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A&P > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

muscosa

A

simple columnar epithelium
mucus
found in stomach

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2
Q

mucous

A

secreted by goblet cells
protects digestive organs
eases food passage

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3
Q

lamina propria

A

loose areolar CT
contains capillaries for nourishment and absorption
lymphoid follicles (MALT) that defend against microorganisms

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4
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

SM
aids in local movements of mucosa

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5
Q

submucosa

A

loose areolar CT
contains blood, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, submucosal nerve plexus

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6
Q

serosa

A

part of visceral peritoneum
loose areolar CT covered w/ mesothelium in most digestive organs
replaced w/ fibrous adventitia in esophagus

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7
Q

peristalsis

A

adjacent segments of the alimentary tract organs which alternately constrict and relax moving food along the tract distally
occurs in esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
initiated by rise in hormone motilin in late intestinal phase

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8
Q

segmentation

A

nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs which alternatively contract and relax moving food forward then backward;
food mixing and slow food propulsion
occurs in small intestine
parasympathetic NS increases while sympathetic decreases

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9
Q

long ANS fibers

A

synapse w/ enteric plexus
control digestion by either sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation

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10
Q

sympathetic stimulation

A

inhibit digestive activities
decreases gastrin secretion

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11
Q

parasympathetic stimulation

A

stimulate digestive activities
increases gastrin secretion

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12
Q

short ANS fibers

A

synapse w/ submucosal nerve plexus and myenteric nerve plexus

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13
Q

submucosal nerve plexus

A

regulate glands and SM in the mucosa

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14
Q

myenteric nerve plexus

A

controls GI tract motility

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15
Q

buccal cavity

A

oral mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)
teeth
salivary glands
tongue
uvula

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16
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva
parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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17
Q

parotid gland

A

anterior to ear
external to masseter muscle
opens into oral vestibule next to the 2nd upper molar
serous

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18
Q

submandibular gland

A

medial to body of mandible
opens at the base of the lingual frenulum
serous

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18
Q

sublingual gland

A

anterior to submandibular gland under the tongue
opens via 10-12 ducts into the floor of the mouth
mucous

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19
Q

saliva

A

97-99.5% of water
slightly acidic
consists of electrolytes, salivary amylase and lingual lipase, mucin, urea and uric acid, lysozyme, IgA, defensin

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20
Q

crown

A

covered by enamel

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21
Q

cement

A

calcified CT
covers root and attaches it to peridontal ligament

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22
Q

peridontal ligament

A

forms gomphosis

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23
Q

gingival sulcus

A

groove where the gums border the tooth

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24
Q

pulp cavity

A

surrounded by dentin
contains pulp embedded in root canal and extends to root

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25
Q

pulp

A

houses blood vessels and nerves

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26
Q

deciducus teeth

A

20
erupt 6-24 months of age
fall out b/w ages 6-12

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27
Q

permanent teeth

A

32

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28
Q

functions of saliva

A

moistening and lubricating
initiation of digestion
protection of oral tissues
buffering action
taste
oral hygiene

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29
Q

dentin

A

bone-like material under enamel

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30
Q

enamel

A

made up of hydroxyapatite

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31
Q

wisdom teeth

A

aka third molars
may erupt at ages 17-25, or may not erupt at all

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32
Q

functions of buccal cavity

A

mechanical digestion via chewing or mastication
initiation of digestion via amylase
taste
formation of bolus
initiation of swallowing

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33
Q

filiform

A

whitish
gives tongue roughness and provides friction

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34
Q

fungiform

A

reddish
scattered over tongue
contains taste buds

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35
Q

vallate

A

V-shaped row in the back of tongue
contains taste buds

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36
Q

foliate

A

on lateral aspects of posterior tongue
contains taste buds that are found primarily in infants and children

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37
Q

tongue

A

skeletal muscle
reposition and mix food while chewing
formation of bolus
initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste

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38
Q

hard palate

A

palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae
slightly corrugated to help create friction against tongue

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39
Q

soft palate

A

formed mostly of skeletal muscle
closes off nasopharynx during swallowing
contain uvula

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40
Q

pharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium and mucus producing glands
divided into oropharynx and laryngopharynx
allows the passage of food, fluids, and air

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41
Q

esophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium and esophageal glands that secrete mucus
muscularis externa (skeletal-superior, mixed-middle, smooth-inferior)
adventita

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42
Q

deglutition

A

involves tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus
consists of buccal and pharyngeal-esophageal phase

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43
Q

buccal phase

A

voluntary contraction of tongue

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44
Q

pharyngeal-esophageal phase

A

involuntary stimulation due to the vagus nerve
control center in medulla and lower pons

45
Q

stomach

A

4 tunics
greater and lesser curvature
greater and lesser omentum
muscularis externa (3 layers of SM and inner oblique layer)
mucosa composed of simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
gastric pits that contain gastric glands (produce gastric juice)
mucosal barrier made up of bicarbonate-rich mucus and tight junctions

46
Q

parietal glands

A

secrete HCl and IF

47
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen and lipases

48
Q

enteroendocrine glands

A

secrete serotonin (inhibitory), histamine, somatostatin (inhibitory), and gastrin

49
Q

functions of stomach

A

mechanical digestion
secretion of gastric juices
regulation of gastric emptying

50
Q

inner oblique layer

A

allows stomach to churn, mix, move, and physically break down food

51
Q

pepsinogen

A

digests proteins
inactive enzyme
activated to pepsin by HCl or pepsin itself

52
Q

lipases

A

digests ~15% of lipids

53
Q

cephalic phase

A

conditioned reflex triggered aroma, taste, sight, thought

54
Q

gastric phase

A

lasts 3-4 hrs
2/3 gastric juice released
stimulated by low acidity, distension, peptides, gastrin
Ach, histamine, gastrin necessary for max HCl secretion

55
Q

enteroendocrine G cells

A

stimulated by caffeine, peptides, increased pH

56
Q

intestinal phase

A

when partially digested food enters SI, it triggered gastrin release
release inhibited via chyme, fats, peptides, and irritating substances

57
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

inhibits vagal nuclei in medulla
inhibits local reflexes
activates symp fibers
inhibits gastrin secretion

58
Q

enterogastrones

A

secretes secretin, CCK, VIP
inhibits gastrin secretion

59
Q

emesis

A

caused by extreme stretching and intestinal irritants such as bacterial toxins, alcohol, spicy foods, drugs
chemical/sensory impulses stimulate the emetic center of the medulla

60
Q

liver

A

4 lobes (right, left, caudate, quadrate)
falciform and round ligament
common, hepatic, cystic bile duct
lobules hexagonal in structure and composed of hepatocytes
central vein in longitundinal axis
portal triad at each corner of a lobule (hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct)
liver sinusoids
stellate macrophages

61
Q

falciform ligament

A

separates larger right lobes from smaller left lobes
suspends liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

62
Q

common hepatic duct

A

leaves liver

63
Q

cystic duct

A

connects to gallbladder

64
Q

bile duct

A

formed by the union of common hepatic and cystic duct

65
Q

hepatocytes

A

increased rough and smooth ER, golgi, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
filter and process nutrient-rich blood
produce bile
perform detoxification
store fat-soluble vitamins

66
Q

stellate macrophages

A

kupffer cells
remove debris and old RBCs

67
Q

liver sinusoids

A

leaky capillaries b/w hepatic plates

68
Q

functions of liver

A

detoxification
production of bile
regulation of cholesterol levels

69
Q

bile

A

composed of bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipid, electrolytes
stored in gallbladder
released into SI following food ingestion, hormonal stimulation (CCK, secretin, gastrin)

70
Q

function of bile

A

emulsification of fats
facilitation of fat digestion and absorption

71
Q

gallbladder

A

stores, concentrates (absorbs water and ion), and releases bile

72
Q

circular folds

A

force chyme to slowly spiral through lumen of SI
increases nutrient absorption

73
Q

villi

A

extensions of mucosa w/ capillary beds and lacteals for absorption in SI

74
Q

microvilli

A

brush border
contains enzymes for carbs and protein digestion

75
Q

intestinal crypts

A

house secretory cells that produce intestinal juice (enteroendocrine and paneth cells)

76
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete enteroendogastrones

77
Q

paneth cells

A

secrete defensins and lysozyme

78
Q

duodenum

A

curves around head of pancreas
shortest part

79
Q

jejunum

A

extends from the duodenum to the ileum
2.5 m long

80
Q

ileum

A

joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
3.6 m long

81
Q

functions of SI

A

absorption
nutrient transport
regulation of pH and digestive enzymes
immune functions
secretion of hormones

82
Q

bile acid sequestrants

A

cholestryramine, colesevelam, colestipol
decreases cholesterol by binding to bile acids in the intestines, preventing reabsorption
increases excretion of bile acids and production of new bile

83
Q

4 tunics of digestive organs

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adventitia

84
Q

amylase

A

digest carbs

85
Q

lacteals

A

found in villi of SI
nutrient absorption of dietary lipids

86
Q

carb digestion

A

starch and disaccharides via salivary and pancreatic amylase in mouth (salivary glands) and pancreas
further broken down into monosaccharides via brush border enzymes in SI
glucose and galactose are absorbed via co-transport w/ Na+ ions

87
Q

protein digestion

A

proteins broken down to large polypeptides via pepsin in stomach
large polypeptides broken down to small polypeptides and peptides via pancreatic enzymes in pancreas
further broken down to AA’s via brush border enzymes in SI
AA are absorbed in intestinal cells via co-transport w/ Na+ ions
some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport w/ H+ and hydrolyzed to AA within cells
infrequently, transcytosis of small peptides occurs

88
Q

lipid digestion

A

unemulsified triglycerides broken down into monoglycerides via lingual lipase in the mouth (tongue), gastric lipase in the stomach, pancreatic lipase in the pancreas, and bile in the liver
fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells via diffusion

89
Q

nucleic acid digestion

A

pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribose->nucleotide monomers in SI
brush border enzyme nucleosidases and phosphatases-> free bases, pentose sugars, phosphate ions in SI
units enter intestinal cells by AT via membrane carriers

90
Q

nutrient absorption

A

all absorbed into capillary blood in the villi of SI and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
absorbed via FD for carbs and proteins.

91
Q

pancreas

A

endocrine cells consist of pancreatic islets that secrete insulin and glucagon
exocrine cells consist of acini that secrete pancreatic juice
secretes pancreatic amylase, lipase, and nuclease

92
Q

pancreatic juice

A

watery, alkaline solution
neutralized chyme
pH of 8
consists of electrolytes and enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease)

93
Q

protease

A

secreted in inactive form
activated in duodenum w many other enzymes such as trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen

94
Q

CCK

A

induces the secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice via acini
relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter

95
Q

secretin

A

causes the secretion of bi-carbonate rich pancreatic juice via duct cells

96
Q

large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium
abundant crypts w/ goblet cells
teniae coli
haustra
cecum
appendix
ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
internal and external anal spincters

97
Q

anal canal

A

stratified squamous epithelium (withstands abrasion)

98
Q

functions of large intestine

A

absorption of water and electrolytes
formation and storage of feces
synthesis of vitamins (vitamin K)
immune functions (MALT)
peristalsis
fermentation of indigestible carbs
release of gases and fecal matter

99
Q

feces

A

composed of undigested material (fiber and cellulose), water, bacteria, dead cells, mucus, stercobilin
formed by the gradual accumulation and processing of waste material in the large intestine
stored in rectum until defecation occurs

100
Q

defecation

A
  1. distention of rectum initials spinal defecation reflex
  2. parasympathetic NS is activated and stimulates the contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum, as well as relaxes the internal anal sphincter
  3. concious control allows relaxation of the external anal sphincter
  4. feces is expelled from anus
101
Q

trypsinogen

A

activated to trypsin via enteropeptidase

102
Q

trypsin

A

activates procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen

103
Q

illeocecal sphincter

A

relaxes and admits chyme into large intestine when gastroileal reflex enhances force of segmentation in ileum and gastrin increases motility of ileum

104
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle

105
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle

106
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

initiates mass movement in the LI

107
Q

osmosis

A

used to absorb water from the intestine

108
Q

hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

regulates flow of bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas into the duodenum of the SI

109
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

movement of food from the stomach to the SI

110
Q

emulsification

A

bile salts in bile interact with the fat molecules, breaking them down into smaller droplets
increases the SA of the fat, making it easier for digestive enzymes called lipases to access and break down the fats into fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be absorbed by the small intestine

111
Q

micelles

A

composed of bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, fatty acids
formed in SI during lipid digestion and absorption (dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins)
transport lipids across intestinal epithelial cells for absorption

A&P (18 decks)

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