Cell Cycle Flashcards
interphase
G1= vigorous cell growth and metabolism
G0= cells that permanently cease dividing
S= DNA rep occurs
G2= prep for division
Mitosis
diploid
consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
prophase
chromosomes become visible
centrosomes separate and migrate towards opp poles
chromatids join at centromere
mitotic spindles and asters form
nuclear envelope disappears
metaphase
centromeres of chromosomes align at equator
anaphase
centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously
pulled towards poles via motor proteins of kinetochores
telophase
chromatin forms
new nuclear membrane forms
nucleoli reappear
spindle disappears
cytokinesis
begins in late anaphase
cleavage furrow forms
two identical daughter cells form
meiosis
haploid
cell division producing gametes
occurs only in sex cells
DNA rep
DNA helices separate to form rep forks at each end (unzips DNA)
each strand acts as a template for complementary strand
DNA polymerase starts to add nucleotides
copy of DNA is made via semi conservative rep
semi conservative rep
each DNA is composed of 1 old and 1 new strand
transcription (replication->DNA-RNA)
transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA
loosens histones from DNA in area to be transcribed
binds to promoter region
mediates the binding of RNA polymerase
translation (protein synthesis)
converts base sequences of nucleic acids into AA sequence of proteins
each 3-base sequence on DNA represented by codon
tRNA binds specific AA at one stem; anticodon at other end binds mRNA codon at ribosomes via H bonds; ribosome coordinates coupling of mRNA and tRNA
codon
complementary 3-base sequence on mRNA
main categories of cancer
sarcoma
carcinoma
sarcoma
malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin
carcinoma
malignant tumor of epithelial origin
proto-oncogenes
normal dividing cells
turn into cancer cells when tumor suppressor genes are inactive and cells divide continuously (can be due to a mutation in gene)
carcinogen
cancer causing agent
multistep theory
loss of tumor suppressor genes and over expression of oncogenes will cause cancer
chemotherapy
drugs used to shrink or kill cancer cells
radiation therapy
radiation in the form of x-rays of protons used to kills cancer cells
cell differentiation
switch off certain unneeded cells and switch on needed ones
causes development of specific and distinctive features in cells
3 sites of mRNA and tRNA coupling
aminoacyl
peptidyl
exit
stratified cuboidal
salivary
mammary
sweat
secretion, protection, excretion
stratified columnar
male urethra
pharynx
secretion and protection
merocrine
secrete products via exocytosis
most common
ex. sweat
holocrine
accumulate products within then rupture
ex. oil
apocrine
accumulates product within but only apex ruptures
milk (mammary glands)
simple squamous epithelia
secretion and filtration
gas exchange
lungs
stratified squamous epithelia
skin
simple cuboidal epithelia
secretion and absorption
kidneys
simple columnar epithelia
secretion and absorption
goblet cells
digestive system
microvilli
increased SA=Increased absorption
pseudostratified columnar epithelia
cilia
secretion and absorption
respiratory system
transitional epithelia
contain dome or umbrella cells
aide in stretch
bladder
areolar CT
universal packing material b/w other tissues
loose arrangement of fibers
prone to edema
contain fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
distributed under epithelia of body and surrounds capillaries
adipose
adipocyte stores nutrients
provides shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage
found in breasts and conjunctiva
recticular CT
supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
contains recticular fibers that support WBCs, mast cells, and macrophages
dense regular CT
collagen fibers run parallel (pull in one direction)
poorly vascularized
great tensile strength
contains fibroblasts
found in tendons and ligaments
dense irregular CT
resists tension from many directions
thicker collagen fibers
found in the skin and joint capsules
contains fibroblasts
elastic CT
contains elastic fibers
allows for recoil and stretch
found in lungs and arteries
hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes in lacuna
forms costal cartilages of the ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx
elastic cartilage
elastic fibers
allow flexibility
found in the ear and epiglottis
fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers
absorbs compressive shock
found in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
bone
osteocytes lie in lacunae
highly vascularized
contains calcium salts
contains many collagen fibers
blood
contains RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
within plasma
transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
skeletal muscle
multinucleate
striated
voluntary movement
cardiac muscle
striated
uninucleate
contains intercalated discs
involuntary control
smooth muscle
no striations
spindle-shaped
contains central nuclei
involuntary control
found in walls of hollow organs
neurons
contain cell body, dendrite, and axon
transmit electrical signals
contain neuroglia (supporting cells)
inflammatory response
- inflammation
- mast cell degranulation= vasodilation (redness and heat) and increased blood flow to the area (edema)
- activation of 3 plasma systems (complement, clotting, kinin)= pus (WBCs)
- release of sub-cellular comp from damaged cells= thrombosis (platelets) and stimulation of nerve endings (pain)
functions of the integumentary system
protection
body temp regulation
cutaneous sensation
metabolic func
blood reservoir
excretion
sebaceous
oil glands
apocrine
sweat glands in the armpit
ceruminous glands in the ear
glands in the sexual organs (mammary glands)
eccrine
sweat glands in the palms, soles, and forehead
melanocytes
cells that produce melanin in the stratum basale of the epidermis
melanin
darker colored pigment
1st degree burn
redness, edema, pain
epidermis
2nd degree burn
blisters
epidermis and part of the dermis
3rd degree burn
loss of nerve cells
skin grafting necessary
entire thickness of skin involved
rule of nines
gives an idea of how much of your total body’s surface area a burn takes up
informs treatment based on size and intensity of the burn
basal cell carcinoma
most common
least malignant
spreads slowly
can be removed
squamous cell carcinoma
2nd most common
metastasizes
can be treated via radiation therapy or removal
involves keratinocytes
melanoma
involves melanocytes
most malignant
highly metastasizes
can be treated via removal or immunotherapy
early detection is crucial
hair
dead keratinized cells of hard keratin
warn off insects on skin
protection from physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
follicle
part of both epidermis and dermis
matrix
hair growth occurs here
papilla
provides blood supply
errector pili
smooth muscle responsible for goosebumps
shaft
contains medulla, cortex, and cuticle
bulb
base of follicle
contains matrix and root hair plexus
root hair plexus
touch/sensation detection
wound healing process
- clot is replaced by granular tissue (restored blood supply)
- fibroblasts produce collagen fibers
- macrophages phagocytize
- epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue
- epithelium thickens
- regenerated epithelium and scar tissue results
carotene
yellow to orange pigment
predominant in the palms and soles
accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermis
converted into vitamin A to aide in vision and epidermal health
bilirubin
comes from hemoglobin
can indicate liver disorder by displaying yellow cast over skin
provides yellow pigment of urine
converted in large intestines in conjunction with bile making feces brown
recticular layer
dense irregular CT
papillary layer
loose areolar CT
vellus hair
peach fuzz
terminal hair
hair on the scalp, eyebrows, armpits, and pubic areas
hair on the face and neck of males
dermis
papillary layer
recticular layer
epidermis
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (thick skin)
stratum granuleosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
comedo
clogged oil gland
whitehead (closed pore)
blackhead (open pore)
acne
inflammed oil gland
stimulated by androgens
UVA
results in skin cancer
UVB
results in sun burn
cutaneous membrane
driest membrane
skin
serous membrane
lines body cavities and organs
heart, lungs, etc
mucous membrane
lines cavities open to the outside
digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts
good regeneration capability
bone
epithelia
dense irregular CT
areolar CT
moderate regeneration capability
smooth muscle
dense regular CT
no regeneration capability
cardiac muscle
nervous tissue
touch receptors
meissner’s corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
merkel (tactile) cells
langerhan’s (dendritic) cells
immune cells
keratinocyte
majority of cells in the epidermis
protects from microbial invasion and UV exposure
hydrates skin
contributes to heat and cold sensation
produces keratin which hold skin cells and layers together
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
Ca2+ phosphate
gives bone its compressive strength
aka hydroxyapatite
endothelium
lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and heart
simple squamous epithelium
mesothelium
epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
goblet cells
unicellular exocrine gland
mucous cells produce mucin
found in found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts
male pattern baldness
caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
bronzing
inadequate steroid hormones (cortisol and aldosterone)
addison’s disease
melanocyte stimulating hormone activated
stratum corneum
cells in this layer of skin die
lamina propia
basement membrane
fibrosis
CT replaces destroyed tissue but original function is lost
dermal papillae
peglike folds on the papillary layer of the dermis
lamellar granules
glycolipids that slow water loss
phomelanin
yellow to red pigment
eumelanin
brown to black pigment
