to work harder and can cause it to enlarge.

31
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

It results when ventricular myocardium is too weak to pump blood effectively. It is a progressive weakness and typically affects the left side of the heart first. Left-sided heart failure results when the left ventricle cannot contract normally and cannot pump forcefully enough to push blood into circulation. Right-sided heart failure can occur as a result of left-sided failure. When the right side’s pumping capability is compromised, blood backs up and causes swelling in the ankles and legs.

32
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

It is caused by an obstruction in one or more of the coronary arteries. The obstruction is typically from fatty deposits (plaque) in the arteries. The obstruction prevents an adequate supply of blood from reaching the heart. There is inadequate oxygen to the heart, the individual can suffer angina or a myocardial infarction.

33
Q

Endocarditis

A

The heart’s chamber or valves become inflamed, perhaps because of bacteria or an abnormal immunological response. Bacterial infections are the most common cause, although there are instances in which a cause cannot be determined.

34
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

It is the death of a portion of the heart muscle that results when the coronary artery is suddenly blocked by a blood clot. The blockage prevents oxygenated blood from reaching the heart, thus depriving the heart of both blood and oxygen and causing irreversible injury to it. Also known as heart attack.

35
Q

Aneurysm

A

It can develop in any artery in the body. Such as the leg or the intestine- although the brain and aorta are more common sites. An aneurysm is an abnormal outward bulge of an artery, and it is typically discovered only after it ruptures. Although not all causes for aneurysm are known, high blood pressure and atherosclerotic disease are believed to contribute to particulate forms.

36
Q

Hypertensions (HTN)

A

It occurs when your blood pressure (BP) is above its normal range (about 120/80 or lower). High blood pressure may or may not have an identifiable cause, and it often lacks symptoms. Its side effects are serious that include strokes, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and kidney failure.

37
Q

Embolism

A

Embolism
The blockage of a blood vessel by a clot (called an embolus) that broke free from a thrombus, resulting in the interruption of blood flow. If the clot lodges in a coronary artery, it can cause a myocardial infarction.

38
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis
Formation of yellow plaque on the inside of the artery and is the most common cause of atherosclerosis. Plaque consists of cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the blood. The causes of this pathology are not known, although it is believed that both lifestyle and heredity can contribute to its development

39
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and hardening of the artery wall. The result is a loss of elasticity in the artery, making it harder to dilate to accommodate blood flow when needed (such as when exercising). Problems associated with this pathology include circulation problems, angina, and strokes.

40
Q

Hypotension (LBP)

A

Hypotension (LBP)
When blood pressure is below its normal range (a reading of 90/60 or lower is a sign of this pathology). Low blood pressure can be caused by something as simple as standing up too quickly, by an event, or by a medical condition. Low blood pressure may have no symptoms and may be normal for some people. It becomes a problem, however, when dizziness, fainting.

41
Q

Thrombiphlebitis

A

Thrombophlebitis
An inflammation to the vein that causes blood clots to form is called thrombophlebitis; it is typically located in the legs with the affected vein just below the skin. Although superficial thrombophlebitis is deemed relatively safe, if a clot is in a deeper vein (a condition called deep vein thrombosis or DVT), there is a risk of the clot breaking loose and causing a pulmonary embolism.

42
Q

Thrombosis

A

Thrombosis
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel is a thrombus. It can either partially or completely block the blood vessel, inhibiting the flow of blood.

43
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Varicose Veins
Swollen and distended varicose veins are located just under the skin. Because of the veins’ purplish-blue color, they are easily visible. Most common in the legs (behind the knee, at the back of the calves and around the ankles, varicose veins can actually occur anywhere. They develop when valves in the veins fail to work, thus allowing blood to back up and pool. The vein swells, and a varicose vein is born. Although the condition rarely causes problems, varicose veins may demand treatment because of pain, skin problems, or blood clots. It may also be treated for cosmetic reasons.

44
Q

Ischemia

A

Ischemia: Condition where there is insufficient supply of oxygen in tissues due to restricted blood flow to part of the body. In cardiac ischemia, there is a lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle itself.

45
Q

Left-sided failure

A

Left-sided heart failure: It causes an accumulation of fluid in the lungs call pulmonary edema

46
Q

Right-sided heart failure

A

Right-sided heart failure: It causes fluid to build up throughout the rest of the body causing edema first in feet and legs and then worsening to other parts of the body.

47
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Cardiomegaly: Abnormal enlargement of heart as it tries to compensate for decreased pumping ability.

48
Q

Bacterial Endocarditis

A

Bacterial endocarditis: Inflammation cause by bacteria of endocardium

49
Q

Pericarditis

A

Pericarditis: Inflammation of pericardium. Typically cause a fluid buildup in the pericardial sac which restricts movement of heart & ability to pump blood to body

50
Q

Myocarditis

A

Myocarditis: Inflammation of heart muscle itself (myocardium). Often seen as complication of viral infection

51
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Heart muscle disease that causes the heart to enlarge & pump in weaker fashion. It is a slow progression that usually discover when disease is advanced

52
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Disease with abnormal thickening of heart muscle making it harder for the heart to pump.

53
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Heart muscle becoming stiff and less flexible, preventing expansion & filling with blood between heart contractions.

54
Q

Asystole

A

Asystole: Flat line. Refers to complete lack of electrical activity in the heart indicating no heart contraction & blood pumping through the body. (aka person is dead)

55
Q

Sudden Cardiac Death

A

Sudden cardiac death: Results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

56
Q

Heart Block

A

Heart Block: Caused by electrical signal moving through heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching ventricles

57
Q

Bradycardia

A

Bradycardia: Abnormally slow resting heart rate

58
Q

Tachycardia

A

Tachycardia: Abnormally fast resting heart rate

59
Q

Vasculitis

A

Vasculitis: Inflammation of blood vessel. Several types of it. (i.e.arteritis: inflammation of artery)

60
Q

Angiostenosis

A

Angiostenosis: Abnormal narrowing of blood vessel

61
Q

Hemangioma

A

Hemangioma: Benign tumor formed by blood and lymph vessels. Can be consider as birthmark

62
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Hypoperfusion: Insufficient perfusion, or blood flow, through a body part or organ

63
Q

Aneurysm

A

Aneurysm: Weak spot in an artery. Usually the weak spot begins to fill up with blood causing arteries to balloon out due to blood pressure. This area has a risk of bursting that can be fatal

64
Q

Arteriostenosis

A

Arteriostenosis: Narrowing of artery diminishing blood flow to area

65
Q

Venous Insufficiency

A

Venous Insufficiency: Condition where insufficient venous circulation due to partial blockage in vein or leaking through vein valves.

66
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Hemochromatosis: Genetic disorder is when intestines absorb too much iron. Excess iron accumulates in organs causing damage

67
Q

Polycythemia

A

Polycythemia: Abnormal increase in red blood cells in blood because bone marrow produced too many

68
Q

Sepsis

A

Sepsis: Bacterial, viral, or other pathogenic infection of blood. Known as blood poisoning

69
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Thrombocytopenia: Condition in which there is abnormally small number of platelets in blood

70
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Hemorrhage: Loss of significant amount of blood in short time

71
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Thrombocytosis: Abnormal increase in platelets in blood

72
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Hyperlipidemia: Elevated cholesterol and fatty substances in blood

73
Q

Leukemia

A

Leukemia: Blood cancer where there is progressive increase in number of abnormal white blood cells produced by blood-forming tissues and other organs and nin the blood

74
Q

Anemia

A

Anemia: Abnormally low number of red blood cells in blood.

Anatomy (17 decks)

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