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A&P > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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2
Q

conducting zone

A

conduits to gas exchange sites
includes all other respiratory structures
cleanses, warms, humidifies air

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3
Q

nose

A

provides an airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air filters and cleans inspired air
serves as resonating chambers for speech
houses olfactory receptors

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4
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
mucous and serous secretions contain lysozymes and defensins
cilia move contaminated mucus through throat
inspired air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
sensory nerve endings trigger sneezing

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5
Q

nasal conchae

A

enhance air turbulence
during inhalation, filter, heat, and , moisten air
during exhalation reclaim heat and moisture

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6
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

secrete mucus
warm and moisten air

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7
Q

larynx

A

provides patent airway
routes air and food into proper channels
voice production
houses vocal folds (true vocal folds)

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8
Q

cartilages of larynx

A

thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid (2)
corniculate (2)
cuneiform (2)
epiglottis

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9
Q

glottis

A

opening b/w vocal folds

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10
Q

voice production

A

folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs

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11
Q

trachea

A

mucosa ciliated pseudostratified epithelium w/ goblet cells
submucosa CT w/ seromucous glands
adventitia outermost layer of CT; encases C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

secondary bronchi

A

3 on right
2 on left
each supplies one lobe of lung

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13
Q

terminal bronchi

A

smallest
less than 0.1 mm diameter

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14
Q

alveoli

A

site of gas exchange via simple diffusion
simple squamous epithelium (type I)
cuboidal epithelium (type 2)-> secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

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15
Q

alveolar pores

A

equalize air pressure throughout lung

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16
Q

left lung

A

smaller than right
contains cardiac notch
separated into superior and inferior lobes via oblique fissure

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17
Q

right lung

A

superior, middle, inferior lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures

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18
Q

pleural fluid

A

provides lubrication and surface tension
assists in expansion and recoil

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19
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

aka intra-alveolar pressure
eventually always equalizes w/ Patm
diaphragm contracts, leading to decrease in pressure during inhalation; allows for more space so lungs can fill w/ air

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20
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity
always a negative pressure (4 mmHg lower than intrapulmonary pressure->creates suction)

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21
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

keeps airways open
Ppul-Pip
lungs collapse if Pip=Ppul or Patm
prevents lungs from collapsing

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22
Q

boyle’s law

A

reduced size=increased pressure
P1V1=P2V2

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23
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals contract pulling ribs downwards
active process

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24
Q

expiration

A

passive process

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24
Q

forced inspiration

A

can be due to vigorous exercise or COPD
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor contract

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25
Q

forced expiration

A

active process
abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostals contract

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26
Q

flow

A

is equal to delta P (2 mmHg or less) over R

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27
Q

surface tension

A

attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas-liquid interface
resists any force that tends to increase SA of a liquid
water-high surface tension of alveolar walls reduces them to smallest size

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28
Q

surfactant

A

lipid and protein complex produced by type 2 alveolar cells
reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

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29
Q

infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature infants
alveoli collapse after each breath

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30
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

aka breathing
moving air into and out of lungs
done by respiratory system

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31
Q

external respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange b/w lungs and blood
done by respiratory system

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32
Q

internal respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange b/w systemic blood vessels and tissues
done by circulatory system (also transports O2 and CO2 in blood)

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33
Q

pressure

A

decreases during inhalation and increases during exhalation

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34
Q

volume

A

increases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation

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35
Q

bronchi->bronchioles

A

smaller diameter
less cartilage, more SM
epithelium changes from columnar to cuboidal (loss of cillia)

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36
Q

increase in blood CO2 levels

A

H+ levels increase
increases breathing rate to expel CO2
decrease pH

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37
Q

air flow

A

external nares->nasal cavity->internal nares->nasopharynx->oropharynx->laryngopharynx->larynx->trachea->primary bronchus->secondary bronchus->tertiary bronchus->bronchiole->terminal bronchiole->respiratory bronchiole->alveolar duct->alveolar sac->alveolus

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38
Q

total lung capacity

A

TV+IRV+ERV+RV
max amount of air contained in the lungs after a max inspiratory effort

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39
Q

IRV

A

IC-TV
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal TV inspiration

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40
Q

RV

A

FRC-ERV
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

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41
Q

IC

A

TV+IRV
max amount of air that can be inspired after normal TV inspiration

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42
Q

FRC

A

volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation
RV+ERV

43
Q

ERV

A

max amount of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation

44
Q

VC

A

IRV+TV+ERV
max amount of air that can be exhaled after max inhalation

45
Q

TV

A

IC-IRV
amount of air inhaled or exhaled w/ each breath under resting conditions

46
Q

ADS

A

aka anatomical dead space
no contribution to gas exchange
air remaining in passageways (~150 mL)

47
Q

alveolar dead space

A

non-functional alveoli due to collapse or obstruction

48
Q

total dead space

A

sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

49
Q

dalton’s law

A

total pressure exerted by mixture of gases=sum of pressures exerted by each gas

50
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by each gas in mixture
directly proportional to its percentage in mixture
aka henry’s law

51
Q

venous blood PO2

A

40 mmHg

52
Q

alveolar PO2

A

104 mmHg

53
Q

venous blood PCO2

A

45 mmHg

54
Q

alveolar PCO2

A

40 mmHg

55
Q

perfusion

A

BF reaching alveoli

56
Q

ventilation

A

amount of gas reaching alveoli

57
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin + O2
fully saturated if all 4 heme groups carry O2
partially saturated when 1-3 heme carry O2
increased affinity

58
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin - O2 (binds to H+)
decreased affinity

59
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

cells unable to use O2, as in metabolic poisons

60
Q

hypoxemic hypoxia

A

abnormal ventilation; pulmonary disease

61
Q

carbonic acid formation

A

CO2+H2O via carbonic anhydrase in RBCs

62
Q

chloride shift

A

outrush of HCO3- from RBCs balanced as Cl- moves into RBCs from plasma

63
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

HCO3-+H+=H2CO3 (split via carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water)-> CO2 diffuses into alveoli

64
Q

haldane effect

A

amount of CO2 transported affected via PO2
encouraged CO2 exchange in tissues and lungs
dissociated Hb from O2 binds w/ CO2 to form carbaminohemoglobin.

65
Q

bohr effect

A

as more CO2 enters blood more O2 dissociates from Hb

66
Q

VRG

A

aka ventral respiratory group
rhythm generating and integrative center
sets eupnea (normal rate and rhythm)-> 12-15 breaths/min
inspiratory neurons include phrenic and intercostal nerves
in medulla

67
Q

DRG

A

aka dorsal respiratory group
integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors; sends info to VRG
in medulla

68
Q

pontine respiratory centers

A

influence and modify activity of VRG->transmit impulses to VRG
smooth out transition b/w inspiration and expiration

69
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased CO2 levels

70
Q

CO2

A

most potent and soluble
majority transported as bicarbonate ions

71
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased depth and rate of breathing which removes CO2

72
Q

hypocapnia

A

decreased CO2 levels
may lead to apnea (breathing cessation)

73
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

activated when PO2 falls below 60 mmHg

74
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs

75
Q

COPD

A

irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs
hypercapnic
“blue bloater”

76
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

inhaled irritants
chronic excessive mucus
obstructive airways
impaired lung ventilation and gas exchange
frequent pulmonary infections
inflamed and fibrosed lower respiratory passageways

77
Q

asthma

A

reversible COPD
active inflammation of airways due to immune response caused by the release of interleukins, IgE, and recruitment of inflammatory cells->magnify effect of broncospasm

78
Q

TB

A

infectious disease caused by bacteria
treated via 12 month course of antibiotics

79
Q

emphysema

A

loss of elastic fibers in alveoli making them collapse
reduces SA
“pink puffers”

80
Q

spirometry

A

can distinguish COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, scoliosis

81
Q

restrictive disorders

A

pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, scoliosis
decrease VC, TLC, FRC, RV, FVC

82
Q

obstructive disorders

A

COPD, bronchitis, asthma
increase TLC, FRC, RV
decrease FEV

83
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

originates in peripheral lung areas (bronchial glands and alveolar cells)
~40% of cases

84
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

in bronchial epithelium
20-40% of cases

85
Q

small cell carcinoma

A

contains lymphocyte like cells that originate in primary bronchi and metastasize
~20% of cases

86
Q

positive cooperativity

A

increased pressure increases binding of O2 to heme molecule

87
Q

henry’s law

A

solubility of a gas in a liquid increases as the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid increases
solubility of gases decreases with increasing temperature

88
Q

decreased alevolar PO2

A

pulmonary arteriole vasoconstriction

89
Q

decreased alveolar PCO2

A

bronchial constriction

90
Q

increased alveolar PO2

A

pulmonary arteriole vasodilation

91
Q

increased alveolar PCO2

A

bronchial dilation

92
Q

increased temperature

A

decreased affinity for O2
Hb curve shifts to right

93
Q

decreased temperature

A

increased affinity for O2
Hb curve shifts to left

94
Q

H+

A

directly stimulates central chemoreceptors, increasing respiration

95
Q

phrenic nerve

A

causes diaphragm to contract

96
Q

pulmonary stretch receptors

A

inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs

97
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A

anchors vocal cords

98
Q

inspiration

A

intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

99
Q

recoil of lungs and surface tension of the alveolar fluid

A

forces that pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall and collapse the lungs

100
Q

bronchial arteries

A

provide systemic blood to lungs (oxygenated)

101
Q

CO2

A

7% dissolved directly into plasma
23% carried in the form of carbinaminohemoglobin
70% transportsed as bicarbonate ion in plasma

102
Q

bicarbonate

A

returned to RBC in pulmonary capillary

103
Q

bronchial veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood away from lungs to the heart

104
Q

exhalation

A

intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

A&P (18 decks)

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