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A&P > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

autocrine

A

chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them (ex. prostaglandins)

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2
Q

paracrine

A

locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them (ex. histamine)

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3
Q

hormone

A

long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood/lymph
can be either AA or steroid based

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4
Q

AA hormones

A

water-soluble (ex. proteins, AA’s, and peptides)

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5
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipid-soluble (ex. cholesterol and sex hormones)

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6
Q

signal transduction of proteins/peptide hormones

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor
  2. receptor activates G-protein
  3. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinases
    *amplify signals due to activation of multiple substrates, resulting in many activated proteins and a large response
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7
Q

signal transduction of steroid hormone

A
  1. steroid hormone diffuses through PM and binds to an intracellular receptor
  2. receptor/hormone complex enter nucleus
  3. receptor/hormone complex binds to specific DNA region
  4. transcription of gene to mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
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8
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin (sleep)

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9
Q

thyroid gland

A

secretes TH (metabolism)

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10
Q

thymus

A

secretes thymosin (immune response)

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11
Q

pancreas

A

secretes insulin (regulates blood glucose levels)

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12
Q

adrenal glands

A

secretes E/NE (flight/fight response)

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13
Q

kidneys

A

secretes renin (controls BP)

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14
Q

ovaries

A

releases estrogen (regulation of menstrual cycle)

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15
Q

testes

A

release testosterone (sperm production)

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

CRH, GnRH, TRH
drained by the hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

MSH (melanin production)
FSH (production of egg in ovary)
LH (release of egg from ovary)
ACTH (regulates cortisol levels)
TSH (TH production)
prolactin (breast milk production)
GH (stimulates growth)

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18
Q

posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin (childbirth/releases breast milk)
ADH (inhibits urine production and raises BP)

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19
Q

hypersecretion of ADH

A

can result in edema (water retention)

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20
Q

hyposecretion of ADH

A

can result in dehydration

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21
Q

hypersecretion of GH

A

can result in acromegaly (gigantism)
can cause type II diabetes

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22
Q

hyposecretion of GH

A

can result in dwarfism

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23
Q

hypersecretion of prolactin

A

inappropriate lactation
lack of menses
infertility in females
impotence in males

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24
Q

endocrine system

A

delayed response
prolonged effects

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25
Q

humoral stimuli

A

changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

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26
Q

nerve stimuli

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines

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27
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones (ex. hypothalamic and pituitary hormones)-> trophic hormones

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28
Q

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

A
  1. phospholipase C splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3
  2. DAG activates protein kinase
  3. IP3 releases Ca2+
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29
Q

phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

A

sildenifil (viagra)
tadalafil

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30
Q

thyroid gland

A

anterior to trachea
2 lateral lobes separated by medial isthmus
follicular cells produce TH (T3 and T4) via TSH or low iodine levels
parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin
increases metabolic rate and heat production
regulates tissue growth and development
maintains BP

31
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

can cause graves disease

32
Q

hypothyroidism

A

can cause myxedema/goiter due to lack of iodine
can cause cretinism in infants

33
Q

parathyroid glands

A

posterior aspect of thyroid gland
PTH increases Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclast activity
calcitonin decreases Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

34
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

can soften and deform bones
can depress NS
can form kidney stones

35
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

can result in tetany
can result in respiratory paralysis
can result in death

36
Q

adrenal glands

A

superior portion of kidneys
adrenal medulla release E and NE
adrenal cortex releases aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

37
Q

aldosterone

A

stimulates Na+ resorption and water retention
eliminates K+

38
Q

aldosteronism

A

hypersecretion of aldosterone
can cause hypertension and edema
can cause hypokalemia (results in abnormal func. of neurons and muscle)

39
Q

cortisol

A

gluconeogenesis= formation of glucose from fats and proteins
increases BG, fatty acids, and AA levels
ACTH released in response to CRH

40
Q

hypersecretion of cortisol

A

can result in cushing’s syndrome (depression of cartilage and bone func., depression of immune system, inhibition of inflammatory response, disruption of CV, neural, and GI func.)

41
Q

hyposecretion of cortisol

A

can result in addison’s disease (decreased BG and Na+ levels, weight loss, severe dehydration, hypotension)

42
Q

pancreas

A

contains islet of langerhans
contains alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and upsilon cells inside islet of langerhans
alpha cells secrete glucagon (increase BG)
beta cells secrete insulin (decrease BG)

43
Q

DM

A

type 1= insulin-dependent; treated via insulin
type 2= not insulin-dependent; treated via medication, diet, exercise, or insulin

44
Q

MOA of insulin

A

increased glucose levels trigger insulin release, which then triggers increased glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells via GLUT4

45
Q

adrenal medulla

A

releases E as a result of SNS’s fight/flight response
increases HR, BP, sweating, bronchodilation, blood flow to skeletal muscle, and BG
when released into blood, E acts as a hormone
when released by nerve axons to act on other neurons or glands, E acts as a neurotransmitter

46
Q

hashimoto’s thyroidism

A

hypothyroidism
decreased T3 and T4/increased TSH= primary
decreased T3 and T4/decreased TSH=secondary

47
Q

hGH

A

increases glucose and AA uptake
increases protein synthesis

48
Q

zones of adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa= secretes aldosterone
zona fasciculata= secretes cortisol
zona reticularis= secretes androgens

49
Q

adipose tissue

A

leptin= appetite control
resistin= insulin antagonist
adiponectin= enhances sensitivity to insulin

50
Q

enteroendocine cells

A

gastrin= releases HCl
secretin= stimulates liver and pancreas
cholecystokinin= stimulates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter
serotonin= acts as paracrine

51
Q

ANP

A

decreases BP

52
Q

kidneys

A

secrete erythropoietin and renin

53
Q

thymus

A

secretes thymulin, thymopoietins, thymosins
development of T cells in immune response
act as paracrines

54
Q

skin

A

cholecalciferol (precursor of vit. D)

55
Q

skeleton

A

osteocalcin= secretes more insulin, restricts fat storage, improves glucose handling, reduces body fat

56
Q

T3

A

more biologically active and potent

57
Q

T4

A

more present than T3 (90%)

58
Q

insulin

A

peptide hormone
promotes anabolism of glycogen, fats, and proteins

59
Q

cortisol

A

steroid hormone

60
Q

TH

A

lipid-soluble

61
Q

chief cells

A

secrete PTH

62
Q

chromaffin cells

A

secrete E (80%) and NE (20%)

63
Q

prolactin

A

inhibited via dopamine

64
Q

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the release of

A

ADH from the hypothalamus in response to high osmotic pressure

65
Q

TSH

A

increases the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland
increases the growth of the thyroid gland

66
Q

thyroxine

A

tyrosine + iodine

67
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibits the secretion of other hormones, mainly glucagon and insulin
secreted by delta cells in pancreas
also secreted by hypothalamus

68
Q

protein anabolism is promoted by

A

insulin
somatotropin
cortisol
triiodothyronine

69
Q

erythropoietin

A

secreted by kidneys
increase hematopoiesis

70
Q

Ach

A

increases secretion of insulin

71
Q

renin

A

secreted in response to low BP

72
Q

trophic hormones

A

MSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
GH

73
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen->glucose

74
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates

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