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A&P > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

interphase

A

G1= vigorous cell growth and metabolism
G0= cells that permanently cease dividing
S= DNA rep occurs
G2= prep for division

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

diploid
consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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3
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes become visible
centrosomes separate and migrate towards opp poles
chromatids join at centromere
mitotic spindles and asters form
nuclear envelope disappears

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4
Q

metaphase

A

centromeres of chromosomes align at equator

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5
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously
pulled towards poles via motor proteins of kinetochores

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6
Q

telophase

A

chromatin forms
new nuclear membrane forms
nucleoli reappear
spindle disappears

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7
Q

cytokinesis

A

begins in late anaphase
cleavage furrow forms
two identical daughter cells form

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8
Q

meiosis

A

haploid
cell division producing gametes
occurs only in sex cells

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9
Q

DNA rep

A

DNA helices separate to form rep forks at each end (unzips DNA)
each strand acts as a template for complementary strand
DNA polymerase starts to add nucleotides
copy of DNA is made via semi conservative rep

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10
Q

semi conservative rep

A

each DNA is composed of 1 old and 1 new strand

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11
Q

transcription (replication->DNA-RNA)

A

transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA
loosens histones from DNA in area to be transcribed
binds to promoter region
mediates the binding of RNA polymerase

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12
Q

translation (protein synthesis)

A

converts base sequences of nucleic acids into AA sequence of proteins
each 3-base sequence on DNA represented by codon
tRNA binds specific AA at one stem; anticodon at other end binds mRNA codon at ribosomes via H bonds; ribosome coordinates coupling of mRNA and tRNA

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13
Q

codon

A

complementary 3-base sequence on mRNA

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14
Q

main categories of cancer

A

sarcoma
carcinoma

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15
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin

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16
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of epithelial origin

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17
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal dividing cells
turn into cancer cells when tumor suppressor genes are inactive and cells divide continuously (can be due to a mutation in gene)

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18
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing agent

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19
Q

multistep theory

A

loss of tumor suppressor genes and over expression of oncogenes will cause cancer

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20
Q

chemotherapy

A

drugs used to shrink or kill cancer cells

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21
Q

radiation therapy

A

radiation in the form of x-rays of protons used to kills cancer cells

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22
Q

cell differentiation

A

switch off certain unneeded cells and switch on needed ones
causes development of specific and distinctive features in cells

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23
Q

3 sites of mRNA and tRNA coupling

A

aminoacyl
peptidyl
exit

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24
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

salivary
mammary
sweat
secretion, protection, excretion

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25
Q

stratified columnar

A

male urethra
pharynx
secretion and protection

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26
Q

merocrine

A

secrete products via exocytosis
most common
ex. sweat

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27
Q

holocrine

A

accumulate products within then rupture
ex. oil

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28
Q

apocrine

A

accumulates product within but only apex ruptures
milk (mammary glands)

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29
Q

simple squamous epithelia

A

secretion and filtration
gas exchange
lungs

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30
Q

stratified squamous epithelia

A

skin

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31
Q

simple cuboidal epithelia

A

secretion and absorption
kidneys

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32
Q

simple columnar epithelia

A

secretion and absorption
goblet cells
digestive system
microvilli
increased SA=Increased absorption

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33
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

cilia
secretion and absorption
respiratory system

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34
Q

transitional epithelia

A

contain dome or umbrella cells
aide in stretch
bladder

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35
Q

areolar CT

A

universal packing material b/w other tissues
loose arrangement of fibers
prone to edema
contain fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
distributed under epithelia of body and surrounds capillaries

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36
Q

adipose

A

adipocyte stores nutrients
provides shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage
found in breasts and conjunctiva

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37
Q

recticular CT

A

supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
contains recticular fibers that support WBCs, mast cells, and macrophages

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38
Q

dense regular CT

A

collagen fibers run parallel (pull in one direction)
poorly vascularized
great tensile strength
contains fibroblasts
found in tendons and ligaments

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39
Q

dense irregular CT

A

resists tension from many directions
thicker collagen fibers
found in the skin and joint capsules
contains fibroblasts

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40
Q

elastic CT

A

contains elastic fibers
allows for recoil and stretch
found in lungs and arteries

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41
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

chondrocytes in lacuna
forms costal cartilages of the ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx

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42
Q

elastic cartilage

A

elastic fibers
allow flexibility
found in the ear and epiglottis

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43
Q

fibrocartilage

A

thick collagen fibers
absorbs compressive shock
found in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

44
Q

bone

A

osteocytes lie in lacunae
highly vascularized
contains calcium salts
contains many collagen fibers

45
Q

blood

A

contains RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
within plasma
transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

46
Q

skeletal muscle

A

multinucleate
striated
voluntary movement

47
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated
uninucleate
contains intercalated discs
involuntary control

48
Q

smooth muscle

A

no striations
spindle-shaped
contains central nuclei
involuntary control
found in walls of hollow organs

49
Q

neurons

A

contain cell body, dendrite, and axon
transmit electrical signals
contain neuroglia (supporting cells)

50
Q

inflammatory response

A
  1. inflammation
  2. mast cell degranulation= vasodilation (redness and heat) and increased blood flow to the area (edema)
  3. activation of 3 plasma systems (complement, clotting, kinin)= pus (WBCs)
  4. release of sub-cellular comp from damaged cells= thrombosis (platelets) and stimulation of nerve endings (pain)
51
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A

protection
body temp regulation
cutaneous sensation
metabolic func
blood reservoir
excretion

52
Q

sebaceous

A

oil glands

53
Q

apocrine

A

sweat glands in the armpit
ceruminous glands in the ear
glands in the sexual organs (mammary glands)

54
Q

eccrine

A

sweat glands in the palms, soles, and forehead

55
Q

melanocytes

A

cells that produce melanin in the stratum basale of the epidermis

56
Q

melanin

A

darker colored pigment

57
Q

1st degree burn

A

redness, edema, pain
epidermis

58
Q

2nd degree burn

A

blisters
epidermis and part of the dermis

59
Q

3rd degree burn

A

loss of nerve cells
skin grafting necessary
entire thickness of skin involved

60
Q

rule of nines

A

gives an idea of how much of your total body’s surface area a burn takes up
informs treatment based on size and intensity of the burn

61
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common
least malignant
spreads slowly
can be removed

62
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

2nd most common
metastasizes
can be treated via radiation therapy or removal
involves keratinocytes

63
Q

melanoma

A

involves melanocytes
most malignant
highly metastasizes
can be treated via removal or immunotherapy
early detection is crucial

64
Q

hair

A

dead keratinized cells of hard keratin
warn off insects on skin
protection from physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

65
Q

follicle

A

part of both epidermis and dermis

66
Q

matrix

A

hair growth occurs here

67
Q

papilla

A

provides blood supply

68
Q

errector pili

A

smooth muscle responsible for goosebumps

69
Q

shaft

A

contains medulla, cortex, and cuticle

70
Q

bulb

A

base of follicle
contains matrix and root hair plexus

71
Q

root hair plexus

A

touch/sensation detection

72
Q

wound healing process

A
  1. clot is replaced by granular tissue (restored blood supply)
  2. fibroblasts produce collagen fibers
  3. macrophages phagocytize
  4. epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue
  5. epithelium thickens
  6. regenerated epithelium and scar tissue results
73
Q

carotene

A

yellow to orange pigment
predominant in the palms and soles
accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermis
converted into vitamin A to aide in vision and epidermal health

74
Q

bilirubin

A

comes from hemoglobin
can indicate liver disorder by displaying yellow cast over skin
provides yellow pigment of urine
converted in large intestines in conjunction with bile making feces brown

75
Q

recticular layer

A

dense irregular CT

76
Q

papillary layer

A

loose areolar CT

77
Q

vellus hair

A

peach fuzz

78
Q

terminal hair

A

hair on the scalp, eyebrows, armpits, and pubic areas
hair on the face and neck of males

79
Q

dermis

A

papillary layer
recticular layer

80
Q

epidermis

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (thick skin)
stratum granuleosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

81
Q

comedo

A

clogged oil gland
whitehead (closed pore)
blackhead (open pore)

82
Q

acne

A

inflammed oil gland
stimulated by androgens

83
Q

UVA

A

results in skin cancer

84
Q

UVB

A

results in sun burn

85
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

driest membrane
skin

86
Q

serous membrane

A

lines body cavities and organs
heart, lungs, etc

87
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines cavities open to the outside
digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts

88
Q

good regeneration capability

A

bone
epithelia
dense irregular CT
areolar CT

89
Q

moderate regeneration capability

A

smooth muscle
dense regular CT

90
Q

no regeneration capability

A

cardiac muscle
nervous tissue

91
Q

touch receptors

A

meissner’s corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
merkel (tactile) cells

92
Q

langerhan’s (dendritic) cells

A

immune cells

93
Q

keratinocyte

A

majority of cells in the epidermis
protects from microbial invasion and UV exposure
hydrates skin
contributes to heat and cold sensation
produces keratin which hold skin cells and layers together

94
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

95
Q

Ca2+ phosphate

A

gives bone its compressive strength
aka hydroxyapatite

96
Q

endothelium

A

lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and heart
simple squamous epithelium

97
Q

mesothelium

A

epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

98
Q

goblet cells

A

unicellular exocrine gland
mucous cells produce mucin
found in found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts

99
Q

male pattern baldness

A

caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

100
Q

bronzing

A

inadequate steroid hormones (cortisol and aldosterone)
addison’s disease
melanocyte stimulating hormone activated

101
Q

stratum corneum

A

cells in this layer of skin die

102
Q

lamina propia

A

basement membrane

103
Q

fibrosis

A

CT replaces destroyed tissue but original function is lost

104
Q

dermal papillae

A

peglike folds on the papillary layer of the dermis

105
Q

lamellar granules

A

glycolipids that slow water loss

106
Q

phomelanin

A

yellow to red pigment

107
Q

eumelanin

A

brown to black pigment

A&P (18 decks)

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