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A&P > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

support
protection
movement
red blood cell and hormone production
mineral, growth factor, and fat storage

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2
Q

long bone

A

femur

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3
Q

flat bone

A

skull

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4
Q

short bone

A

metacarpals

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5
Q

irregular bone

A

vertebrae

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6
Q

sesamoid bone

A

patella

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7
Q

red bone marrow

A

red blood cell production

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8
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat

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9
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer layer
smooth and solid
contains osteons
found in the diaphyses of long bones
majority of skeleton
gives strength and support
stores calcium

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10
Q

spongy bone

A

honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact bone (trabeculae)
found at the ends of long bones, ribs, skull, pelvis, and vertebrae
helps make bones lighter

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11
Q

volkman’s cannal

A

connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal
runs perpendicular

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12
Q

lamellae

A

bony layers of osteon
collagen fibers allow resistance to twisting

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13
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny canals in osteon that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

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14
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix

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15
Q

osteonic canal

A

aka haversian canal
houses blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
runs parallel

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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

matrix synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

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17
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone resorbing cell

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18
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone develops from fibrous membranes (flat bones)
osteoid is secreted by osteoblasts within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
spongy bone and periosteum form
compact bone replaces spongy bone
red marrow in spongy bone appears

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19
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone formed by replacing hyaline cartilage (long bone)

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20
Q

interstitial growth

A

allows increase in the length of long bones

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21
Q

appositional growth

A

allows increase in bone thickness
osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone
osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface

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22
Q

importance of calcium

A

nerve transmission
muscle contraction
blood coagulation
cell division
secretion of glands and nerve cells

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23
Q

bone remodeling

A

in response to stress or hormones

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24
Q

growth hormone

A

most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

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25
Q

sex hormones

A

promotes adolescent growth spurts
end growth by inducing epiphyseal growth closure (epiphyseal line)

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26
Q

PTH

A

resorption of Ca2+
releases more calcium

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27
Q

calcitonin

A

removes blood Ca2+ levels temporarily if in high doses

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28
Q

rickets

A

bowed legs caused by vit. D deficiency or Ca2+

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29
Q

osteomalacia

A

bones poorly mineralized
inadequate Ca2+ salts
soft and weak bones

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30
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone resorption outpaces deposit

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31
Q

kyphosis

A

excessive curvature of spine

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32
Q

lordosis

A

excessive curvature of the lower portion of the spine

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33
Q

scoliosis

A

sideway curvature of the spine

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34
Q

herniated disk

A

a rupture b/w the rubbery cushions b/w the vertebrae

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35
Q

axial

A

long axis of the body
skull, veretebral column, rib cage

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36
Q

appendicular

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs
girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

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37
Q

open fracture

A

aka compound fracture
skin is penetrated

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38
Q

closed fracture

A

aka simple fracture
skin is not penetrated

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39
Q

nondisplaced fracture

A

ends retain normal position

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40
Q

displaced fracture

A

ends outside of normal position

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41
Q

complete fracture

A

broken all the way through

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42
Q

incomplete fracture

A

not broken all the way through

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43
Q

comminuated fracture

A

bone fragments into 3 or more pieces

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44
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed

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45
Q

spiral fracture

A

ragged break due to excessive twisting force

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46
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

epiphysis separates from diaphysis

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47
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward

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48
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete fracture most common in children

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49
Q

closed reduction

A

realignment of bone w/o surgery

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50
Q

open reduction

A

realignment of bone involving surgery

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51
Q

immobilization

A

braces or casts can help in immobilization of the joints for treating a fracture

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52
Q

sharpey’s fibers

A

secure to bone matrix

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53
Q

osteogenic layer

A

contains osteogenic cells (primitive stem cells)

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54
Q

periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer of dense irregular CT

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55
Q

osteogenic cells

A

mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
aka osteoprogenitor cells

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56
Q

osteoblasts

A

secrete osteoid

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57
Q

compact bone

A

lamellar bone

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58
Q

red marrow

A

found within trabeculae and dipole
in medullary cavities in newborns
long bone have little red marrow (heads of femur and humerus only)

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59
Q

epiphyseal plate closure

A

18 years (females)
21 years (males)

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60
Q

mechanical stress

A

controls where bone remodeling takes place

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61
Q

hormones

A

controls whether and when bone remodeling takes place

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62
Q

hematoma formation

A
  1. hematoma forms
  2. soft callus forms
  3. bony callus forms
  4. bone remodeling occurs
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63
Q

drugs that treat osteoporosis

A

biphosphonates
selective estrogen receptor modulators
statins
denosumab

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64
Q

paget’s disease

A

high ratio of spongy to compact bone
poorly mineralized
usually in spine, pelvis, and skull
treated calcitonin and biphosphonates

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65
Q

osteomyelitis

A

leukocytes enter
release lytic enzymes
pus spreads to impair local blood flow (sequestra)
involucrum (new bone formation)

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66
Q

leptin

A

hormone released by adipose tissue
role in bone density regulation
inhibits osteoblasts

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67
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter regulating mood and sleep
most made in the gut
secreted into blood after eating
interferes with osteoblast activity
serotonin reuptake inhibitors cause lower bone density

68
Q

osteoid seam

A

unmineralized band of bone matrix

69
Q

calcification front

A

abrupt transition zone between osteoid seam and older mineralized bone

70
Q

number of bones of the skull

A

22

71
Q

occipital bone

A

articulates with C1 (atlas)

72
Q

sella turcica

A

houses pituitary gland

73
Q

temporal bone

A

contains squamous, tympanic, petrous, and mastoid

74
Q

frontal bone

A

connected to the rest of the cranium posteriorly via the coronal suture

75
Q

maxillary sinus

A

largest paranasal sinus

76
Q

manubrium

A

articulates with clavicles and ribs 1-2

77
Q

body of sternum

A

articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2-7

78
Q

xiphoid process

A

point of muscle attachment
not ossified until age 40

79
Q

ribs

A

attach posteriorly to bodies (head) and transverse processes (tubercle) of thoracic vertebrae

80
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

have transverse foramina

81
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

weight bearing

82
Q

number of bones of the upper limb

A

30 bones

83
Q

radius

A

head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna

84
Q

ulna

A

forms major point of elbow joint w/ humerus

85
Q

3 fused bones of coxal bone

A

illum (articulates w/ sacrum)
ischium (posterioinferior)
pubis (forms pubic symphysis)

86
Q

tarsal bones

A

cuboid
navicular
medial
intermediate
lateral cuneiform

87
Q

fetal skull bones

A

mandible and frontal bones are unfused

88
Q

fontanelles

A

anterior
posterior
mastoid
sphenoidal

89
Q

carpals

A

scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate

90
Q

temporal bone

A

carotid canal passes through here

91
Q

mandibular foramina

A

hole dentists inject lidocaine to prevent pain while working on lower teeth

92
Q

inferior nasal concha

A

facial bone

93
Q

atlas

A

has no body

94
Q

pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scapula

95
Q

humerus

A

contains radial groove

96
Q

olecranon process

A

children are often told to keep this process off the table while eating

97
Q

ulna

A

head found at distal end

98
Q

talus

A

keystone of medial longitudinal arch

99
Q

fibula

A

contains lateral malleolus

100
Q

lesser wings of sphenoid bone

A

contains optic canals

101
Q

cribriform foramina

A

olfactory nerves pass through here

102
Q

cervical and lumbar vertebrae

A

not present in birth
develop later

103
Q

olecranon process

A

allows flexion and extension of arm

104
Q

trochlear notch

A

forms hinge joint w/ humerus

105
Q

pivot joint

A

formed b/w radius and ulna
allows pronation and supination

106
Q

ischial tuberocity

A

can be felt on a hard chair

107
Q

pubic tubercles

A

can be palpated on the anterior surface of the body, close to the midline

108
Q

synarthrosis

A

not moveable
usually fibrous
found in the skull, teeth, and 1st pair of ribs and sternum

109
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

partially moveable
usually cartilaginous
found at the pubic symphysis and the joint b/w tibia and fibula (fibrous)

110
Q

diarthrosis

A

highly moveable
make up majority of joints
all are synovial

111
Q

origin

A

attachment to immoveable bone

112
Q

insertion

A

attachment to moveable bone

113
Q

ligament

A

connects bone to bone

114
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

115
Q

cartilage

A

resists compressive forces

116
Q

syndemoses

A

bone connected by ligaments (fibrous tissue)

117
Q

synchondrosis

A

bar/plate of hyaline cartilage that unites bones
all are synarthrosis
cartilage of 1st rib w/ manubrium

118
Q

stabilizing factors at synovial joints

A

shape of articular surfaces (minor role)
ligament number and location (limited role)
muscle tendons that cross joint (major role)

119
Q

nonaxial

A

slipping movements only

120
Q

uniaxial

A

movement in one plane

121
Q

biaxial

A

movement in 2 planes

122
Q

multiaxial

A

movement in or around all 3 planes

123
Q

structure of synovial joint

A

bone separated by fluid-filed joint cavity
contains hyaline cartilage at bone ends
contains an articular joint capsule
contains synovial fluid
contains ligaments
contains nerves and blood vessels
contains fatty pads
contains menisci (fibrocartilage separates articular cartilages)
contains bursae
contains tendon sheaths

124
Q

articular joint capsule

A

external fibrous layer (dense irregular CT)
inner synovial membrane (loose CT; makes synovial fluid)
stabilizes joint

125
Q

tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

126
Q

synovial fluid

A

filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

127
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A

capsular (thickened part of fibrous layer)
extracapsular (outside the capsule)
intracapsular (deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

128
Q

joint cavity

A

filled w/ synovial fluid
allows for frictionless movement

129
Q

shoulder girdle

A

relatively less strong than pelvic girdle
lightweight

130
Q

pelvic girdle

A

relatively more strong than shoulder girdle
weight-bearing

131
Q

quadriceps tendon

A

aka patellar tendon
contain medial and lateral retinaculum and patellar ligament

132
Q

femoropatellar ligament

A

plane joint

133
Q

tibiofemoral joints

A

biaxial joint

134
Q

knee joint

A

vulnerable to lateral (horizontal) blows
absorbs vertical blows

135
Q

cartilage tears

A

repaired w/ arthroscopic surgery
greater risk of osteoarthritis

136
Q

RICE

A

rest
ice
compression
elevation

137
Q

helps prevent hyperextension of knee

A

fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
oblique popliteal ligament
arcuate popliteal ligament

138
Q

prevents anterior-posterior displacement

A

ACL and PCL (intracapsular ligaments)

139
Q

plane joint

A

nonaxial
gliding movement
intercarpal and intertarsal joints/ joints b/w vertebral articular surfaces

140
Q

hinge joint

A

uniaxial
flexion and extension
elbow and interphalangeal joints

141
Q

pivot joint

A

uniaxial
rotation (pronation and supination)
proximal radioulnar and atlantaraxial joint

142
Q

condylar joint

A

biaxial
flexion and extension/ adduction and abduction
knuckle and wrist joints

143
Q

saddle joint

A

biaxial
adduction and abduction/ flection and extension
joints of the thumbs

144
Q

ball and socket joint

A

multiaxial
all 3 movements
shoulder and hip joints

145
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa

146
Q

sprain

A

reinforcing ligaments stretched of torn

147
Q

dislocation

A

bones forced out of alignment

148
Q

ankylosis

A

stiffness of a joint due to bone fusion

149
Q

osteoarthritis

A

excessive release of enzymes that break down articular capsule

150
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease

151
Q

lyme disease

A

caused by bacteria transmitted by tick bites

152
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon sheaths

153
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a joint

154
Q

ACL

A

prevents tibia from sliding forward in the knee joint

155
Q

cruciate ligaments

A

ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly

156
Q

Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include

A

fibular and tibial collateral ligaments, which prevent lateral or medial rotation

157
Q

TMJ

A

joint most easily dislocated

158
Q

knee

A

most susceptible to sport injuries
only partially enclosed in a joint capsule

159
Q

collateral ligaments

A

found in elbow and knee joints

160
Q

endosteum

A

location of osteoclasts

161
Q

role of vit. c in bone growth

A

collagen synthesis

162
Q

hyoid bone

A

supports tongue

163
Q

whiplash

A

can cause damage to medulla oblongata of the brain via the dens of the axis

164
Q

extension

A

increases the angle of articulating bones

165
Q

flexion

A

decreases the angle of articulating bones

166
Q

steps of interstitial growth

A

proliferation zone= cartilage cells undergo mitosis
hypertrophic zone= older cartilage cells enlarge
calcification zone= matrix calcifies, cartilage begins to die, matrix begins deteriorating, blood vessels invade cavity
ossification zone= new bone forms

A&P (18 decks)

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